Natural killer cell receptor receptors natural cytotoxicity triggering. Medical search. Frequent questions

FcRγ-deficient NK cells displayed dramatically reduced expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp46 and NKp30 but still expressed substantial levels of CD16. (nih.gov)
NKp46 (CD335, NCR1, ) is a cytotoxicity-activating receptor that may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. (thermofisher.com)
NKp46 consists of two Ig-like domains assembled to leukocyte immunoglobulin-like (LIR) and killer inhibitory receptors (KIR). (thermofisher.com)
a significantly greater proportion of the CD3(-)CD2(-)NKp46(+) population expressed CD8alpha compared to CD3(-)CD2(+)NKp46(+) cells. (ox.ac.uk)
However, the proportion of NKp46(+) and CD3(-)CD2(+) cells that expressed perforin was not significantly different in any age group tested. (ox.ac.uk)
A significant change in CD16, NKp46 and CD94 expression levels on NK cells and a rise in serum content of IFN-γ was observed after treatment. (oncotarget.com)
Phenotypical analyses with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against porcine NKp46 recently revealed that in blood NKp46 - and NKp46 + cells with NK phenotype exist with comparable cytotoxic properties. (biomedcentral.com)
In the current study it is shown that this NKp46 high phenotype was correlated with an increased expression of CD16 and CD27 compared to the CD8α + NKp46 - and NKp46 + NK-cell subsets in spleen and blood. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally NKp46 high NK cells expressed elevated levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on mRNA level. (biomedcentral.com)
Functional analyses revealed that splenic NKp46 high NK cells produced much higher levels of Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α upon stimulation with cytokines or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate/Ionomycin compared to the other two subsets. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, cross-linking of NKp46 by NKp46-specific mAbs led to a superior CD107a expression in the NKp46 high NK cells, thus indicating a higher cytolytic capacity of this subset. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore porcine splenic NKp46 high NK cells represent a highly activated subset of NK cells and may play a profound role in the immune surveillance of this organ. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, a recent study from our group with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the activating receptor NKp46 enabled a more comprehensive insight into the phenotype of porcine NK cells and putative subsets [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, NKp46 in the pig was shown to divide porcine CD3 - CD8α + NK cells into NKp46 - and NKp46 + subsets in blood and all organs tested [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
CD3 - CD8α + NKp46 - NK cells show phenotypic and functional properties of NK cells although they produce reduced levels of IFN-γ compared to the NKp46 + subset after in vitro stimulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Additionally, a third NK cell population with elevated NKp46 expression levels was identified in high frequencies in spleen and liver, pointing towards a special role of NK cells with this phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, in this study we focused on functional and phenotypical properties of CD8α dim/- NKp46 high NK-cells in the spleen. (biomedcentral.com)

His Immunology research includes elements of Natural killer cell, Cancer research and NKG2D. (research.com)
The study incorporates disciplines such as NKG2D and Immune receptor in addition to Cell biology. (research.com)
NKG2D is an activating NK cell surface receptor that recognizes ligands, such as MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence (MIC) A and B and UL16-binding proteins (ULPBs), displayed on the surfaces of stressed cells, thereby preventing non-specific killing by bringing NK cells into close proximity with their targets [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

NK cells contribute to cancer immune surveillance not only by their direct natural cytotoxicity which is triggered rapidly upon stimulation through germline-encoded cell surface receptors, but also by modulating T-cell mediated antitumor immune responses through maintaining the quality of dendritic cells and enhancing the presentation of tumor antigens. (frontiersin.org)
Conversely, the innate immune system, including epithelial barriers, the complement system, phagocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells, provides a much more rapid and less specific response to infection. (nih.gov)
NK cells can modulate the magnitude and quality of adaptive immune responses by interacting with, editing or killing dendritic cells or B and T cells, thereby bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
Left panel: antigen bound by antibody is taken up via FcR on APCs such as dendritic cells or macrophages. (hindawi.com)
As cells undergo oncogenesis, neoantigens are released and captured on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/ human leukocyte antigen (HLA) of dendritic cells (DCs) that subsequently mature and migrate to central lymphoid organs. (encyclopedia.pub)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)
B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor, ie, common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
SL is an antigen-dependent process and requires the collaboration of antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), CD4 + T lymphocytes, and different cytokines. (medscape.com)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Figure 1: Pathways for the generation of memory NK cells. (nature.com)
Global gene expression of Cish fl/fl Ncr1 Ki/+ NK cells compared with Cish +/+ Ncr1 Ki/+ NK cells revealed upregulation of pathways and genes associated with NK cell cycling and activation. (bmj.com)
We show that CISH does not only regulate interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling pathways but also natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) pathways, triggering CISH protein expression. (bmj.com)
ASPH appears to be involved in the regulation of proliferation, invasion and metastasis of PC cells through multiple signaling pathways, suggesting its role as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. (bjbms.org)
The atypical protein kinase C (PKC) member PKC-zeta has been implicated in several signal transduction pathways regulating differentiation, proliferation or apoptosis of mammalian cells. (embl.de)
Although some beneficial phytochemicals might function solely as antioxidants, it is becoming clear that many of the beneficial chemicals in vegetables, herbs, plants and fruits evolved as toxins (to dissuade insects and other predators) that, at subtoxic doses, activate adaptive cellular stress-response pathways in a variety of cells including neurons. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
Examples of such 'preconditioning' or 'neurohormesis' pathways include those involving cell-survival signaling kinases, the transcription factors NRF2 and CREB, and histone deacetylases of the sirtuin family. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
These pathways converge toward the activation of transcription factors, resulting in B-cell activation and proliferation. (medscape.com)

Historically, NK cells have been considered part of the innate immune system, recognizing and eliminating virus-infected or tumor cells either directly by release of cytotoxic granules or indirectly by cytokine release and facilitation of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (nih.gov)
Lessons learned from the study of NK cell memory could help with the design of better expansion protocols for adoptive NK cell therapy, for the manufacturing of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells and for improving NK cell-based therapies that rely on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (nature.com)
Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
Receptors for the Fc region of IgG (Fc gamma Rs) are members of the Ig superfamily that function in the activation or inhibition of immune responses such as degranulation, phagocytosis, ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular toxicity), cytokine release, and B cell proliferation (1‑3). (novusbio.com)

Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCR1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Methods To further understand CISH functions in NK cells, we developed a conditional Cish-deficient mouse model in NK cells ( Cish fl/fl Ncr1 Ki/+ ). (bmj.com)
Results In Cish fl/fl Ncr1 Ki/+ mice, we detected no developmental or homeostatic difference in NK cells. (bmj.com)
Primed Cish fl/fl Ncr1 Ki/+ NK cells display increased activation upon NCR stimulation. (bmj.com)
Cish fl/fl Ncr1 Ki/+ NK cells display lower activation thresholds and Cish fl/fl Ncr1 Ki/+ mice are more resistant to tumor metastasis and to primary breast cancer growth. (bmj.com)

Interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall components with the human natural killer cell receptors NKp44 and Toll-like receptor 2. (ox.ac.uk)
We have previously demonstrated that a soluble form of the human NK cell natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44, binds to the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). (ox.ac.uk)
Herein, we investigated the interaction of MTB cell wall components (CWC) with NKp44 or with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the role of NKp44 and TLR2 in the direct activation of NK cells upon stimulation with MTB CWC. (ox.ac.uk)
By using several purified bacterial CWC in an ELISA, we demonstrated that NKp44 was able to bind to the MTB cell wall core mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) as well as to mycolic acids (MA) and arabinogalactan (AG), while soluble TLR2 bound to MTB peptidoglycan (PG), but not to MA or AG. (ox.ac.uk)
The mAGP complex induced NK cell expression of CD25, CD69, NKp44 and IFN-γ production at levels comparable to M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-stimulated (BCG) cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Activation of resting NK cells by mAGP and IFN-γ production were inhibited by anti-TLR2 MAb, but not by anti-NKp44 MAb. (ox.ac.uk)
Differently, anti-NKp44 MAb partially inhibited CD69 expression on NK cells pre-activated with IL-2 and then stimulated with mAGP or whole BCG. (ox.ac.uk)
Overall, these results provide evidence that components abundant in mycobacterial cell wall are able to interact with NKp44 (AG, MA) and TLR-2 (PG), respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
While interaction of TLR2 with mycobacterial cell wall promotes activation of resting NK cells and IFN-γ production, NKp44 interaction with its putative ligands could play a secondary role in maintaining cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)

Here, we targeted an intracellular inhibiting protein 'cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein' (CISH) in NK cells to evaluate the impact on their functions and antitumor properties. (bmj.com)
Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a coinhibitory receptor associated with impaired T-cell function and is frequently coexpressed with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) in the context of human cancers. (aacrjournals.org)
In these ways, neurohormetic phytochemicals such as resveratrol, sulforaphanes and curcumin might protect neurons against injury and disease by stimulating the production of antioxidant enzymes, neurotrophic factors, protein chaperones and other proteins that help cells to withstand stress. (psychosocialsomatic.com)

Triggering of NK-cell effector functions through these receptors depends on physically associated transmembrane signaling adaptors, such as FcRγ (also known as FcεRIγ) and CD3ζ, both of which have been traditionally believed to be expressed by all mature NK cells. (nih.gov)
Current research strategies aiming to prevent, control or eradicate HIV emphasize the adaptive arm of the immune system, harnessing effector functions of cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, B cells and antibodies to attack HIV and HIV-infected cells. (nih.gov)

NK cells respond to tumor and virus-infected cells directly through several activation receptors, including natural cytotoxicity receptors, or indirectly through the activating Fc receptor CD16 for antibody-coated cells. (nih.gov)
Unexpectedly, however, FcRγ-deficient NK cells exhibited significantly more robust responsiveness upon stimulation through CD16, particularly for cytokine production, compared to FcRγ-expressing NK cells. (nih.gov)
Moreover, they support adaptive responses via Ab-dependent mechanisms, triggered by CD16, and DC editing. (frontiersin.org)
The CD64 proteins are high affinity receptors (~10 -8 ‑10 -9 M) capable of binding monomeric IgG, whereas the CD16 and CD32 proteins bind IgG with lower affinities (~10 -6 ‑10 -7 M) only recognizing IgG aggregates surrounding multivalent antigens (1, 4). (novusbio.com)
Addition of DEP further reduced CD16 expression in pI:C stimulated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on effector function, NK cells are divided into two major subsets: more cytotoxic NK cells (CD56 dim CD16 + ) and more cytokine-secreting NK cells (CD56 bright CD16 dim/- ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In a fraction of these patients, an aberrant and hyporesponsive CD56 − CD16 + p75/AIRM1 − NK-cell subset (mostly KIR + NKG2A − ) reminiscent of that described in patients with viremic HIV was detected. (ashpublications.org)

Cytomegalovirus reactivation is still a critical concern following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and cellular immune reconstitution of cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-cells is necessary for the long-term control of cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. (nature.com)
Here we show the features of repertoire diversity and the gene expression profile of HLA-A24 cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-cells in actual recipients according to the cytomegalovirus reactivation pattern. (nature.com)
Single-cell RNA-sequence analyses demonstrate the homogenous distribution of the gene expression profile in individual cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T-cells within each recipient. (nature.com)
However, cellular immune reconstitution of CMV-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CMV-CTL) is generally considered to be necessary for the long-term control of CMV reactivation after allo-HCT. (nature.com)
Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Stimulation of NK cells with pI:C and pI:C+DEP, but not DEP alone, increased the release of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IFN-γ and TNF-α. (biomedcentral.com)
We have generated a high affinity and selective humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody, TSR-033, which binds human LAG-3 and serves as a functional antagonist, enhancing in vitro T-cell activation both in mixed lymphocyte reactions and staphylococcal enterotoxin B-driven stimulation assays. (aacrjournals.org)

These proteins are involved in heart muscle contraction, natural killer and antigen presenting cells, and the major histocompatibility complex. (medrxiv.org)
Likewise B cells function as crucial antigen presenting cells in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)
CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) expressed on lymphocytes is known to play an important role in lymphocyte trafficking (adhesion to vascular endothelium), as well as interactions to antigen presenting cells (APC). (medscape.com)
Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after first being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)

On the other hand, other ligands, such as HLA, bind to inhibitory receptors NKG2A and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) to inhibit NK cells, providing a form of protection for self-cells from innate immunity. (molcells.org)
Secreted autoantibodies specific to receptors or receptor ligands can activate or inhibit receptor functions. (hindawi.com)
PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
This disease is a defect in fucose metabolism (lack of fucosylation of the carbohydrate selectin ligands) that results in failure to express the ligand for E and P selectin, sialyl Lewis-X (CD15s) expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells. (medscape.com)

His primary areas of study are Receptor, Immunology, Cell biology, Interleukin 21 and Lymphokine-activated killer cell. (research.com)
His scientific interests lie mostly in Immunology, Receptor, Molecular biology, Interleukin 21 and Cell biology. (research.com)
His research integrates issues of Natural killer cell and Cytotoxic T cell in his study of Immunology. (research.com)
Alessandro Moretta has included themes like Cell, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and Cancer research in his Immunology study. (research.com)
Immunology, Interleukin 21, Interleukin 12, Lymphokine-activated killer cell and NK-92 are his primary areas of study. (research.com)
His Immunology research includes themes of Receptor, Cancer research, Natural killer cell and Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. (research.com)

Here, we discuss effects of the GB tumor microenvironment on NK-cell functionality, summarize early treatment attempts with ex vivo activated NK cells, and describe relevant CAR target antigens validated with CAR-T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, T cells and NK cells complement each other in that certain immune suppression mechanisms taken by tumor cells that are effective against T cells, such as the downregulation of human leukocyte antigens (HLA), have proven to be stimulatory for NK cells. (molcells.org)
Taking advantage of the diverse γδ TCR repertoire or other ligand-receptor interactions, γδ T cells can recognize a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, thereby activating downstream pleiotropic effects. (explorationpub.com)
A family of receptors found on NK CELLS that have specificity for a variety of HLA ANTIGENS. (umassmed.edu)
KIR receptors contain up to three different extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains referred to as D0, D1, and D2 and play an important role in blocking NK cell activation against cells expressing the appropriate HLA antigens thus preventing cell lysis. (umassmed.edu)
B cells The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)

Elotuzumab (Elo) is an IgG 1 monoclonal antibody targeting SLAMF7 (CS1, CRACC, and CD319), which is highly expressed on multiple myeloma (MM) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and subsets of other leukocytes. (aacrjournals.org)

Conversely, major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MHC1A) (O.R.=0.6) and natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 (NCR3) (O.R.=0.46) were associated with lower odds. (medrxiv.org)

This study retrospectively analyzed serum lymphocyte subsets and survival outcomes in intracranial germ cell tumors (iGCTs) patients. (researchsquare.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important lymphocyte population in the nasal mucosa and play important roles in linking the innate and the adaptive immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in early immunity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation because they are the first lymphocyte subset recovering after the allograft. (ashpublications.org)
We speculate that the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to affect T-lymphocyte and myeloid cell physiology coupled with age-related maladaptive biological phenomena explain the strong association between advanced age and increased risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. (ersjournals.com)

The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Association of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors with endemic Burkitt lymphoma in Kenyan children. (umassmed.edu)
B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
The B-cell receptor is formed from the noncovalent association between surface IgM or IgD and 2 transmembrane proteins, IgA and immunoglobulin B. The presence of CD22 and CD19/CD21 on the cell surface, playing the role of coreceptorlike molecules, is necessary for the activation of the receptor. (medscape.com)

Flow cytometry and data analysis were performed using a BD LSRFortessa™ X-20 Cell Analyzer System and FlowJo™ software. (bdbiosciences.com)
NK cells were subsequently analyzed for changes in surface marker expression, cytokine production, gene expression changes, and cytotoxic function using flow cytometry, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)

However, we have identified a distinct subset of human NK cells that are deficient for FcRγ expression but express normal levels of CD3ζ. (nih.gov)
Thus, our study reveals FcRγ-deficient NK cells as a novel subset of human NK cells that have remarkably potent responses toward antibody-coated targets. (nih.gov)
Although they are often referred to as being inhibitory receptors, a subset of KIR receptors may also play an activating role in NK cells. (umassmed.edu)

NK cells contribute to early defenses against viruses through their inborn abilities that include sensing of PAMPs and inflammatory signals such as cytokines or chemokines, recognition, and killing of infected cells through activating surface receptors engagement. (frontiersin.org)
The MHC genes are codominantly expressed, which means that each individual expresses these genes from both the alleles on the cell surface. (medscape.com)
In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
CXCR3 expression on the surface of NK cells promotes chemotaxis to sites of infection through the release of IP-10 by other cells including epithelial cells [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Human NK cells also express on their cell surface non-MHC-specific inhibitory receptors, including p75/AIRM1 (siglec-7) that is expressed virtually by all NK cells. (ashpublications.org)
Cell surface receptors containing an immunoglobin domain. (embl.de)
The B-cell receptor consists of an Ig molecule anchored to the cell's surface. (msdmanuals.com)
Variants of leukocyte adhesion deficiency have also been reported, including fully expressed but nonfunctional CD18 and an E selectin that is expressed but rapidly cleaved from the cell surface (only present in soluble form). (medscape.com)

Nevertheless, ex vivo activation with cytokines can restore cytolytic activity of NK cells against GB, indicating that NK cells have potential for adoptive immunotherapy of GB if potent cytotoxicity can be maintained in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, similar to T cells, specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells by NK cells can be markedly enhanced through expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which provides an opportunity to generate NK-cell therapeutics of defined specificity for cancer immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
We then outline preclinical approaches that employ CAR-NK cells for GB immunotherapy, and give an overview on the ongoing clinical development of ErbB2 (HER2)-specific CAR-NK cells currently applied in a phase I clinical trial in glioblastoma patients. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore the application of immunotherapy has driven the treatment of brain tumors to the study of the response of intratumoral and systemic immune cells and cytokines to these malignancies 10 - 12 . (researchsquare.com)
Designer T and NK cells are a modality within immunotherapy that manipulates receptor-ligand interactions to enhance cells of the immune system to destroy cancer more effectively. (encyclopedia.pub)

In Interleukin 21, Alessandro Moretta works on issues like Interleukin 12, which are connected to Natural killer T cell, Antigen-presenting cell, Lysis and Tumor cells. (research.com)

His Interleukin 21 course of study focuses on Interleukin 12 and Natural killer T cell and Innate lymphoid cell. (research.com)
NKp80 is a marker of natural killer (NK) cell maturity in secondary lymphoid tissues and supports NK cell development through a stage 4a intermediate with ILC3-associated features. (nih.gov)
Our data indicate that, also in this transplantation setting, NK cells are the first lymphoid population detectable in peripheral blood. (ashpublications.org)
1. To be able to describe the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in Date of Original Release: April 2014. (cdc.gov)
CRTH2: Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes, such as asthma on TH2 cells associated with exposure to air pollution, infection, or obesity, ILC: Innate lymphoid cell that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
NKT: Natural killer T innate lymphoid cells and their role in asthma. (cdc.gov)

Additionally, phenotypic subsets of NK cells have been identified in humans with different functional properties. (ox.ac.uk)
In humans, HLA class I-specific receptors include killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) specific for determinants shared by groups of HLA-A, -B, and -C allotypes 4 and CD94/NKG2A heterodimer specific for the nonclassic, class I molecule HLA-E 5 . (ashpublications.org)

After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)

His studies deal with areas such as Downregulation and upregulation, Function, Signal transduction, Cytotoxicity and Effector as well as Receptor. (research.com)
Moreover they induce the upregulation of activating FcR on effector cells. (hindawi.com)
PD-L1 upregulation can impede infiltrating T-cell functions in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a lung cancer subtype. (cancer-genetics.org)
Chronic T-cell exhaustion is marked by the progressive upregulation of coinhibitory receptors, PD-1 being one of the most prominent, but also other coregulated receptors such as LAG-3 ( 4, 5 ). (aacrjournals.org)

He has included themes like NK-92, Perforin, Innate immune system and Lymph node in his Lymphokine-activated killer cell study. (research.com)
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical to the innate defence against intracellular infection. (ox.ac.uk)
The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to foster interdisciplinary basic, translational, and clinical research that will define Natural Killer (NK) cell functions and interactions with other components of the innate and adaptive immune system affecting the potency and durability of HIV-1-specific immunity, including vaccine efficacy, reservoir size, reactivation or post-treatment control. (nih.gov)
The basic concepts derived from studying NK cell memory provide new insights about innate immunity and could lead to novel strategies to improve treatments for infectious diseases and cancer. (nature.com)
In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)

Upon infection many viruses, including Herpesviruses, target T cell function via specific interactions with TCR and HLA-I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Distinct receptor-ligand interactions and distinct cytokine milieus lead to the generation of antigen-specific memory NK cells. (nature.com)
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)

On the other hand, bulk RNA-sequence analyses reveal that gene expression profiles among patients are different according to the cytomegalovirus reactivation pattern, and are associated with cytokine production or cell division. (nature.com)
In this review, we examine the manufacturing and gene engineering of NK cells generated from iPSCs (iPS-NK) for ACT. (molcells.org)
Gene landscape and correlation between B-cell infiltration and programmed death ligand 1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas data set. (cancer-genetics.org)
The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) LUAD data set was used to explore associations among B-cell infiltration, PD-L1 expression, clinical outcome, and gene landscape. (cancer-genetics.org)
Non-XLA is the result of mu heavy-chain gene deficiency that leads to abortive production of IgM and failure of B-cell development. (medscape.com)

Right panel: antigen binds to the BCR of antigen-specific B cells and is internalized. (hindawi.com)

A considerable number of phenotypically and functionally different NK-cell subsets have been identified up to date [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the mouse likewise CD27 and CD11b (Mac-1) are used to dissect NK cells into functionally and developmentally different subsets [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite these hints on important functions of porcine NK cells in vivo, so far no investigations on the existence of functionally differing NK-cell subsets have been reported. (biomedcentral.com)

Besides their role as cytotoxic cells through the production of perforin and granzymes, NK cells are potent producers of cytokines like Interferon (IFN)-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α [ 3 ] and thus play important roles in immunomodulation and the defence against viral, parasitic and bacterial pathogens [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Identification of NKp80, a novel triggering molecule expressed by human NK cells. (nih.gov)

Activated γδ T cells exhibit strong cytotoxic activity and cytokine secretion functions and are effective antitumor lymphocytes with simple and direct recognition modes and rapid responses. (explorationpub.com)
These lymphocytes successfully eliminate the genetically unstable tumour cells with intrinsically high immunogenicity [ 4 ] through a series of successive stages [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Similarly, HHV-6A/B may contribute to Alzheimer's by utilizing a specific NK cell inhibitory receptor to disrupt the ability of NK cells to clear infected cells. (hhv-6foundation.org)
This reduction in the potential ability of NK cells to kill virus-infected host cells may increase the susceptibility to viral infections after DEP exposure. (biomedcentral.com)

Both the intermediate and high affinity forms of the receptor are involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and transduction of mitogenic signals from interleukin 2. (cancer-genetics.org)
Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, and then they differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)

NK cells cytokine expression, signaling and cytotoxicity has been evaluated in vitro. (bmj.com)
This immunosuppressive helper T cell phenotype can be further induced by the zinc-finger transcription factor GATA3, which regulates Th2 cytokine expression [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Trained immunity of natural killer (NK) cells has shown great potential in the treatment of cancers by eliciting enhanced effector responses to restimulation by cytokines or cancer cells for long time periods after preactivation. (cancerbiomed.org)
However, the human NK cells responsible for the generation and maintenance of trained immunity are largely unknown. (cancerbiomed.org)

His research integrates issues of T cell, T-cell receptor, Antigen and Antibody, Monoclonal antibody in his study of Molecular biology. (research.com)
Through these mechanisms B cells are involved both in autoimmune diseases that are traditionally viewed as antibody mediated and also in autoimmune diseases that are commonly classified as T cell mediated. (hindawi.com)
B cells have antibody-dependent and antibody-independent pathogenic functions. (hindawi.com)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
The class hence determines the function triggered by an antibody after binding to an antigen, in addition to some structural features. (wikipedia.org)

These methods and results can help us to better understand immune reconstitution following hematopoietic cell transplantation, leading to future studies on the clinical application of adoptive T-cell therapies. (nature.com)

Domaica, C.I. Human Natural Killer Cell Maturation Defect Supports In Vivo CD56bright to CD56dim Lineage Development. (uba.ar)
Zwirner, N.W. 'Human Natural Killer Cell Maturation Defect Supports In Vivo CD56bright to CD56dim Lineage Development' (2012) PLoS ONE. (uba.ar)
The Receptor study combines topics in areas such as Cell, Human leukocyte antigen, Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1 and Cytolysis, Cytotoxicity. (research.com)
NKp80 Defines a Critical Step during Human Natural Killer Cell Development. (nih.gov)
Human dNK cell function is differentially regulated by extrinsic cellular engagement and intrinsic activating receptors in first and second trimester pregnancy. (nih.gov)
High NK cell frequencies have been detected in human neonates, which may compensate for the relative immaturity of the specific immune response. (ox.ac.uk)
The discovery of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) at the turn of the century opened the door to a new generation of regenerative medicine research. (molcells.org)
At present, the phenotypic heterogeneity and functional variation of human γδ T cells are increasing. (explorationpub.com)
In this review, we use the Heilig nomenclature to describe human γδ T cells [ 1 ]. (explorationpub.com)
Finally, we targeted CISH in human NK-92 or primary NK cells, using a technology combining the CRISPR(i)-dCas9 tool with a new lentiviral pseudotype. (bmj.com)
We then tested human NK cells functions. (bmj.com)
Finally, using CRISPRi, we then targeted CISH in human NK-92 or primary NK cells. (bmj.com)
In human NK cells, CISH deletion also favors NCR signaling and antitumor functions. (bmj.com)
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human NK cells developing after umbilical cord blood transplantation: a role for human cytomegalovirus? (ashpublications.org)

1-3 Among receptors negatively regulating NK-cell function, a crucial role is played by those interacting with MHC class I molecules. (ashpublications.org)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)

Furthermore, HHV-6A induced PKA activity and phosphorylation of Sp1 in the NK cells, which may increase expression of KIR2DL2 and thereby inhibit NK cell cytotoxicity. (hhv-6foundation.org)
The authors also noted that the HHV-6A-induced expression of apolipoprotein E e4 may further inhibit NK cell function, in part by increasing PKA activity. (hhv-6foundation.org)

Analogous studies in a murine syngeneic tumor model using surrogate antibodies demonstrated significant synergy between LAG-3 and PD-1 blockade-combination treatment led to a marked improvement in therapeutic efficacy, increased T-cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and elicited durable immunologic memory upon tumor rechallenge. (aacrjournals.org)

ALOX5 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase: macrophages infected with Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus fumigatus or treated with Curdlan, a selective agonist of pattern recognition receptor for fungi Dectin-1, displays increased expression of ALOX5, ALOX15 and PTGS2 Karnam et al, 2015 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
BST2 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (Tetherin): Candida albicans enhanced the production of the CCR5-interacting chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and stimulates the production of interferon-a and the restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and tetherin (BST2) in macrophages Rodriguez et al, 2013 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
These cells secrete immune inhibitory growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is primarily produced by microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). (encyclopedia.pub)

The T cells also effectively terminate their activation and proliferation as a means of avoiding autoimmunity, resulting in different phenotypes that either further activate Th1 immune responses or suppress via Th2-driven responses. (encyclopedia.pub)

Both secreted autoantibodies and BCR on B cells can modulate the processing and presentation of antigen and thereby affect the nature of presented T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)
BCR-mediated antigen uptake can influence antigen processing and the nature of MHC-displayed T-cell determinants. (hindawi.com)

These two receptors are likely preferentially associated with each other, and when they are co-expressed, the inhibitory effects of KIR2DL2 override the activation of NK cells triggered by KIR2DS2. (hhv-6foundation.org)

that regulate the differentiation and activation of these cells. (cdc.gov)

His work carried out in the field of Receptor brings together such families of science as Acquired immune system, GiST and Cell biology. (research.com)
Some sites, such as the eye and the brain, are immunologically privileged (ie, they have minimal or no immune system cells and can tolerate even mismatched grafts). (medscape.com)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)

These 2 members mediate leukocyte adhesions to endothelial cells but they also serve as receptors for iC3b (inactivated C3b). (medscape.com)

Anatomy37

Organisms11

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs101

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes43

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

NKp4617

NKG2D3

Dendritic cells9

Pathways9

ADCC4

NCR15

NKp449

Protein4

Effector functions2

CD167

Cytotoxic T-cel5

Stimulation2

Antigen prese5

Ligands4

Immunology6

Antigens6

Multiple myeloma1

Ncr31

Lymphocyte4

Immunoglobulin4

Flow Cytometry2

Subset3

Surface9

Immunotherapy5

Lysis1

Lymphoid6

Humans2

Activates1

Upregulation4

Innate5

Interactions3

Gene5

Binds1

Functionally3

Potent1

Molecule expressed1

Lymphocytes2

Ability of NK cells2

Affinity2

Cytokine expression2

Immunity2

Antibody5

Hematopoietic1

Human14

Molecules2

Inhibit2

Immunologic1

Macrophages3

Proliferation1

Determinants2

Inhibitory effects1

Regulate1

Immune system3

Leukocyte1