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Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme SystemCytochrome c GroupCytochromesCytochrome b GroupCytochromes cCytochromes b5NADH DehydrogenaseElectron Transport Complex IVCytochromes c1NADH, NADPH OxidoreductasesCytochromes fCytochrome P-450 CYP3ANADOxidation-ReductionCytochrome ReductasesCytochromes bCytochrome P-450 CYP2E1Electron TransportCytochrome b6f ComplexCytochromes c2Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2SpectrophotometryCytochrome P-450 CYP1A1HemeMicrosomes, LiverCytochrome P-450 CYP2B1MitochondriaNADPH-Ferrihemoprotein ReductaseCytochrome P-450 CYP2D6KineticsOxidoreductasesCytochrome d GroupCytochromes a1Mixed Function OxygenasesAryl Hydrocarbon HydroxylasesCytochrome-B(5) ReductaseHydroxylationMolecular Sequence DataQuinone ReductasesCytochromes aNADPCytochrome-c PeroxidaseCytochromes c6Amino Acid SequenceCytochromes c'PhenobarbitalNitrate Reductase (NADH)CyanidesHorsesElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopyDithioniteParacoccus denitrificansMitochondria, HeartUbiquinoneCarbon MonoxideAntimycin AMicrosomesElectron Transport Complex ISteroid HydroxylasesOxidoreductases, N-DemethylatingFerricyanidesCattleSpectrum AnalysisEnzyme InductionOxygenOxygen ConsumptionLiverBiotransformationCamphor 5-MonooxygenaseL-Lactate Dehydrogenase (Cytochrome)Electron Transport Chain Complex ProteinsPotentiometryProtein ConformationHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationTetramethylphenylenediamineBase SequenceBenzoflavonesFlavin-Adenine DinucleotideSuccinate Cytochrome c OxidoreductaseMultienzyme ComplexesIsoenzymesBinding SitesCaspasesSubstrate SpecificitySteroid 16-alpha-HydroxylaseApoptosisModels, MolecularCytochromes b6Potassium CyanideMethylcholanthreneElectronsIntracellular MembranesMitochondria, LiverSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSubmitochondrial ParticlesEscherichia coliHydroxyquinolinesFlavin MononucleotideCatalysisMutation
OxidaseP450DehydrogenaseNicotinamide adenine dinuOxidoreductaseMitochondrialReductase DeficiencyEnzymeElectronsNADPHOxidationMitochondriaReductionHemoglobinSuperoxideAcetylEquivalentsMetabolismTissuesElectronActivityFamilyResultsDirectReductaseDehydrogenaseMethemoglobinOxidative phosphorylationSubstrateMobile electron carriersMoleculesAerobicGlucoseReduced formEnergy
Oxidase4
  • In line with these results, studies using various enzyme inhibitors, such as DPI, allopurinol, rotenone, N G -monomethyl- l -arginine, and indomethacin, suggest that the predominant source of superoxide anion in vascular particulate fraction is NADH-dependent membrane-bound oxidase. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These findings suggest that upregulated expression of p22phox mRNA and enhanced NADH oxidase activity contribute to the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in OLETF rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) catalyses the reduction of molecular oxygen to water and ATP synthase (complex V) generates ATP from ADP. (bmj.com)
  • PCR was performed by using primers for 4 mitochondrial loci: NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 ( nad1 ) and 2 ( nad2 ), cytochrome b ( cob ), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox1 ) ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
P4503
  • NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and cytochrome- b 5 ( b 5 ) together with NADH- b 5 reductase ( b 5 R) play important roles in cytochrome P450 3A-mediated drug metabolism via electron transfer. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore potential drug-drug/food interactions of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice, known hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 inhibitors, on single-dose oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole, a substrate of CYP 1A2 enzymes. (researchgate.net)
  • Reduced NADPH is used in reactions that detoxify reactive oxygen species, that metabolize drugs in a cytochrome P450 system, and that support lipid biosynthesis. (medscape.com)
Dehydrogenase5
  • nad1-nad6 indicate NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6. (science20.com)
  • The effect of ACR on the specific enzymes lipoamide-dehydrogenase (LdPH) and cytochrome-c-reductase (CCR) in neural and nonneural tissues was examined. (cdc.gov)
  • For example, improved color stability of lactate-enhanced loins can be attributed to increased NADH formation by lactate dehydrogenase activity. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • Among them we identified VDAC, tubulin, PDH E1 β chain, glutathione S-transferase, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 6, acrosin binding protein precursor (sp32), proteasome subunit alpha type 6b and cytochrome b-c1 complex. (umass.edu)
  • Molecular docking analysis for different enzymes involved in aging (collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and mitochondrial enzymes (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+hydrogen (H) dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and adenosine triphosphate synthase) was carried out for epigallocatechin gallate alone (1), withaferin A alone (2), epigallocatechin gallate and withaferin A in combination (3) and a reference molecule. (ijpsonline.com)
Nicotinamide adenine dinu2
  • PMRS donates electrons to extracellular ascorbate free radical (AFR) derived from intracellular redox molecules like glutathione (GSH), L-ascorbic acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and other reduced equivalents [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Methylene blue and cytochrome c (cyt- c ) were evaluated as electron carriers and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) and ascorbate were considered as electron donors. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
Oxidoreductase1
  • Reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH 2 ) are generated by reactions catalysed by the PDC and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and donate electrons (e - ) that enter the respiratory chain at NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) or at succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II). (bmj.com)
Mitochondrial2
  • In addition, based on the cytochrome b (Cytb) gene of the mitochondrial DNA obtained from O. pacificus and other congeneric species, we assessed phylogenetic relationships within the Octodontidae. (researchgate.net)
  • Countering NADH production, calcium action on the mitochondrial permeability transition pores increases inner membrane permeability thereby reducing proton potential, causing the matrix to swell and ultimately releasing cytochrome c (an initiator of apoptosis). (benbest.com)
Reductase Deficiency2
  • For hereditary methemoglobinemias, reduced enzyme activity is seen with NADH-methemoglobin reductase deficiency, but normal in HbM disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Hemoglobin electrophoresis is abnormal in HbM disease, but normal with NADH-methemoglobin reductase deficiency [McKenzie 2010]. (cdc.gov)
Enzyme5
  • NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYB5R1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene provides instruction for making an enzyme called cytochrome b5 reductase 3. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Nach einer Übersicht über das Wesen der NADH- und NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktase, die früher auch als Diaphorasen bezeichnet wurden, wird über das Vorkommen dieser Enzyme und ihre Histotopie in normaler menschlicher Haut berichtet. (springer.com)
  • Zhongyong Zhu NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R), present in various tissues of the body, is a redox enzyme of multiple functions. (karger.com)
  • The pathway responsible for reducing most methemoglobin (95%-99%) back to hemoglobin is the NADH-dependant methemoglobin reductase system, in which the enzyme cytochrome-b5 reductase5plays a crucial role in a transfer of electrons from NADH to methemoglobin. (medscape.com)
Electrons2
  • But when oxygen is not available in adequate amounts to accept electrons (hydrogen atoms) from NADH, the excess electrons form superoxide from the residual oxygen. (benbest.com)
  • NAD/NADH are able to transfer electrons in a process that captures the energy by generating high-energy phosphate bonds. (medscape.com)
NADPH9
  • α-Lipoic acid and 6-propyl-2-thiouracil were evaluated for selectivity of inhibition of CPR and b 5 R activities, respectively, using recombinant enzymes and HLMs, as well as for effects on CYP3A-mediated triazolam hydroxylation in HLMs with either NADH or β-NADPH. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Dem Reaktionsausfall nach zeigt die NADH-Tetrazoliumreduktase in der Regel eine größere Aktivität als die NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktase. (springer.com)
  • Alle lebenden epithelialen Strukturen der Haut sind durch eine histochemisch faßbare NADH- und NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktaseaktivität ausgezeichnet. (springer.com)
  • In der Gesamtheit lassen die Untersuchungsergebnisse vermuten, daß - vielleicht mit Ausnahme des infraseboglandulären Haarfollikels -alle übrigen epithelialen Zellen durch eine so intensive NADH- und NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktaseaktivität charakterisiert sind, daß diese wahrscheinlich für den Nachweis von Dehydrogenasen, soweit er unter Verwendung von Tetrazoliumsalzen geführt wird, einen reaktionsbegrenzenden Faktor nicht darstellen. (springer.com)
  • Ethanol infusion also increased the ratio of total hepatocellular NADPH/NADP+, apparently through transhydrogenation of NADP+ by NADH in mitochondria. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The production of superoxide anion in response to NADH as a substrate was markedly increased in the vascular homogenates, but NADPH, arachidonic acid, xanthine, and succinate produced only small increases in chemiluminescence. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Both of these are cofactors that can be recycled by serving as both oxidizing (NAD, NADP) and reducing (NADH, NADPH) agents. (medscape.com)
  • One of the most central nodes of plant function is the distribution of energy and redox via the molecules NADPH and NADH, because this connects both to growth and to the many systems that protect plants. (lu.se)
  • Also, NADPH and NADH are central components in the cytosolic metabolic pathways, which connect the two largest biochemical processes on earth, photosynthesis and respiration in plants. (lu.se)
Oxidation3
  • The toxic electrophile produced by cytochrome P-450 oxidation of acetaminophen, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, is reduced rapidly by NADH in aqueous solution. (aspetjournals.org)
  • However, acetaminophen alone also increased free NADH/NAD+ in cytosol, and there was no indication that N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine consumed NADH generated by the oxidation of ethanol. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Factor B produces several-fold stimulation of ATP-driven Nad reduction, and of net phosphorylation coupled to Nadh or succinate oxidation in ammonia particles. (eurekamag.com)
Mitochondria1
  • Ethanol infusion increased the ratio of total hepatocellular NADH/NAD+, and the ratio of free NADH/NAD+ in cytosol and mitochondria as a consequence of sequential oxidations of ethanol producing acetaldehyde and acetic acid in the respective compartments. (aspetjournals.org)
Reduction8
  • Nor1p catalyzed the reduction of NO to N2O using NADH as the direct reductant. (nih.gov)
  • A 17 to 20 percent reduction in NADH-tetrazolium-reductase (NADH-TR) activity in one motoneuron type was demonstrated along with a progressive decrease in retrograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase from the muscle to the motoneuron. (cdc.gov)
  • Lower temperature resulted in an increased nonenzymatic MetMb reduction for methylene blue regardless of electron donor (ascorbate, P = 0.03, NADH, P = 0.04). (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • Nonenzymatic MetHb reduction was numerically lower than nonenzymatic MetMb reduction in the presence of NADH plus methylene blue. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • In summary, in addition to NADH, the current in vitro research demonstrated that ascorbate plus cyt- c could contribute to nonenzymatic MetMb and MetHb reduction at meat-pH and storage temperature. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • NADH is an important reducing equivalent responsible for MetMb reduction and color stability. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • Various cofactors such as methylene blue and cytochrome c (cyt-c) have been reported to be involved in MetMb or MetHb reduction. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • Nonenzymatic reduction of MetMb by NADH in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and methylene blue in vitro is reported to be as efficient as the enzymatic reduction ( Brown and Snyder, 1969 ). (iastatedigitalpress.com)
Hemoglobin2
Superoxide1
  • Ozone also causes an increase in the NADH reducing process and helps to oxidize cytochrome C. There is a stimulation of the production of the enzymes which act as free radical scavengers and cell wall protectors: glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. (silvermedicine.org)
Acetyl1
  • Increases in the intramitochondrial ratios of NADH/NAD and acetyl CoA/CoA also stimulate kinase mediated phosphorylation of PDC. (bmj.com)
Equivalents1
  • Finally, the reduced flavoprotein is oxidised by NAD and transfers reducing equivalents to the respiratory chain via NADH. (bmj.com)
Metabolism1
  • The synthesized ATP then provides the energy necessary for other reactions of intermediary metabolism that simultaneously regenerate NAD from the reduced NADH. (medscape.com)
Tissues1
  • A study of the effects of ACR and a nonneurotoxic analogue on the NADH-TR activity of neural and nonneural tissues indicated that ACR specifically inhibited neural specific NADH-TR activity. (cdc.gov)
Electron2
  • All combinations of electron donors and carriers were evaluated in the following order: NADH plus methylene blue, ascorbate plus methylene blue, NADH plus cyt- c , and ascorbate plus cyt- c . (iastatedigitalpress.com)
  • The results indicated that methylene blue was an effective electron carrier than cyt- c in the presence of NADH. (iastatedigitalpress.com)
Activity1
  • Phenazopyridine induced methaemoglobinaemia associated with decreased activity of erythrocyte cytochrome b5 reductase. (bmj.com)
Family1
  • The patient and several members of her family showed decreased activities of erythrocyte NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, predisposing them to the development of clinically significant methaemoglobinaemia when challenged with oxidant drugs. (bmj.com)
Results1
  • The results agreed with the NADH-TR histochemical data, except for the kidney studies. (cdc.gov)
Direct1
  • Thus, a mechanism other than direct inhibition of cytochrome(s) P-450 by ethanol is invoked to account for the protective effect of ethanol. (aspetjournals.org)
Reductase26
  • Erythrocyte NADH-cytochrome b(5) reductase reduces methaemoglobin to functional haemoglobin. (nih.gov)
  • In order to examine the function of the enzyme, the structure of NADH-cytochrome b(5) reductase from human erythrocytes has been determined and refined by X-ray crystallography. (nih.gov)
  • The molecular structure was compared with those of rat NADH-cytochrome b(5) reductase and corn nitrate reductase. (nih.gov)
  • A model of the complex between cytochrome b(5) and the human reductase has been built and compared with that of the haem-containing domain of the nitrate reductase molecule. (nih.gov)
  • The interaction between cytochrome b(5) and the human reductase differs from that of the nitrate reductase because of differences in the amino-acid sequences. (nih.gov)
  • Congenital methemoglobinemia due to deficiency of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-cytochrome b5 reductase (cb(5)r) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by life long cyanosis. (nih.gov)
  • A novel G143D mutation in the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase gene in an Indian patient with type I recessive hereditary methemoglobinemia. (nih.gov)
  • Identification and characterization of the novel FAD-binding lobe G75S mutation in cytochrome b(5) reductase: an aid to determine recessive congenital methemoglobinemia status in an infant. (nih.gov)
  • NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYB5R1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene provides instruction for making an enzyme called cytochrome b5 reductase 3. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The soluble isoform of cytochrome b5 reductase 3 changes ferric iron back to ferrous iron so hemoglobin can deliver oxygen to tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For hereditary methemoglobinemias, reduced enzyme activity is seen with NADH-methemoglobin reductase deficiency, but normal in HbM disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Hemoglobin electrophoresis is abnormal in HbM disease, but normal with NADH-methemoglobin reductase deficiency [McKenzie 2010]. (cdc.gov)
  • 6. Cytochrome b5 and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase: genotype-phenotype correlations for hydroxylamine reduction. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Study of the individual cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase domains of Ncb5or reveals a unique heme pocket and a possible role of the CS domain. (nih.gov)
  • 12. NADH-Cytochrome b5 Reductase 3 Promotes Colonization and Metastasis Formation and Is a Prognostic Marker of Disease-Free and Overall Survival in Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer. (nih.gov)
  • The oxidation of isocitrate through IDH activity was coupled to the cytochrome system by NADPH- and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A 17 to 20 percent reduction in NADH-tetrazolium-reductase (NADH-TR) activity in one motoneuron type was demonstrated along with a progressive decrease in retrograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase from the muscle to the motoneuron. (cdc.gov)
  • The effect of ACR on the specific enzymes lipoamide-dehydrogenase (LdPH) and cytochrome-c-reductase (CCR) in neural and nonneural tissues was examined. (cdc.gov)
  • In the mitochondrial respiratory chain, CoQ10 is vital for the transport of electrons from complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) and complex II (succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) to complex III (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase). (nih.gov)
  • For detailed information about NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H+-translocating), go to the full flat file . (brenda-enzymes.de)
  • Selective inhibitors of microsomal CYPs, NADPH:CYP reductase and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase and hepatic microsomes of rats pre-treated with specific inducers of CYPs and NADPH:CYP reductase were used to characterize rat liver microsomal enzymes reducing N-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine to o-anisidine. (nel.edu)
  • Microsomal electron transport chain: monooxygenase activities and relationships between NADPH-cytochrome c-reductase and cytochrome P450 in mouse liver. (unibo.it)
  • Celler i vaskulær glat muskulatur kan reducere den inaktive sGC(Fe3+) via cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5B3), også kendt som methæmoglobin reductase. (blogspot.com)
  • The most important enzyme in such methemoglobin reduction pathway is cytochrome b5 reductase, also known as NADH diaphorase. (umqaa.com)
  • 2001, Metoclopramide-induced methemoglobinemia in a patient with co-existing deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase: failure of methylene blue treatment. (dgidb.org)
Dehydrogenase2
Methemoglobin1
  • In turn, the reduced cytochrome b5 reduces methemoglobin to haemoglobin. (umqaa.com)
Oxidative phosphorylation1
Substrate1
  • Peroxidase activity, which was detected in membrane fractions with ubiquinol-1 as a substrate but not with reduced horse heart cytochrome c , was almost abolished in Δ ZmcytC . (karger.com)
Mobile electron carriers1
  • Coenzyme Q (CoQ) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) are mobile electron carriers in the ETC, and O2 is the final electron recipient. (askandknow.com)
Molecules1
  • Cellular respiration starts with the breakdown of organic molecules like glucose to produce high-energy carrier molecules- NADH and FADH 2 in addition to a few ATPs. (jove.com)
Aerobic1
  • The results suggest the involvement of ZmCytC in the aerobic respiratory chain via the cytochrome bc 1 complex in addition to the previously proposed direct interaction with ubiquinol and its contribution to protection against oxidative stress. (karger.com)
Glucose1
  • At various chemical reactions, the NAD+ picks up an electron from glucose, at which point it becomes NADH. (askandknow.com)
Reduced form1
Energy1
  • The energy stored in NADH + H+ and FADH2 will be released later in cellular respiration to generate ATP, which can be used as an energy source throughout the cell. (askandknow.com)