• Importantly, we have demonstrated for the first time that S. aureus cells producing active SigH become competent for transformation by plasmid or chromosomal DNA, which requires the expression of SigH-controlled competence genes. (hal.science)
  • Taken together, we propose a unique model for staphylococcal competence regulation by SigH that could help explain the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer in this important pathogen. (hal.science)
  • 10% transformation frequency), which reside in genes undergoing strong diversifying selection that encode large membrane proteins, likely as an immune invasion tactic. (drexel.edu)
  • 2. Can natural transformation be exploited to map pathogenesis genes? (drexel.edu)
  • We have developed a novel method for mapping genes in bacteria, exploiting natural transformation in combination with genome-wide deep sequencing. (drexel.edu)
  • Newer work is using the same approach to map the genes responsible for natural variation in other pathogenesis traits, including resistance to human complement-mediated killing, as well as investigating the possibility of identifying genes involved in in vivo pathogenesis in an animal model of otitis media. (drexel.edu)
  • It really is SigX that consequently initiates transcription from the competence genes necessary for the incorporation from the newly-acquired DNA [12]. (brain-tumor-cancer-information.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the regulation of the competence genes qstR and comEA as an example of the complex process that controls competence gene activation in V. cholerae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the data provided in this study we suggest that the identified sites are important for the expression of the competence genes qstR and comEA and therefore for natural transformability of V. cholerae even though the motifs might not reflect bona fide CRP-S sites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As I understand it, naturally competent bacteria carry genes that encode the machinery necessary to facilitate the transport of this DNA across the membrane and into the cell. (stackexchange.com)
  • In both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, 'competence' for DNA uptake requires the coordinated action of rough-ly two dozen genes ( including some with regulatory func-tions ) organized within several operons. (asmblog.org)
  • The picture is si-milar in Vibrio - 'similar' refers to a great deal of protein homology among the numerous components in various species, despite vastly different regulatory circuits - for which the present model for competence involves 19+ genes, and, as core components: 1. (asmblog.org)
  • These genes are part of the early gene regulon that controls expression of the late competence genes known to encode the apparatus of transformation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we demonstrate that transient temperature elevation induces an immediate increase in the basal expression level of the comCDE operon and early genes that, in turn, stimulates its full induction, including that of the late competence regulon. (bvsalud.org)
  • Competence development in Streptococcus pneumoniae involves a complex network of genes regulating DNA uptake and recombination, with comC and comD proteins playing key roles. (consensus.app)
  • Phophorylated ComE induce about 20 early competence genes such as comAB operon, comX1, comX2, ComW and comCDE operon by binding to 9-bp imperfect direct repeat sequence located 5` region of these gene`s promoter. (consensus.app)
  • The alternative σ factor ComX, which is encoding comX1 or comX2, directs the transcription of around 60 late competence genes by binding to com-box located upstream of start codon. (consensus.app)
  • Some of late competence genes encode the DNA uptake and recombination machinery. (consensus.app)
  • Natural transformation in mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria: identification and characterization of novel, closely related competence genes in Acinetobacter sp. (inrae.fr)
  • They developed a gene scissor - CRISPR/Cas - that can be used to cut genes from DNA and insert new genes. (spermidinelife.com)
  • These proteins include thiolesterases, members of the glyoxalase II family, that catalyse the hydrolysis of S-D-lactoyl-glutathione to form glutathione and D-lactic acid and a competence protein that is essential for natural transformation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and could be a transporter involved in DNA uptake. (embl.de)
  • Organic competence or transformation can be an ability natural to bacteria for the uptake of extracellular DNA. (brain-tumor-cancer-information.com)
  • This altered gene expression also correlated directly with protein levels, bacterial capacity for DNA uptake, and natural transformability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In our current working model, the components of a type IV pilus combined with a few other competence proteins (such as ComEA, ComEC, and ComF) make up the majority of the DNA-uptake machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Now I will dis-cuss HGT by transformation , that is, by DNA uptake from the environment. (asmblog.org)
  • As simple as it sounds, 'DNA uptake' is mechanistically as complex as conjugation or phage transduction. (asmblog.org)
  • The secretin complex of Thermus thermophilus is an oligomer of the 757-residue PilQ protein, essential for DNA uptake and pilus extrusion. (elifesciences.org)
  • Mutations in the secretin domain disrupted the crown and abolished DNA uptake, suggesting a central role of the crown in natural transformation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Many conserved proteins of the bacterial DNA uptake machineries are similar to components of protein secretion and type IV pilus biogenesis systems and often play a dual role ( Hobbs and Mattick, 1993 ). (elifesciences.org)
  • Here, we investigate the structural basis for RNA recognition by ProQ/FinO proteins, through the crystal structure of the ProQ/FinO domain of the Legionella pneumophila DNA uptake regulator, RocC, bound to the transcriptional terminator of its primary partner, the sRNA RocR. (nature.com)
  • Structure-guided mutagenesis reveals key RNA contact residues that are critical for RocC/RocR to repress the uptake of environmental DNA in L. pneumophila . (nature.com)
  • Aug 27, 20 the key difference between transformation and transduction is that transformation is a mechanism which alters the genetic material of bacteria by direct uptake of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane and incorporation of it into the genome while transduction is the injection of foreign dna by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium. (web.app)
  • The cytoplasmic Rap proteins exert their regulatory function by inhibiting the activity of their target regulator (Spo0F, DegU, or ComA) via dephosphorylation, or by directly blocking DNA binding. (nature.com)
  • After analysing for many years the way that DNA glycosylases, APE1 and XRCC1 initiate the repair of 8-oxoG or abasic sites, our laboratory is now interested in studying the effect on BER proteins of cellular environmental changes such as oxidative stress or the switch from stem cells to differentiation. (cea.fr)
  • Three hours after the treatment, BER proteins become insoluble and associate to those regions in which DNA (stained with DAPI, blue) is less condensed, corresponding to euchromatin regions. (cea.fr)
  • Except for the competence protein these proteins bind two zinc ions per molecule as cofactor. (embl.de)
  • Fig 1 Distribution and conservation of competence pathways directly into gauge the response of different type-II ComR proteins to different XIPs in bacterial tradition. (brain-tumor-cancer-information.com)
  • Therefore we can speculate that DNA repair proteins will be prevalent and DNAses will be low in the cell, under these conditions. (stackexchange.com)
  • Competence is determined by the excretion into growth medium of _______ & _________ proteins called as competence proteins. (carrieradda.com)
  • [2] [3] The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular polysaccharides , proteins , lipids and DNA . (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we study the type IVa competence pilus of Vibrio cholerae as a model system to define the role of PilU. (biorxiv.org)
  • Conjugation is a type of prokaryotic reproduction in which dna is transferred between prokaryotes by means of a pilus. (web.app)
  • Since the discovery of competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) by Havarstein et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Competence stimulating peptide (CSP) precursor, which is encoded by comC, is processed and secreted by the ComAB transporter, resulting in extracellular accumulation of mature CSP. (consensus.app)
  • We have observed that after induction of 8-oxoG in the cellular DNA, OGG1, APE1 and XRCC1 are recruited from a soluble nucleoplasmic fraction to the chromatin, following a kinetics that is in good correlation with the repair rate. (cea.fr)
  • Localisation of BER complexes into euchromatin regions after induction of oxidative DNA damage. (cea.fr)
  • Several stressful conditions are known to promote competence development, although the induction pathways are remain poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • We find that other competence induction stimulus, like norfloxacin, is not conveyed by the HtrA-dependent pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • When we induce competence in the laboratory through one of various methods (e.g., electroporation), the DNA is essentially forced into the cell through openings in the membrane, so no transferase protein is needed. (stackexchange.com)
  • Mature CSP acts as pheromone to induce competence by binding to ComD receptor. (consensus.app)
  • The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP, which is the global regulator of CCR, binds to regulatory DNA elements called CRP sites when in complex with cAMP. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies in Haemophilus influenzae suggested that the CRP protein binds competence-specific CRP-S sites under competence-inducing conditions, most likely in concert with the master regulator of transformation Sxy/TfoX. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene encodes a protein that is the master regulator of transformation and a homolog of Sxy, which was first described in Haemophilus influenzae [ 7 ],[ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I remember reading something about a transformation-specific DNA binding protein that coats the entire length of the DNA strand and prevents degradation. (stackexchange.com)
  • And then, regardless of which protein is responsible in the case of natural competence, how does that protein get expressed and activated in the case of artificial competence? (stackexchange.com)
  • Whatever signals induced the expression of this protein in the case of natural competence would seem to be absent when competence is induced artificially, and it doesn't make any sense that the bacterium would constitutively express such a protein. (stackexchange.com)
  • Upon entry into the cytoplasm, the incoming DNA is bound by single-strand binding protein (Ssb), by DprA ( like Ssb an ssDNA-protecting protein ), and by RecA, thus priming it for recombination. (asmblog.org)
  • The OM-embedded C-terminal secretin domain likely provides an aperture for DNA and protein translocation through the OM, connecting the periplasm to the extracellular environment. (elifesciences.org)
  • PO2 - asymmetric stretching 0.379 ± 0.062 0.801 ± 0.008 ** PO2 - symmetric stretching 1.061 ± 0.051 1.182 ± 0.036 ** Protein/lipids ratio CH3 symmetric/CH3 asymmetric 0.349 ± 0.044 0.196 ± 0.015 *** DNA/Protein ratio PO2 - asymmetric/Amide II 0.196 ± 0.006 0.697 ± 0.007 *** Data are the mean of the 10 strains. (pdgfrsignals.com)
  • The process of DNA transport is facilitated by the ComEC protein. (uri.edu)
  • In addition, a universal, central Competence protein domain was identified with varying presence/absence of two flanking domains DUF4131 and Lactamase_B. Ancestral state reconstruction across the bacterial tree of life suggested an origin of a Competence-only domain profile, with multiple gains and losses of the DUF4131 and Lactamase_B throughout. (uri.edu)
  • Natural competence is a mode of horizontal gene transfer, which is based on the ability of a bacterium to take up free DNA from the environment and recombine it with the bacterial genome resulting in natural transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A small fraction of bacterial species are known to be naturally competent, meaning that they can engage in this sort of horizontal gene transfer in their natural environments. (stackexchange.com)
  • In Manuscript III, a process of horizontal gene transfer called natural transformation, which can be associated with the acquisition of new functions in bacterial genomes, was investigated. (uri.edu)
  • An example is the viral transfer of dna from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. (web.app)
  • It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve celltocell contact. (web.app)
  • The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae normally enters the developmental program of natural competence for transformation after colonizing chitinous surfaces. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While that's Vibrio cholerae transformation in a nutshell, two missing details are still needed for the developing 'screenplay' of the crime story. (asmblog.org)
  • Herein, we demonstrate a method to activate bacterial competence by regulating the expression of the comX gene by using a nisin-inducible promoter in an L. lactis strain harboring either a chromosomal or plasmid-encoded copy of nisRK . (bio-thing.cn)
  • We previously showed that a novel staphylococcal secondary sigma factor, SigH, was a likely key component for competence development, but the corresponding gene appeared to be cryptic as its expression could not be detected during growth under standard laboratory conditions. (hal.science)
  • This pathway, called "natural transformation," is a major mechanism of gene transfer across bacteria and has a profound effect on genome evolution, including spreading antibiotic resistances and other virulence determinants. (drexel.edu)
  • Transformation is the naturally occurring process of gene transfer which involves absorption of the genetic material by a cell through cell membrane causing the fusion of the foreign dna with the native dna resulting in the genetic expression of the received dna. (web.app)
  • Transformation is usually a natural method of gene transfer but as. (web.app)
  • Bacterial transduction, or simply transduction, is a type of gene transfer where a bacterium transfers its dna or a portion of it to another bacterium that is not its offspring by using a virus as a vector. (web.app)
  • Oct 12, 2018 genetic recombination strategies of bacteria conjugation, transduction and transformation. (web.app)
  • Recombination in bacteria transformation, transduction and. (web.app)
  • How is the exogenous DNA protected from degradation during bacterial transformation? (stackexchange.com)
  • The exogenous DNA binds to a receptor located on the surface of competent cells, gets fragmented into small pieces, and then one strand is degraded while the other strand is transported across the membrane into the cytoplasm with the aid of a DNA translocase enzyme. (stackexchange.com)
  • What keeps the exogenous DNA from being readily degraded by endogenous nucleases? (stackexchange.com)
  • Natural transformation involves the incorporation of exogenous DNA into host genomes. (uri.edu)
  • Since pseudomonas aeruginosa is a nonnaturally competent bacterium, various methods have been developed to transfer exogenous dna. (web.app)
  • However, it becomes a problem when oxidative stress, free oxygen radicals or exogenous factors such as UV radiation, chemical toxins or viruses additionally increase the failure rate, so that our repair systems are simply overwhelmed and can no longer cope with renewal and transformation. (spermidinelife.com)
  • ComR can be expected to contain an N-terminal helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA binding site (DBD) and a C-terminal tetratricopeptide do it again (TPR) site which provides the site of pheromone binding [19 20 Once triggered the ComR/XIP complicated binds in the promoter parts of and promoters and XIP sequences which correspond with phylogenetic groupings (Fig 1). (brain-tumor-cancer-information.com)
  • V. cholerae ComEA binds to DNA in vi-vo . (asmblog.org)
  • Natural competence is regulated by at least three pathways in this organism: chitin sensing/degradation, quorum sensing and carbon catabolite repression (CCR). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This finding strongly suggests that competence can be induced by at least two independent pathways and thus reinforces the view that competence is a general stress response system in the pneumococcus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Natural transformation involves the bacterial cells entering a state termed "competence", in which they can take up genetic material from the environment outside their cell wall. (nanowerk.com)
  • Although Bacteria and Archaea (prokaryotes) have processes that can transfer DNA from one cell to another ( conjugation , transformation , and transduction [6] ), these processes are not evolutionarily related to sexual reproduction in Eukaryotes. (wikizero.com)
  • Jun 25, 2019 there are multiple ways foreign dna can be introduced into cells including transformation, transduction, conjugation, and transfection. (web.app)
  • Generalised transduction is mediated by lytic phages where any dna segment can be transferred by the virus and may not integrate the segment to the bacterial chromosome. (web.app)
  • Exchange of genetic material between bacterial species is mediated by the basic processes of conjugation, transduction and transformation. (web.app)
  • Draw a figure, create a concept map, or construct a table that distinguishes conjugation, transformation, and transduction 27. (web.app)
  • Whats the difference between conjugation, transformation and transduction. (web.app)
  • Compare conjugation, transformation and transduction. (web.app)
  • Transformation, transduction, and conjugation are sexual processes that use different mechanisms to introduce donor dna into recipient bacteria. (web.app)
  • Transduction can also be defined as a process by which a foreign dna from a. (web.app)
  • Transformation, transduction, and conjugation differ in means for introducing dna from donor cell into recipient cell. (web.app)
  • Conjugation conjugation is the transfer of dna from one cell to another through direct cell to cell contact. (web.app)
  • In transformation, bacteria pick dna from the environment, from different sources mostly from dead bacterial cells, when the growth conditions are favorable. (web.app)
  • Due to its high sensitivity, this technique has widely been used to discover low amounts of pathogen DNA in the environment or in an organism during infection, to monitor its spread as well as to study healthy carriers as pathogen reservoirs [22-24]. (peptidescost.com)
  • Abstract] Natural competence can be activated in Lactoccocus lactis subsp lactis and cremoris upon overexpression of ComX, a master regulator of bacterial competence. (bio-thing.cn)
  • Upon entry into the periplasm, the incoming DNA is tight-ly bound and compacted by ComEA ( so tightly that ComEA overexpressed in the cytoplasm of E. coli kills the cell by sequestering the nucleoid ), and then shuttled to the ComEC inner membrane-pore complex. (asmblog.org)
  • During transformation, a bacterium can take up DNA from its environment. (stackexchange.com)
  • The region which is transferred from bacterium to the nucleus of the plant cell is called as T-DNA. (carrieradda.com)
  • Using specific DNA barcodes and whole-genome sequencing, population dynamics were followed, revealing the impact of individual Rap phosphatases and arising mutations on the adaptability of B. subtilis . (nature.com)
  • 1. What factors control transformation frequency across the genome? (drexel.edu)
  • We have generated high-resolution genome-wide maps of transformation, finding massive variation in rates at different chromosomal loci. (drexel.edu)
  • These strains with genome reductions ranging in size from 581.9 to 814.4 kb displayed markedly decreased growth rates, sporulation ratios, transformation efficiencies and maintenance coefficients, as well as increased cell yields. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inspired by these natural evolutionary events, researchers proposed that an ideal chassis cell can be generated by genome engineering and accelerated evolution [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stable transformation occur when dna is integrated into host genome and is inherited in subsequent generations. (web.app)
  • In Gram-negative bacteria this machinery spans the entire periplasm and connects the inner (IM) and outer membranes (OM), mediating DNA binding on the cell surface and subsequent translocation through the periplasm into the cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • Additionally, using DNA from the N315 MRSA strain, we successfully transferred the full length SCCmecII element through natural transformation to a methicillin-sensitive strain, conferring methicillin resistance to the resulting S. aureus transformants. (hal.science)
  • These structures are critical for the virulence of many pathogens and represent one major way that bacteria share DNA with one another, which contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance. (biorxiv.org)
  • Therefore, investigating how competent pneumococci can be for genetic transformation is useful because this factor plays a role in the evolution of S. pneumoniae, especially with respect to virulence and antimicrobial drug resistance ( 8 , 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • We are presently trying to understand what mechanisms regulate the targeting of the DNA glycosylases, in particular OGG1, to the mitochondria and how BER is coordinated in this organelle. (cea.fr)
  • Streptococcus pneumonieae, model microorganism of natural genetic transformation, has been studied to understand competence development mechanisms. (consensus.app)
  • The maintenance of sexual reproduction (specifically, of its dioecious form) by natural selection in a highly competitive world has long been one of the major mysteries of biology, since both other known mechanisms of reproduction - asexual reproduction and hermaphroditism - possess apparent advantages over it. (wikizero.com)
  • H. influenzae , like many other pathogens, is naturally competent, able to actively transport environmental DNA through its cell membranes and incorporate homologous molecules into its chromosomes. (drexel.edu)
  • Biochemical fractionation as well as confocal microscopy studies revealed that KBrO3-induced BER foci are completely excluded from heterochromatin rich regions, and are preferentially located in less-condensed DNA areas where active transcription takes place. (cea.fr)
  • Competence development is regulated by an autocatalytic loop driven by variations in the basal level of transcription of the comCDE and comAB operons. (bvsalud.org)
  • recombinational DNA repair (promoted during meiosis because homologous chromosomes pair at that time) and complementation (also known as heterosis , hybrid vigor or masking of mutations). (wikizero.com)
  • Any substance that damages DNA or chromosomes, or changes genetic activity, is genotoxic because it is acting on the same material, i.e. the DNA molecule. (whale.to)
  • The long-term goal of this research is to apply statistical genomic approaches developed by human geneticists to the identification of bacterial virulence factors that contribute to disease in natural populations. (drexel.edu)
  • In March 2019, Harvard Business Review reported that of the $1.3 trillion invested in digital transformation last year, $900 billion didn't achieve the intended outcome, leaving digital transformation as the #1 concern for CEOs and senior executives. (leapfrog-hr.com)
  • HR is uniquely positioned to equip leaders with the new mix of capabilities needed to embrace digital transformation. (leapfrog-hr.com)
  • The genetic material is fundamentally the double helix of the DNA molecule. (whale.to)
  • the detailed mechanism of competence in S. pneumoniae has gradually been clarified ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The base excision repair (BER) pathway is the main pathway for the repair of DNA base damage and single strand breaks. (cea.fr)
  • Different bacteria have different modes of transformation and as I understand it is Haemophilus influenzae that takes up the single strand whereas ?Streptococcus [i am not sure which bacteria it is] takes up dsDNA. (stackexchange.com)
  • It is observed that both biological effects and epidemiological effects appear to be the same or very similar from ELF exposure and from RF/MW exposures, including calcium ion efflux, melatonin reduction, DNA strand breakage, chromosome aberrations, leukaemia, brain cancer, breast cancer, miscarriage and neurological effects. (whale.to)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is well known for its ability to develop competence for natural DNA transformation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Can bacteria release free DNA into their environment? (stackexchange.com)
  • Mell and Redfield, 2014 ), by which bacteria take up DNA directly from their environment. (elifesciences.org)
  • International consultations jointly facilitated by UNESCO and the Internal Council of Science (ICSU) states that " Traditional knowledge is a cumulative body of knowledge, know-how, practices and representations maintained and developed by peoples with extended histories of interaction with the natural environment. (ngocongo.org)
  • These leaders relentlessly pursue self-development, recognizing credibility and impact with employees in the 4.0 world is determined by knowledge and competence in the current environment, rather than by a title or number of years in an industry. (leapfrog-hr.com)
  • The evidence in the literature suggests that PCDD/F compounds are subject to biodegradation in the environment as part of the natural chlorine cycle. (igem.org)
  • They then unfold themselves to form the DNA strands. (whale.to)
  • Biofilms may form on living (biotic) or non-living (abiotic) surfaces and can be prevalent in natural, industrial, and hospital settings. (wikipedia.org)
  • Under the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine program, enhanced molecular surveillance of virulent clones with higher competence to detect serotype switching will become more important. (cdc.gov)
  • How does the DNA cross through bacterial cell wall during electroporation? (stackexchange.com)
  • They are responsible for repairing damaged DNA or - if repair is no longer possible - for sending the stem cell to controlled cell death, or apoptosis. (spermidinelife.com)
  • In assessing genotoxicity, any evidence of genetic damage, cell death or neoplastic transformation is evidence of genotoxicity. (whale.to)
  • Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA has been implicated in human degenerative diseases, tumorigenesis and aging. (cea.fr)
  • coli was also DNA Damage inhibitor tested and compared to that of the wild type E. coli. (peptidescost.com)
  • Instead, broken cells accumulate in our bodies that are no longer capable of dividing due to their DNA damage - caused by too frequent divisions or external influences - the so-called senescent cells. (spermidinelife.com)
  • begingroup$ As an aside, one of the reasons that plasmids are circular no doubt is to prevent natural degradation of the sort you are talking about. (stackexchange.com)
  • It seems that this will increase the amount of the plasmids dissolved and improve transformation effeciency. (igem.org)
  • Since most of us are linguists, building a system that really understands language - one we can talk to - is a natural aspiration. (code-n.org)
  • Abstract] DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that regulates plant development (Law and Jacobsen, 2010). (bio-thing.cn)
  • Biotech Campus Delft is an initiative of DSM Delft, Delft University of Technology, the City of Delft and the Province of South Holland and builds on Delft's existing competences and internationally recognized position as a world leader in biotechnology development. (preparedfoods.com)
  • If a host other than E.coli is to be used, what property of DNA to be inserted is disadvantageous? (carrieradda.com)
  • Which leads to each of our cells suffering about 100,000 DNA damages every day. (spermidinelife.com)
  • The approach exploits natural competence to generate complex pools of recombinants between a donor carrying a pathogenesis trait of interest and an avirulent recipient. (drexel.edu)
  • By enabling pathogenic bacteria to adapt to the human host, natural transformation is clinically relevant. (elifesciences.org)
  • A company can only change its DNA as human resources hires and develops leaders that will recognize and adapt to the dynamics of this next revolution. (leapfrog-hr.com)
  • In the case of artificial transformation, I guess the entire concept of heat shock is a way of providing stress. (stackexchange.com)