Nature of atoms and electrons. Medical search. Frequent questions

For these reasons, quantum dots are sometimes referred to as artificial atoms, emphasizing their bound and discrete electronic states, like naturally occurring atoms or molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Quantum dots have properties intermediate between bulk semiconductors and discrete atoms or molecules. (wikipedia.org)
This wave nature of matter could be used to create a tractor beam that could reel in atoms or molecules, a new study proposes. (sciencenews.org)
A new kind of tractor beam could use a beam of particles to reel in atoms or molecules, physicists propose in the May 5 Physical Review Letters . (sciencenews.org)
Student Addie van der Waal -van der Waals' forces are weak attractive forces between electrically neutral atoms and molecules. (jmu.edu)
Chemical bonds tie atoms together within molecules. (science20.com)
Free radicals are atoms, ions or molecules that have one or more unpaired electrons. (shapefit.com)
These unpaired electrons in the free radicals are highly reactive and unstable in nature and they tend to gain stability by acquiring electrons from other molecules. (shapefit.com)
But since electrons, atoms and molecules are constantly in motion, microscopic still images are often insufficient to develop such an understanding. (uni-regensburg.de)
To clarify key questions on dynamics of systems ranging from individual molecules to more complex biomolecular and solid-state nanostructures, complementary methods, such as lightwave scanning tunnelling microscopy, time-resolved momentum microscopy, ultrafast near-field nanoscopy, super-resolution microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy will be employed. (uni-regensburg.de)
Chemists at the University of California, Riverside have synthesized a new class of carbenes - molecules that have unusual carbon atoms - that is expected to have wide applications in the pharmaceutical industry, ultimately resulting in a reduction in the price of drugs. (innovations-report.com)
In that chaotic subatomic world, electrons travel through billions of molecules, which themselves comprise trillions of atoms. (ultraaudio.com)
and 'The physical properties of compounds reflect the nature of the interactions among its molecules. (windows2universe.org)
and 'Most observable forces such as those exerted by a coiled spring or friction may be traced to electric forces acting between atoms and molecules. (windows2universe.org)
Ferroagnetism is the result of the motion of electrons (electrically charged particles) within constituent atoms and molecules. (windows2universe.org)
Today, laser pulses with electric fields comparable to or higher than the electrostatic forces that bind valence electrons in atoms or molecules have become routine tools with numerous applications. (mbi-berlin.de)
First, one would expect that these strong fields always lead to rapid ionization of the atoms or molecules. (mbi-berlin.de)
To do this, it is first necessary to remove four electrons and four protons from the two water molecules. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Therein, the water molecules for the desired proton-coupled electron transfer are arranged in front of the ruthenium centre in a precisely defined arrangement, similar to what happens in enzymes," says Frank Würthner. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Scientists at Atomic Physics are pursuing research on the properties of atoms and molecules, mainly using advanced laser techniques. (lu.se)
Our research concerns the fundamental interaction of light with atoms, molecules and clusters, based on a bottom-up approach. (lu.se)
The efficiency sential y uniform after whole-body izing (i.e. removing electrons from) in causing damage and subsequent exposure to being highly heteroge- atoms or molecules of the medium biological effects is related not only neous in the case of non-uniform to the amount of energy transferred being traversed. (who.int)
Quantum optics describes how individual quanta of light, the photons, interact with atoms, molecules and larger pieces of matter. (lu.se)
Research in this area sets focus on the theory of quantum-optically confined systems of ultra-cold atoms and molecules and related nanostructures. (lu.se)
This is done by heating up hydrogen gas with a rapidly fluctuating electrical field, the electrons are thus released from the hydrogen molecules, leaving the protons. (lu.se)
Nature captures sunlight via light-absorbing molecules. (lu.se)
The Fe(III) complexes investigated had long enough lifetime to participate in electron transfer with other molecules in solution, if the concentration was high. (lu.se)

negatively charged particles, like electrons, are attracted. (informit.com)
Charged particles, monatomic ions and larger particles, arise from an imbalance in the total number of electrons and protons in the particle. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Experiments show that light can be explained both as a particle and as an electromagnetic wave, a form of energy caused by the excitation of an atom's electrons. (informit.com)
They work by measuring the electromagnetic signal given off by an atom's electrons as they change energy levels. (universetoday.com)
All information technology-and much of our economy today-relies on understanding the electromagnetic force that controls an atom's electrons and using that knowledge to manipulate electrons in a beneficial way. (bnl.gov)

With the Rutherford model, the electron's orbit around a nucleus, comprised of protons and electrons, like planets orbiting around the sun. (informit.com)
The nucleus exerts a force, the electric force, on the electrons, holding them in their respective states (see Figure 3.1 ). (informit.com)
The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the greater the attraction. (informit.com)
Each atom has a charged substructure consisting of a nucleus, which is made of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons. (compadre.org)
Electrons are found within atoms and surround the nucleus of protons and neutrons in a particular electron configuration. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
If we want to see the nucleus of the atom, we must enlarge it to the size of a town, not a football. (fountainmagazine.com)
Then the nucleus, which is the size of a football, is in the middle, and one of the electrons, orbiting 1 kilometer away, would be no larger than a walnut. (fountainmagazine.com)
If the nucleus of a hydrogen atom were enlarged to the size of a football then the atom itself would be a sphere with a diameter of 2 kilometers. (fountainmagazine.com)
The antiproton replaced one of the two electrons that normally surround a helium nucleus - forming a structure that remained stable long enough to be studied spectroscopically. (psi.ch)
In the last few decades, scientists have gone beyond the periphery of the atom to begin to plumb the depths of its nucleus and discover how this knowledge can positively impact society over the next hundred years. (bnl.gov)
For instance, the strongest force in Nature is manifested deep inside the nucleus. (bnl.gov)
That's why physicists want to build a new machine-the Electron-Ion Collider, or EIC-to collide electrons with nuclei and look deep inside the nucleus to reveal the role of gluons, the carriers of the strong force. (bnl.gov)
Excerpts from Standards: 'Atoms interact with one another by transferring or sharing electrons that are furthest from the nucleus. (windows2universe.org)
If the atomic structure of the material is such that the force of attraction between its nucleus and outer electrons is small, little force is required to cause electron loss. (medscape.com)
The laser intensity is so high that the electric field strength is comparable to the intra-atomic forces binding the electron to the nucleus. (lu.se)
Spallation means that neutrons are released when a proton at high speed hits an atom nucleus. (lu.se)

Achieving a similar level of control over the spin degrees of freedom, either from electrons or nuclei, could provide intriguing prospects for both information processing and the study of fundamental solid-state physics issues. (nature.com)
Here we report procedures that carry out the controlled transfer of spin angular momentum between electrons-confined to two dimensions and subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field-and the nuclei of the host semiconductor, using gate voltages only. (nature.com)
When electrons move, free of the nuclei of atoms, and there is a net flow of charge, this flow is called electricity , or an electric current. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Materials such as porcelain and glass are composed of atoms that have powerful bonds between their nuclei and the outer electrons. (medscape.com)

For example, in water (H2O) the sole oxygen atom is bound to two hydrogen atoms, and the two bonds constantly change in length. (science20.com)
Researchers can use these flashes to resolve structures with diameters on the scale of hydrogen atoms. (tum.de)
Water (H 2 O) consists of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. (uni-wuerzburg.de)

Particles are made of atoms, and atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. (secondnature.com)
Radioactive atoms have unstable blends of protons and neutrons. (cdc.gov)
Radioactive isotopes are radioactive atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. (cdc.gov)
Radioactive atoms can give off four types of ionizing radiation: alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. (cdc.gov)

When the quantum dots are illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. (wikipedia.org)
In the case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conductance band. (wikipedia.org)
It was shown that the electronic wave functions in quantum dots resemble the ones in real atoms. (wikipedia.org)
These quantum dots can contain as few as 100 to 100,000 atoms within the quantum dot volume, with a diameter of approximately 10 to 50 atom diameters. (wikipedia.org)
Quantum nature of waves and particles: photons, de Broglie wavelength of matter and wave packet description of particles, Bohr model of hydrogen. (mnsu.edu)
The wave nature of electrons is essential to the quantum mechanics of the electromagnetic interaction, where electrons are represented by wave functions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In relativistic quantum mechanics, the electron is described by the Dirac Equation. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
He cites the striking STM images obtained in 1993 by Michael F. Crommie and his colleagues, who confined electrons on a copper surface in a "quantum corral" made of iron atoms. (sciencedaily.com)
Denney states that both the active shielding and Quantum Tunneling technologies alter the way a conductor transmits electrons through the manipulation of electromagnetic fields, and that the final results can be only partially explained by what we can currently measure. (ultraaudio.com)
An international team of scientists led by the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) in Garching has nevertheless combined matter and antimatter into curious hybrid atoms of helium that remain stable for short periods of time. (psi.ch)
Controlling atoms on a silicon chip is similar to the miniaturization process that made computer chips commonplace, said Jakob Reichel, a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics at the University of Munich. (trnmag.com)
One of the strange properties of quantum particles like atoms and photons is that they also act like waves. (trnmag.com)
Meanwhile, quantum mechanics tells us that particles like atoms should also be thought of as waves. (scitechdaily.com)
The exchange-correlation energy of the interacting homogeneous electron gas is calculated once and for all using an accurate quantum Monte Carlo method (Ceperley 1980) and applied to real materials within the local-density approximation and its improvements. (lu.se)
Our motivation for this is to create and study hybridized quantum states between electrons and photons. (lu.se)
We study experimentally and theoretically microwave photons interacting with electrons in semiconductor nanostructures in so-called circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) setup. (lu.se)
We mostly used molecular mechanics (MM) in order to model the protein-ligand interactions, which is more approximate than quantum-mechanical (QM) methods, but necessary to reduce the computational cost when doing calculations on protein-ligand systems, which often contain tens of thousand of atoms. (lu.se)

The membrane, which is just three atoms thick, features a single opening through which only positive ions can pass. (popsci.com)
When positive ions squeeze through the membrane, their electrons transfer to the electrode, producing a current. (popsci.com)
These include the laser acceleration of electrons and ions, the generation of short-wave emission in plasmas or clusters, laser fusion, and many more. (mbi-berlin.de)
Two instruments, the Ion Energy Analyzer (IEA) and the Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA), measured the ions (charged atoms) coming from the moon and the ions in the Earth's magnetosphere. (space.com)
The ions get out of the Earth's atmosphere because when sunlight or the occasional cosmic ray hits atoms of oxygen (or any other gas) at the edge of space, those atoms can lose an electron, becoming charged. (space.com)
The ions from Earth fell into the same range as the oxygen ions the team found on the moon: about 1,000 electron volts. (space.com)
In water, most of the ammonia changes to the ionic form of ammonia, known as ammonium ions, which are represented by the formula NH4+ (an ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons). (cdc.gov)

The electrons' vibrations distort the electric field holding them, forming an electromagnetic wave (see Figure 3.2 ). (informit.com)
Figure 3.2 Under the classic view, electromagnetic waves are formed when an electron vibrates, causing a distortion in the electric force field exerted by a positively charged particle. (informit.com)
There is the ephemeral positron, closely related to the electron, and there is the photon, which carries -electromagnetic energy. (technologyreview.com)
Well, Denney states that one thing that can influence the electron path is an electromagnetic field. (ultraaudio.com)
The researchers then used electromagnetic fields generated by current flowing within 50-micron wires patterned on the surface of an 18- by 22-millimeter chip to hold the cloud of 3,000 rubidium atoms 100 microns above the surface. (trnmag.com)
There is a wide range of electromagnetic radiation in nature. (cdc.gov)

Since Massachusetts Institute of Technology physics professor Wolfgang Ketterle and his colleagues made the first atom laser in 1997, scientists have been able to focus beams of atoms in much the same way lasers focus beams of photons. (trnmag.com)
There is a profound, almost symbiotic, relation between electrons and photons. (lu.se)
When light, i.e. , photons, interacts with matter the electrons in the material will start to move and oscillate. (lu.se)

Free-electron lasers generate these kinds of pulses, but there is a catch: the pulses vary in duration and energy. (tum.de)
Free-electron lasers (FELs) generate extremely short and intense X-ray flashes. (tum.de)
Ketterle and two of his colleagues received the 2001 Nobel Prize in physics last week for discovering the form of matter used in atom lasers. (trnmag.com)
Today's atom lasers are very bulky, however. (trnmag.com)
As a result, we can build ' atom lasers' containing coherent waves of matter. (scitechdaily.com)
This opened up the possibility to build atom lasers - devices that literally output beams of matter - but these devices were only able to function for a very short time. (scitechdaily.com)
But while the developments for optical lasers had gone very fast, the first continuous laser being produced within six months after its pulsed counterpart, for atom lasers the continuous version remained elusive for more than 25 years. (scitechdaily.com)
Time resolved information about these processes can be obtained using free electron lasers or attosecond light sources. (lu.se)

Those vibrations reflect changes in distance between atoms in the molecule. (science20.com)
The wavelengths of the absorbed light reveal how the target molecule's chemical bonds vibrate, which in turn tells about the types and positions of atoms in the molecule, the kinds and strength of bonds among atoms and the symmetry of the molecule, Milo says. (science20.com)
A carbene is a molecule that has a carbon atom with six electrons instead of the usual eight. (innovations-report.com)
The carbenes synthesized by the UCR chemists has only one nitrogen atom, which lends the molecule a far more flexible structure. (innovations-report.com)
Representing the electron distribution around the nuclear framework of the molecule is another excellent capability of molecular visualization: If you want to understand how electrostatic attraction and repulsion processes act within the molecule, an electron density map is a big help. (linux-magazine.com)
Figure 2: Electron density, as calculated by the Electron Density Server at Uppsala University, is the space around the atomic structure of the molecule in which an electron can reside. (linux-magazine.com)
These interactions are determined by the structure of the molecule, including the constituent atoms and the distances and angles between them. (windows2universe.org)
When an atom or a molecule is exposed to a light field with a field strength comparable to the intra-atomic forces, an electron can tunnel out and thus ionize the system. (lu.se)

Because of this interaction, they exhibit several unusual phenomena, including so-called unconventional superconductivity, where the necessary electron pairs are conjectured not to be held together by lattice vibrations but by interactions between electrons themselves. (lu.se)

Attosecond Control of Electron Dynamics in Carbon Monoxide. (mpg.de)
Attosecond electron dynamics. (mpg.de)
Attosecond physics comes of age: from tracing to steering electrons at sub-atomic scales. (mpg.de)
Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms. (mpg.de)
the electron may recombine to the ground state, emitting its excess energy in the form of a very short burst of light - an attosecond pulse. (lu.se)

Three-Dimensional Momentum Imaging of Electron Wave Packet Interference in Few-Cycle Laser Pulses. (mpg.de)
Recently, however, a group of MBI experimenters observed the acceleration of neutral atoms of up to 1015 m / s 2 during the interaction of these atoms with very intense infrared laser pulses [1]. (mbi-berlin.de)
However, to study the mechanisms behind the symbiotic interaction between light and electrons, we need laser pulses that are shorter than those can be produced with visible light. (lu.se)
In this regard it replaces femtochemistry, which uses femtosecond laser pulses to capture the ultrafast motion of atoms during a chemical reaction. (lu.se)

When there is an excess of electrons, the object is said to be negatively charged. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Plank was working on blackbody radiation between these two and his model of the atom had negatively charged rings (saturnian model). (physicsforums.com)

The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle , which carries a negative electric charge . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
As applied to electrons the word "particle" is somewhat misleading. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Morse's essay included a set of images from a cloud chamber: "The path of an elementary particle," he explained, "is marked by water droplets condensed on the wrecked atoms it leaves behind. (technologyreview.com)
Some evidence seems to indicate that when a neutron is transformed into a proton, another particle is given off in addition to the electron. (technologyreview.com)
The Italian physicist Fermi (another Nobel prize winner, now living in this country) developed a theory of this transformation which predicted the existence of such a particle and indicated that it should have no electric charge but should possess a spin and have a mass much smaller than an electron. (technologyreview.com)
His studies could not determine whether the predicted particle had spin or electric charge, and his paper ends on an apologetic note after he calculates that the particle should weigh about a hundred times the electron mass, or about 1/20 the proton mass. (technologyreview.com)
And so in the youth of science we find some philosophers maintaining the infinite divisibility of matter, and on the other hand the school founded by Leukippos and Demokritos, to whom we owe the conception and the word atom, the indivisible (or at least never divided) particle which forms the ultimate structure of matter. (wikisource.org)
The answers to these fundamental questions about the nature of the atoms will also have implications for particle physics and astrophysics and possibly other fields. (bnl.gov)
It's mentioned in my book that blackbody radiation can verify the particle nature of electron could anyone explain this to me,please? (physicsforums.com)
Was it part of a question like: 'Does blackbody radiation verify the particle nature of the electron? (physicsforums.com)
Breifly, for those googling here later, the particle model for the electron (at least, for matter) is assumed when texts derive the radiation law (by treating the cavity walls as mass-on-a-spring systems). (physicsforums.com)
Histrically, the 'electron is a particle' idea was indicated from experiments done by J J Thompson in 1897 and verified by Millikan in 1909. (physicsforums.com)
Alpha Track-- The track of ionized atoms (pattern of ionization) left in a medium by an alpha particle that has traveled through the medium. (cdc.gov)
When a charged particle, such as an electron, oscillates it will act as a dipole and emit light. (lu.se)

The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. (wikipedia.org)
In this bonding, both atoms share the valence electrons. (jagranjosh.com)

Cover of the April issue of Nature Photonics: Ultrashort X-ray pulses (pink) ionize neon gas in the center of the ring. (tum.de)
pz and pρ are the electron pulses along and perpendicular to the laser polarization axis. (mbi-berlin.de)

Electricity is a form of energy that is expressed in terms of the movement and interaction of electrons. (medscape.com)

Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a tubular HIV-1 capsid-protein assembly at 8 Å resolution and the three-dimensional structure of a native HIV-1 core by cryo-electron tomography. (nature.com)
The cryo-electron-microscopy structures enable modelling by large-scale molecular dynamics simulation, resulting in all-atom models for the hexamer-of-hexamer and pentamer-of-hexamer elements as well as for the entire capsid. (nature.com)
The possibility of recording actual movies from the nanoworld may well trigger a scientific revolution comparable to the invention of steady-state scanning-probe and electron microscopy," says Prof. Dr. Rupert Huber , the spokesperson of the new GRK 2905. (uni-regensburg.de)

The wave behavior of electrons can be demonstrated in the interference patterns produced in a double-slit experiment, and is employed in the electron microscope . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
A scanning tunneling microscope constructs images at extremely low temperatures by measuring minute variations in conductance, at a given voltage, between atoms on a surface and the microscope's ultrafine tip. (sciencedaily.com)

As a consequence, the electrostatic field energy of an elementary point charge, although finite in BLTP electrodynamics, is much larger than the empirical rest energy of an electron. (arxiv.org)
If, as assumed in all `renormalized theories' of the electron, the empirical rest mass of a physical electron is the sum of its bare rest mass plus its electrostatic field energy ($/c^2$), then in BLTP electrodynamics the electron has to be assigned a negative bare rest mass. (arxiv.org)

When they interact with atoms, they can remove electrons and cause the atom to become ionized. (cdc.gov)
Cuprates are materials based on copper oxide that are well-known model systems in which the electrons interact strongly with each other. (lu.se)

When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is said to be electrically neutral. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Our results open the possibility of visualizing and controlling the dynamics of bound electrons in strong laser fields and examining their influence on various strong-field effects, including the microscopic description of high-order Kerr nonlinearities and their role in laser filamentation [6]. (mbi-berlin.de)
These substances (eg, copper, silver) in which electrons are loosely bound are termed conductors, because they readily permit the flow of electrons. (medscape.com)

Electrons have a negative electric charge of −1.6 × 10 −19 coulombs (this is usually just stated as a charge of −1) and a mass of about 9.11 × 10 −31 kilograms (0.51 MeV/c 2 ), which is approximately 1 ⁄ 1836 of the mass of the proton . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The Schrödinger spectrum of a hydrogen atom, modelled as a two-body system consisting of a point electron and a point proton, interacting with a modification of Coulomb's law proposed, in the 1940s, by Bopp, Landé--Thomas, and Podolsky (BLTP). (arxiv.org)
This summer, under France and a bit of Switzerland, proton collisions of unprecedented force will offer fresh insight into the nature of matter. (technologyreview.com)
The atomic unit of time is 24 as, since it takes 2p×24 as for an electron to orbit the proton in a hydrogen atom in the Bohr model of the atom. (lu.se)
When one removes an electron from a hydrogen atom one is left with a proton. (lu.se)

The existence of such excitations is contingent on appropriate electron-electron correlations, and these can be tuned by changing, for example, the electron density via a gate voltage. (nature.com)
From the square of the wavefunction the electron density can be determined. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Additionally, depending on the program that is used, you can also display molecular surfaces, functional components, or electron density maps. (linux-magazine.com)
To generate it, you can call on the Electron Density Server at Uppsala University [1] . (linux-magazine.com)
We report on the discovery and detailed exploration of the unconventional photo-switching mechanism in metallofullerenes, in which the energy of the photon absorbed by the carbon cage π-system is transformed to mechanical motion of the endohedral cluster accompanied by accumulation of spin density on the metal atoms. (bvsalud.org)
Recently, a different route for calculating the Green function based on the concept of correlation between the ground-state electron density and the Green function was discovered (Aryasetiawan 2022a). (lu.se)
Hence, a close link to electron density and density-functional theory is established and it is envisaged that a simple approximation along the line of the local-density approximation may be fruitful. (lu.se)
Results for the one-dimensional Hubbard chain (Aryasetiawan 2022b) and the electron gas (Karlsson 2023) indicate the "near-sightedness" (Kohn 1996, Prodan 2005) of the exchange-correlation field, suggesting that an approximation based on local quantities such as the local-density-like approximation may work well. (lu.se)

Combined experimental and computational study proves that pristine Nd2 @C80 has an open shell structure with a single electron occupying the Ndâ Nd bonding orbital. (bvsalud.org)
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of two Nd2 @C80 (CF3 ) isomers with D5h -C80 and Ih -C80 carbon cages, both featuring a single-electron Ndâ Nd bond with the length of 3.78-3.79 Å. (bvsalud.org)

In some superconductors , electrons move in Cooper pairs, in which their motion is coupled to nearby matter via lattice vibrations called phonons. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

University of Amsterdam physicists build an atom laser that can stay on forever. (scitechdaily.com)
In research that was published in the journal Nature on June 8, a team of physicists from the University of Amsterdam shows that the answer to this question is affirmative. (scitechdaily.com)

Nanoscale semiconductor materials tightly confine either electrons or electron holes. (wikipedia.org)

These techniques can also be combined into a spectroscopic tool to detect the low-energy collective excitations in the electron system that promote the spin transfer. (nature.com)
The electron has spin ½, which implies it is a fermion , i.e., it follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Comprehensive photophysical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies augmented by theoretical modelling are performed to address the phenomenon of the light-induced photo-switching and triplet state spin dynamics in a series of Y x Sc3-x N@C80 (x = 0-3) nitride clusterfullerenes. (bvsalud.org)
Use the pump to spin the electron fast! (lu.se)

Electrons sent through a pair of slits interfere like waves, creating peaks and troughs. (sciencenews.org)
Because of their wavelike nature, the incident and scattered electron waves can interfere to form standing waves. (sciencedaily.com)
Scattering from the iron and interfering to produce standing waves, the electron waves looked much like water on the surface of a pond. (sciencedaily.com)
In the end, ultracold atoms arrive at the heart of the experiment, where they can be used to form coherent matter waves in a BEC. (scitechdaily.com)
Chun-Chia Chen, first author of the publication in Nature, recalls: "Already in 2012, the team - then still in Innsbruck - realized a technique that allowed a BEC to be protected from laser cooling light, enabling for the first time laser cooling all the way down to the degenerate state needed for coherent waves. (scitechdaily.com)
In a solid crystalline material, electrons form periodic standing waves and are distributed in electronic bands. (lu.se)

Radioactivity is the spontaneous release of energy from an unstable atom to get to a more stable state. (cdc.gov)
An unstable atom changes into a more stable atom of a different element by giving off radiation. (cdc.gov)

Once freed, the electron is accelerated by the laser field and, depending on the structure of the field and the time of ionization, the electron may return to its parent ion with high kinetic energy. (lu.se)

A substance is an entity like an acorn, a carbon atom, a dog, or an angel. (reasons.org)
In the third case study, the chemists used the method to predict whether a catalyst reacts with one side or the other side of a double carbon-carbon bond - two carbon atoms connected by two bonds instead of one - in what is called a Heck reaction, which is commonly used to make pharmaceuticals. (science20.com)
Carbon forms a bond by sharing its four electrons with other atoms. (jagranjosh.com)
Here, carbon requires 4 electrons to complete its octet and each hydrogen atom requires one electron to complete its octet. (jagranjosh.com)

Denney explains that he initially discovered that placing direct current (DC) in close proximity to a signal ( e.g. , to actively charge the shield of a cable) calmed or stabilized electron behavior. (ultraaudio.com)
A highly ionized solar oxygen atom would be unlikely to duplicate the behavior of a singly ionized atom from Earth, the researchers said, because the ion from the solar wind would have to regain some of the electrons that got stripped off. (space.com)

It seems to have begun with Democritus, this idea of matter's being composed of fundamental, indivisible atoms. (technologyreview.com)

The electron is one of a class of subatomic particles called leptons which are believed to be fundamental particles . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Physics is the most fundamental of the sciences, and if we wish to better understand the nature and behaviour of the Universe, it is perhaps the best place to start. (abdn.ac.uk)

The solar cell performance was however limited by an ultrafast recombination reaction, that brought a majority of the transferred electrons back to the photosensitiser. (lu.se)

They have been centred around development of theoretical methods for calculating from first-principles the electronic structure of real materials, in particular those in which electron correlations are strong. (lu.se)

X-ray and optical excitation of multielectron atoms. (mnsu.edu)

It is the electonic configuration of atoms that determines an element 's physical and chemical properties. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Ammonia is a chemical that is made both by humans and by nature. (cdc.gov)
One can study how atoms and chemical compounds exist in materials and how they behave under changing conditions. (lu.se)

Because of the electron deficiency, carbenes are highly reactive and usually unstable in nature. (innovations-report.com)

The results of the experiments carried out at the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN in Geneva surprised the scientists because of the precise and sensitive way that the antimatter-matter hybrid atoms reacted to laser light despite the dense liquid that surrounded the atoms. (psi.ch)
In previous experiments, the gradual cooling of atoms was all done in one place. (scitechdaily.com)

Atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons are neutral and have no charge. (secondnature.com)
When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, it becomes charged. (secondnature.com)
Acceleration of neutral atoms in strong short-pulse laser fields", Nature, 461, 1261-1264 (2009). (mbi-berlin.de)
Neutral oxygen atoms have eight protons and eight electrons. (space.com)

Invented in the 1980s, the STM made it possible to picture and manipulate surface atoms and to form images of the wave patterns of surface electrons. (sciencedaily.com)

This theory, that light is a wave, can be easy understood by using the atomic model proposed by Ernest Rutherford (1871 1937), the 'layman's' view of the atom. (informit.com)
Atomic clocks still use quartz, but they have an additional layer of stability provided by atoms of certain elements. (universetoday.com)
The effort is an important development in a push to miniaturize atom optics, which could eventually foster a 'whole new technology,' said Edward Hinds, a physics professor at the University of Sussex and director of the University's Center for Optical and Atomic Physics. (trnmag.com)
Absorption Coefficient-- Fractional absorption of the energy of an unscattered beam of x- or gamma- radiation per unit thickness (linear absorption coefficient), per unit mass (mass absorption coefficient), or per atom (atomic absorption coefficient) of absorber, due to transfer of energy to the absorber. (cdc.gov)
Despite the ever-increasing need to understand these energy conversion and transport processes in many fields of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, many challenges must be addressed due to the multiscale nature of the problem - from atomic to nanoscopic length and time scale. (lu.se)

But matter particles can also combine to form bosons - in fact, entire atoms can behave just like particles of light. (scitechdaily.com)
The reason: it is very difficult to get atoms to all behave as one. (scitechdaily.com)

The antimatter counterpart of the electron is its antiparticle, the positron. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

While most electrons are found in atoms, others move independently in matter, or together as an electron beam in a vacuum . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
They are steered by magnets that bend the electron beam into a circular track. (lu.se)
When the electrons travel forward in the storage ring, in the straight stretch before the beam pipe, they pass through a device of magnets called a wiggler. (lu.se)

In these atoms, their ceaseless motion and their various groupings, is to be found the interpretation of the manifold phenomena of nature. (wikisource.org)

Such a field can be caused, for example, when an interconnect passes over a power cord, when a circuit passes close to a transformer, when speaker cables are laid on the floor, or when electrons pass through a conductor of copper, tin, silver, or gold. (ultraaudio.com)
mechanics (QM), in particular the Schr ¨odinger equation, allow us different proteins, e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase, blue copper proteins, to calculate any measurable property of a defined set of atoms. (lu.se)

Similarly, photosensitisers are used in applications of solar cells and artificial photosynthesis to absorb sunlight, and transfer the excited electron. (lu.se)
Fe(II) complexes with a push-pull design were able to transfer electrons to TiO2 in a solar cell configuration. (lu.se)

The natural timescale for electron motion is on the order of attoseconds. (lu.se)

Figure 3: All-atom molecular dynamics simulation of CA tubular assembly. (nature.com)

The structure and interactions of matter at the bulk scale are determined by electrical forces within and between atoms. (compadre.org)
A team of scientists at CERN led by Max Planck physicist Masaki Hori has found that a hybrid antimatter-matter atom behaves in an unexpected way when submerged in superfluid helium. (psi.ch)
The result, published in Nature , may open a new way for antimatter to be used to study the properties of condensed matter, or to search for antimatter in cosmic rays. (psi.ch)
Fermions are particles like electrons and quarks - the building blocks of the matter that we are made of. (scitechdaily.com)
Instead, we are discussing the fourth state of matter, which can be envisioned as a mixture of electrons, atoms, and excited species. (lu.se)

As energy is introduced, the electrons are excited and begin to vibrate in their place. (informit.com)

It dissolves the "glue" between atoms, thereby affecting the electrons. (lu.se)

Electrons generate an electric field . (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Because nitrogen atoms stabilize a carbene when they are adjacent to it, chemists believed until now that two nitrogen atoms were necessary in a carbene to make efficient catalysts. (innovations-report.com)
But having two nitrogen atoms also imposes structural limitations at the center of the carbene. (innovations-report.com)

Strong-field control of electron localisation during molecular dissociation. (mpg.de)
Control of Electron Localization in Molecular Dissociation. (mpg.de)

On July 24, 2018, a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) committee issued a report of its findings and conclusions related to the science case for a future U.S.-based Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) and the opportunities it would offer the worldwide nuclear physics community. (bnl.gov)
This course introduces the basic topics of Physics, from the sub-microscopic scale of electrons and atoms, to the orbits of the planets and stars, to the celestial mechanics of galaxies. (abdn.ac.uk)

To do this, atoms of antimatter have been magnetically levitated in vacuum chambers for spectroscopic measurements. (psi.ch)
With his team's latest findings, however, the Garching physicist has paved the way for a different application of antimatter by optical spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atoms in a superfluid environment. (psi.ch)
To create the exotic helium atoms containing antiprotons, the researchers used the Antiproton Decelerator at CERN - a globally unique facility that slows down the antimatter particles created in collisions of energetic protons. (psi.ch)

one other kind, the electron, makes up the outer structure and completes the atom as chemists know it. (technologyreview.com)
This community recently instituted the Electron Ion Collider User Group (EICUG) with a governance structure and annual meetings intended to develop and promote the scientific, technological, and educational goals and motivations for an EIC. (bnl.gov)
The question then arises of the structure of these exotic laser-dressed atoms that survive superatomic fields. (mbi-berlin.de)
Plants use a complex structure to catalyse this process, consisting of a cluster with four manganese atoms over which the electrons can spread. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
These strongly correlated materials are abundant in nature and yet accurate description of their electronic structure is elusive. (lu.se)

How does nature collect light and transport energy in organisms so efficiently? (uni-regensburg.de)
If these electrons coincide with an infrared light pulse, they are accelerated or decelerated by its electric field, depending on the field strength of the light pulse when the electron is produced. (tum.de)
In nature, light-driven water splitting takes place during photosynthesis in plants. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Yet the presence of light is crucial in forming the condensate: to cool a substance down to a millionth of a degree, one needs to cool down its atoms using laser light. (scitechdaily.com)
Electrons that are accelerated to almost the speed of light emit radiation in the form of synchrotron radiation when a strong magnetic field deflects them in their path. (lu.se)
The free flying electrons are accelerated from rest up to virtually the speed of light, by strong electrical fields. (lu.se)
In the linear accelerator the electrons travel at close to the speed of light and their energy increases during their passage through the accelerator. (lu.se)

Anatomy13

Organisms15

Chemicals and Drugs104

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment60

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations10

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Humanities1

Information Science8

Health Care1

Molecules27

Charged particles2

Atom's electrons3

Nucleus16

Nuclei4

Hydrogen atoms3

Neutrons4

Quantum17

Ions7

Electromagnetic6

Photons3

Lasers8

Molecule8

Interactions between electrons1

Attosecond5

Laser Pulses4

Negatively charged2

Particle14

Valence2

Pulses2

Interaction1

Microscopy3

Microscope2

Electrostatic2

Interact2

Electrically1

Bound2

Proton5

Density8

Single-electron2

Lattice vibrations1

Physicists2

Semiconductor1

Spin4

Waves6

Stable2

Ionization1

Carbon4

Behavior2

Indivisible1

Fundamental2

Ultrafast1

Correlations1

Excitation1

Chemical3

Highly reactive1

Experiments2

Neutral4

Manipulate1

Atomic5

Behave2

Positron1

Beam3

Phenomena1

Copper2

Solar2

Timescale1

Dynamics1

Matter5

Vibrate1

Glue1

Generate1

Carbene2

Molecular2

Physics2

Antimatter3

Structure5

Light7