It is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
The related terms therapeutic window or safety window refer to a range of doses optimized between efficacy and toxicity, achieving the greatest therapeutic benefit without resulting in unacceptable side-effects or toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
However, in recent years, there are large numbers of reports related to herbal toxicity and herb's effects on basic activities such as modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters and interference with bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of concomitantly administered therapeutic substances [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
An approach for deriving occupational exposure limits (OEL) for pharmaceutical compounds is the application of safety factors to the most appropriate pre-clinical toxicity endpoint or the lowest therapeutic dose (LTD) in humans. (cdc.gov)
Use of this methodology can be limited when there are inadequate pre-clinical toxicity data or lack of a well-defined therapeutic dose, and does not include pharmacokinetic considerations. (cdc.gov)
Using an initial 600-mg linezolid dose daily adjusted by therapeutic drug monitoring and careful clinical and laboratory monitoring for adverse effects, supportive care, and expert consultation throughout BPaL treatment, 3 patients (4.4%) with hematologic toxicity and 4 (5.9%) with neurotoxicity required a change in linezolid dose or frequency. (cdc.gov)
Drugs6
Due to his expertise is drug quality and his knowledge about drug prices, The People's Pharmacy brought Dr. Cooperman on to their show last week to talk about Narrow Therapeutic Index (NTI) drugs. (pharmacycheckerblog.com)
For animals in pre-clinical trials, Therapeutic Index = L D 50 E D 50 {\displaystyle {\text{Therapeutic Index}}=\mathrm {\frac {LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}} } For humans in clinical trials, Therapeutic Index = T D 50 E D 50 {\displaystyle {\text{Therapeutic Index}}=\mathrm {\frac {TD_{50}}{ED_{50}}} } For many drugs, severe toxicities in humans occur at sublethal doses, which limit their maximum dose. (wikipedia.org)
These data support the premise that HCN channels are valid targets for anti-depressive drugs albeit with a narrow therapeutic index. (frontiersin.org)
Drugs with higher HCN subtype selectivity are needed to establish if a wider therapeutic window can be obtained. (frontiersin.org)
The second guideline ICH M13B will describe biowaiver considerations for additional strengths, and the third guideline ICH M13C will include data analysis for highly variable drugs, drugs with narrow therapeutic index, and complex BE study designs. (fda.gov)
Repeated use of opiate analgesic drugs such as morphine for the relief of chronic pain may result in the development of opiate tolerance and dependence, leading to a narrowing of the drug's therapeutic index and increased side effects. (jci.org)
Substrates2
The metabolic enzyme modulation also leads to incidences of altered bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of therapeutic substrates. (hindawi.com)
The consequences will be more serious with substrates having narrow therapeutic index [ 4 - 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Concentrations5
This drug should be considered a narrow therapeutic index (NTI) drug as small differences in dose or blood concentrations may lead to serious therapeutic failures or adverse drug reactions. (drugs.com)
In fact, antidysrythmics can be prodysrhythmic at both therapeutic and toxic serum concentrations. (medscape.com)
It achieves high, sustained serum concentrations but, like other aminoglycosides, has a narrow therapeutic index. (medscape.com)
This methodology provides a bi- ologically based approach by taking into consideration the pharmacokinetics in humans and reported therapeutic or toxic blood concentrations to guide in the selection of the internal dose-metric. (cdc.gov)
FDAC) in 1938 or those that require dose selection on the basis of therapeutic blood concentrations. (cdc.gov)
Doses2
Generally, a drug or other therapeutic agent with a narrow therapeutic range (i.e. having little difference between toxic and therapeutic doses) may have its dosage adjusted according to measurements of its blood levels in the person taking it. (wikipedia.org)
Methadone prolongs conduction of electrical signals in the heart which can lead to fatal cardiac dysrhythmias even at therapeutic doses. (atforum.com)
Dose1
A higher therapeutic index is preferable to a lower one: a patient would have to take a much higher dose of such a drug to reach the toxic threshold than the dose taken to elicit the therapeutic effect. (wikipedia.org)
Lithium2
TDM is recommended for use in the treatment of psychiatric disorders with lithium due to its narrow therapeutic range. (wikipedia.org)
Therapeutic intervention should focus on rehydration and the removal of lithium from the body. (neurology.org)
Medications3
Larger deviations in the study could prove hazardous for medications with a "narrow therapeutic index. (healthyplace.com)
Such an index, Peek said, refers to medications that can have under- or overdoses when inaccurately cut. (healthyplace.com)
Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index and is known to have potentially serious interactions with a wide range of medications and food products. (science20.com)
Clinical2
We have established elsewhere that HPLC and LC/MS are routinely used in clinical diagnostics , for example, in the detection and monitoring of biomarkers for both non-communicable and infectious diseases, and in therapeutic drug monitoring.1 Many thousands of papers have been written on the development and use of HPLC- related assays and immunoassays such as ELISA in this area. (elgalabwater.com)
Linezolid dosing and clinical management was provider driven, and most patients had linezolid adjusted by therapeutic drug monitoring. (cdc.gov)
Psychiatric disorders1
The GHQ-28 may be useful for screening for asthma patients who need more attention and therapeutic intervention for psychiatric disorders. (who.int)
Medication2
Evaluate for loss of therapeutic effect if medication must be coadministered. (medscape.com)
Side effect is an imprecise term often used to refer to the unintended effects of a medication that occur within the therapeutic range. (msdmanuals.com)
Tract1
Don't use blond psyllium if you tend to develop hard stools in the rectum due to GI tract narrowing, obstruction, or conditions that can lead to obstruction, such as spastic bowel. (medlineplus.gov)
Drug7
also referred to as therapeutic ratio) is a quantitative measurement of the relative safety of a drug. (wikipedia.org)
A high therapeutic index (TI) is preferable for a drug to have a favorable safety and efficacy profile. (wikipedia.org)
Warfarin, a powerful blood thinner, is a prime example of a narrowly indexed drug. (healthyplace.com)
Cutting away even slightly more than half of the drug eliminates the medication's therapeutic ability, leaving the patient vulnerable to dangerous clots. (healthyplace.com)
Because of digoxin's narrow therapeutic index, patients are susceptible to drug-drug interaction-mediated cardiotoxicity. (aspetjournals.org)
The FDA led forum, the Generic Drug Cluster, established for the world's leading regulatory agencies to address generic drug development globally, has added a new regulatory agency to its roster- Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). (fda.gov)
Morphine2
Morphine is even less so with a therapeutic index of 70. (wikipedia.org)
However, morphine and other opiates have what is called a narrow therapeutic index - that is, a very small range between their therapeutic effects and toxic effects. (scienceblogs.com)
Substances2
The therapeutic index varies widely among substances, even within a related group. (wikipedia.org)
Less safe are cocaine (a stimulant and local anaesthetic) and ethanol (colloquially, the "alcohol" in alcoholic beverages, a widely available sedative consumed worldwide): the therapeutic indices for these substances are 15:1 and 10:1, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
Strategies1
Therefore, there remains an unmet need for efficacious, on-target therapeutic strategies for patients with treatment-resistant depression. (frontiersin.org)
Difficulty1
Alternatively, it has a narrow therapeutic index due to its high abuse potential, difficulty tapering, overdose potential, complex dosing, and long half-life (12 to 150 hours). (pharmacytimes.com)
Considerations1
Although the pathogenesis of HIV infection and the general virologic and immunologic principles underlying the use of antiretroviral therapy are similar for all HIV-infected persons, unique therapeutic and management considerations apply to HIV-infected children. (cdc.gov)
Patients2
The current study, which encompassed 25,787 patients with BD, looked at data from the 5-year period after index hospitalization. (medscape.com)
We conclude that a high index of suspicion is warranted to identify A. ignavus and that it should be particularly considered in patients with chronic external otitis who do not respond clinically to quinolone ear drop therapy. (cdc.gov)
Window1
It exhibits potent antitumor activity by activating tumor-infiltrating CD8 + and CD4 + T cells and has a better therapeutic window relative to recombinant human IL-2. (genengnews.com)
Dosage1
It is difficult to calculate appropriate dosage for the use of aconitine due to its narrow therapeutic index [ 4 ]. (springer.com)
Effect1
Some are developing bispecific antibodies that can influence multiple and complementary immune pathways for greater therapeutic effect. (genengnews.com)
High1
However, utilization of BN has been hampered by its high cytotoxicity to normal cells, resulting in a narrow therapeutic index. (fems-microbiology.org)
Higher1
Chloroquine phosphate has a narrow therapeutic index it can be toxic at levels not much higher than those used for treatment which raises the risk of inadvertent overdose. (cdc.gov)
Study1
7] This review has incorporated indexed and study. (who.int)
Percent1
Prognosis ninety percent index therapeutic narrow amitriptyline of females with an environmental trigger that initiates the coagulation cascade. (albionfoundation.org)
Trial1
Oral antivirals can be used as a therapeutic trial. (aao.org)
Significant1
Cranial nerves therapeutic narrow amitriptyline index are needed to replicate and continue to suffer significant morbidity and mortality. (albionfoundation.org)
Treatment1
Contamination of stream and tank water with en- of resistant pathogens should inform standard treatment teric bacteria, including Salmonella Typhi, is documented guidelines that are developed in the Pacific region. (who.int)