• I suggest that in the context of semaphorin 3A signaling, RhoA-kinase serves as a switch to change the function of the F-actin cytoskeleton from promoting protrusive activity to generating contractile forces. (biologists.com)
  • Rather, the defects are due in part to actin cytoskeleton dysregulation with a correspondent increase in active RhoA levels. (jneurosci.org)
  • Together, our work demonstrates ILK as necessary for normal oligodendrocyte development, reinforces its role as a bridge between the actin cytoskeleton and cell membrane, and highlights the overarching compensatory capacity of oligodendrocytes in response to cellular milieu. (jneurosci.org)
  • ILK forms an obligate heterotrimeric complex with particularly interesting Cys-His-rich protein (PINCH) and parvin, which together lend stability to the actin cytoskeleton at focal adhesions ( Brakebusch and Fässler, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex bridges the inner cytoskeleton (F-actin) and the basal lamina. (medscape.com)
  • Blebbing, apoptotic body formation and protein release during early apoptosis are dependent on ROCK and myosin ATPase activity to drive actomyosin contraction. (nature.com)
  • Kingsbury, Nathaniel, "Fesselin, an intrinsically disordered smooth muscle protein, organizes and stabilizes actin-myosin and myosin" (Master's Thesis. (ecu.edu)
  • Myosin is a major contractile protein which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy through the hydrolysis of ATP. (nih.gov)
  • Myosin is a hexameric protein composed of a pair of myosin heavy chains (MYH) and two pairs of nonidentical light chains. (nih.gov)
  • This gene is a member of the MYH family and encodes a protein with an IQ domain and a myosin head-like domain. (nih.gov)
  • The globulin fraction contains myosin, the contractile protein, which also occurs in blood platelets , small bodies found in blood. (britannica.com)
  • A smaller protein with properties similar to those of myosin is tropomyosin. (britannica.com)
  • The N-terminal domains of myosin binding protein C can bind polymorphically to F-actin. (egelmanlab.org)
  • Cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C) appears to modulate this Ca(2+)-dependent regulation and has attracted increasing interest due to links with inherited cardiac diseases. (egelmanlab.org)
  • The MYO15A gene is located at chromosome 17p11.2 and contains 66 coding exons, which encodes an unconventional myosin protein Myosin XVA [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Myosin XVA is a large actin-based motor protein. (hindawi.com)
  • The MYH3 gene provides instructions for making a protein called myosin-3. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Myosin-3 is a part of muscle fibers in the fetus before birth, and the protein is important for normal development of the muscles. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The genetic changes are thought to disrupt the function of the myosin-3 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We have identified a novel pathway that directs Lyn/Src family tyrosine kinase signals to the invadopodia to regulate sarcoma cell invasion via the molecule AFAP-1-like-1 (AFAP1L1), a new member of the AFAP (actin filament-associated protein) family. (nature.com)
  • The MYO7A gene provides instructions for making a protein called myosin VIIA, which is part of a group of proteins called unconventional myosins. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Myosins interact with actin, a protein that is important for cell movement and shape. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most of the mutations that cause DFNA11 alter a single protein building block (amino acid) in myosin VIIA, resulting in an abnormal protein that does not work properly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Many of these genetic changes alter a single protein building block (amino acid) in critical regions of the myosin VIIA protein. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the enterocyte microvillus, the structural core is attached to the plasma membrane along its length by lateral arms made of myosin 1a and Ca 2+ binding protein calmodulin . (wikipedia.org)
  • actin is a ubiquitous contractile protein that can be found in non-muscle cells. (medscape.com)
  • Outside the cell myosin can be used to move protein filaments, composed of actin, along artificial paths, which direct the filaments' movements. (lu.se)
  • Actin-myosin dissociation was measured by light scattering (a measure of particle size) and by pyrene-actin or acrylodan-tropomyosin fluorescence (a measure of myosin-actin bond breaking). (ecu.edu)
  • The regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction involves a number of different molecules, including the thin-filament accessory proteins tropomyosin and troponin that provide Ca(2+)-dependent regulation by controlling access to myosin binding sites on actin. (egelmanlab.org)
  • One position aligns well with the previously reported binding site that clashes with the binding of myosin to actin, but would force tropomyosin into an "on" position that exposes myosin binding sites along the filament. (egelmanlab.org)
  • The second position identified here would not interfere with either myosin binding or tropomyosin positioning. (egelmanlab.org)
  • It thus appears that the ability to bind to at least two distinctly different positions on F-actin, as observed for tropomyosin, may be more common than previously considered for other actin binding proteins. (egelmanlab.org)
  • Aberrant movement of β-tropomyosin associated with congenital myopathy causes defective response of myosin heads and actin during the ATPase cycle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We have investigated the effect of the E41K, R91G, and E139del β-tropomyosin (TM) mutations that cause congenital myopathy on the position of TM and orientation of actin monomers and myosin heads at different mimicked stages of the ATPase cycle in troponin-free ghost muscle fibers by polarized fluorimetry. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Intermicrovillous space increases with contractile activity of myosin II and tropomyosin , and decreases when contraction ceases. (wikipedia.org)
  • The proteins fesselin is known to bind include: actin (Leinweber et al. (ecu.edu)
  • 2011). Several proteins have been identified that stabilize myosin filaments and actin-myosin filament interactions. (ecu.edu)
  • Actb , Acta1 ) and actin-binding proteins (e.g. (jneurosci.org)
  • Myosin VIIA is also found in other parts of the retina, where it likely carries additional proteins and molecules that are important for vision. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We also did selective epitope mapping using BLAST and showed similarities and homology between spike, nucleoprotein, and many other SARS-CoV-2 proteins with the human tissue antigens mitochondria M2, F-actin and TPO. (frontiersin.org)
  • 20 to 30 tightly bundled actin filaments are cross-linked by bundling proteins fimbrin (or plastin-1), villin and espin to form the core of the microvilli. (wikipedia.org)
  • The plus ends of the actin filaments are located at the tip of the microvillus and are capped, possibly by capZ proteins, [2] while the minus ends are anchored in the terminal web composed of a complicated set of proteins including spectrin and myosin II. (wikipedia.org)
  • Histopathologic changes were evaluated in medial gastrocnemius muscle samples using antibodies to cellular (actin, desmin, dystrophin, fast myosin) and extracellular (laminin, albumin, complement C3) proteins and markers for neutrophils (W3/13) and macrophages (ED1). (cdc.gov)
  • AFAP1L1 intersects several invadopodia pathway components through its multiple domains and motifs, including the following (i) pleckstrin homology domains that bind phospholipids generated at the plasma membrane by phosphoinositide 3-kinase, (ii) a direct filamentous-actin binding domain and (iii) phospho-tyrosine motifs (pY136 and pY566) that specifically bind Vav2 and Nck2 SH2 domains, respectively. (nature.com)
  • Significantly, in osteosarcoma cell lines, knockdown of AFAP1L1 inhibits phosphorylated MLC2 recruitment to filamentous-actin structures, disrupts invadopodia formation, cell attachment, migration and invasion. (nature.com)
  • Filamentous actin is represented in red, and myosin in orange. (wikimedia.org)
  • Myosin 1a functions through a binding site for filamentous actin on one end and a lipid binding domain on the other. (wikipedia.org)
  • 11] Further studies showed that tubular smooth-muscle antibody (SMA-T) and glomerular smooth-muscle antibody (SMA-G) immunofluorescence staining patterns, which predominantly react with filamentous actin (F-actin), were the main antigenic moiety of smooth-muscle antibodies. (medscape.com)
  • Previously published results showed that the interaction between fesselin and actin is regulated by calmodulin (Schroeter et al. (ecu.edu)
  • In the case of period (P) mutants, an Ala cluster was introduced into the indicated period to strengthen the Tm-actin interaction. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These results are consistent with the mechanism that the Tm-actin interaction cooperatively affects actin to result in generation of greater force and velocity. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The Rg1 treatment also abolished H 2 O 2 -induced morphological changes, including cell rounding, membrane blebbing, neurite retraction and nuclei condensation, which were generated by myosin IIA-actin interaction. (ijbs.com)
  • Accordingly, the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 is related to the activity that inhibits myosin IIA-actin interaction and the caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC signaling pathway. (ijbs.com)
  • The actin mutants G15S and S14C favor F-actin assembly, yet differ with regard to their ABP interaction. (jneurosci.org)
  • Through its interaction with Vav2, AFAP1L1 regulates Rac activity and downstream control of PAK1/2/3 (p21-activated kinases) phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and MLC2. (nature.com)
  • AFAP1L1 interaction with Nck2 recruits actin-nucleating complexes. (nature.com)
  • The results obtained by administering Blebbistatin propose a titin-actin interaction that depends on XB-binding or active XB-based force production. (frontiersin.org)
  • Matching Mechanics and Energetics of Muscle Contraction Suggests Unconventional Chemomechanical Coupling during the Actin-Myosin Interaction. (unifi.it)
  • A sarcomere contracts when its actin filaments slide past its myosin filaments. (pearson.com)
  • During contraction the S filaments shorten, so that the actin filaments slide toward each other, past the myosin filaments, thus causing a shortening of the muscle (for a detailed description of the process, see muscle: Striated muscle ). (britannica.com)
  • However, how the spatiotemporal regulation of these forces depends on motor mechanochemistry, bipolar filament size, and local actin mechanics is unknown. (aps.org)
  • The calmodulin regulation of fesselin myosin interactions would greatly expand the role that fesselin has within smooth muscle by placing it within the calcium signaling pathway. (ecu.edu)
  • The regulation of fesselin-myosin interactions by calmodulin was tested using pyrene labeled actin as well as N,N'-Dimethyl-N-(Iodoacetyl)-N'-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Ethylenediamine labeled fesselin (IANBD-fesselin). (ecu.edu)
  • Deletion studies revealed that period 3 is important for the positive cooperative effect of Tm on actin filament regulation and that period 2 also contributes to this effect at low ionic strength, but to a lesser degree. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These effects were mediated via the down-regulation of caspase-3, ROCK1 (Rho-associated kinase1) activation and myosin light chain (MLC, Ser-19) phosphorylation. (ijbs.com)
  • These findings put some insights into the unique neuroprotective properties of Rg1 associated with the regulation of myosin IIA-actin cytoskeletal structure under oxidative stress and provide experimental evidence for Rg1 in CNS diseases. (ijbs.com)
  • These observations help to explain many of the seemingly contradictory results obtained with cMyBP-C and show how cMyBP-C can provide an additional layer of regulation to actin-myosin interactions. (egelmanlab.org)
  • In addition to regulation of cytoplasmic cytoskeletal dynamics, a little appreciated property of actin signaling is modulation of gene expression so far only reported for non-neuronal cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • In my master thesis, I investigated the regulation of mitochondrial motility by actin/myosin force generation. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Actin, microtubules, and vimentin intermediate filaments cooperate for elongation of invadopodia. (nature.com)
  • I report that semaphorin 3A activates myosin II in growth cones and axons. (biologists.com)
  • Titin activates myosin filaments in skeletal muscle by switching from an extensible spring to a mechanical rectifier. (unifi.it)
  • The nucleation of actin fibers occurs as a response to external stimuli, allowing a cell to alter its shape to suit a particular situation. (wikipedia.org)
  • After 2 days, histopathologic changes were present only in samples from the S40 protocol including desmin negative fibers [162 (32)] which stained for albumin, complement C3, laminin, actin and fast myosin. (cdc.gov)
  • Neuronal motility relies on actin treadmilling. (jneurosci.org)
  • We present a hitherto unappreciated cross talk of actin signaling with gene expression governing neuronal motility. (jneurosci.org)
  • We show that neuronal motility evoked by these actin mutants requires SRF activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Moreover, R62D NLS decreases neuronal motility similar to the cytoplasmic R62D actin mutant although R62D NLS has no access to cytoplasmic actin dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
  • Thus, herein we provide first evidence that neuronal motility not only depends on cytoplasmic actin dynamics but also on the availability of actin to modulate nuclear functions such as gene transcription. (jneurosci.org)
  • Employing these actin mutants, we uncovered a function for actin signaling in growth-cone motility modulated by ephrin-A guidance cues. (jneurosci.org)
  • Contraction shortens the sarcomere but does not change the length of the actin or myosin filaments. (pearson.com)
  • The interactions of bipolar myosin II filaments with actin arrays are a predominate means of generating forces in numerous physiological processes including muscle contraction and cell migration. (aps.org)
  • transitions between these regimes occur by changes to duty ratio and myosin filament size. (aps.org)
  • The electron microscopy experiments further revealed that fesselin enhanced myosin filament size and organized them into bundles. (ecu.edu)
  • Furthermore, semaphorin 3A promotes the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles in concert with the loss of F-actin in growth cone lamellipodia and filopodia. (biologists.com)
  • Formation of axonal F-actin bundles was independent of myosin II, but partially required RhoA-kinase activity. (biologists.com)
  • Collectively, these observations suggest that guidance cues cause axon retraction through the coordinated activation of myosin II and the formation of intra-axonal F-actin bundles for myosin-II-based force generation. (biologists.com)
  • The parallel actin bundles that support microvilli have their pointed-end rootlets anchored in a filamentous meshwork referred to as the "terminal web. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • NM2C is found in a dense, isotropic layer of puncta across the sub-apical domain, which transects the rootlets of microvillar actin bundles. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • In addition, staining of bundles and foci were observed in central regions suggesting that the majority of the microfilaments seen by whole mount EM are actin filaments. (wustl.edu)
  • Here we identify non-muscle myosin-2C (NM2C) as a component of the terminal web. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • 2005). The binding of fessilin to smooth myosin is of particular interest because unphosphorylated smooth muscle myosin filaments are unstable in the presence of ATP (Trybus et al. (ecu.edu)
  • 1978). However, in smooth muscle cells unphosphorylated myosin filaments are maintained (Milton et al. (ecu.edu)
  • Myosin , which can be removed from fresh muscle by adding it to a chilled solution of dilute potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate , is insoluble in water . (britannica.com)
  • In muscle, actin and myosin filaments are oriented parallel to each other and to the long axis of the muscle. (britannica.com)
  • Eccentric muscle actions (ECC) are characterized by muscle lengthening, despite actin-myosin crossbridge formation. (researchgate.net)
  • Anisotropic Elasticity of the Myosin Motor in Muscle. (unifi.it)
  • Myosin motors that cannot bind actin leave their folded OFF state on activation of skeletal muscle. (unifi.it)
  • In 1973, Gabbiani et al suggested that smooth-muscle antibodies were probably towards actin when they demonstrated elimination of all smooth-muscle antibody activity in the sera of 5 patients with chronic active hepatitis using a preparation of platelet-derived actin called thrombosthenin A. (medscape.com)
  • One example, myosin, is found in our muscle cells. (lu.se)
  • A number of single amino acid mutations linked to clinical diseases occur in the N-terminal region of cMyBP-C, including domains C0 and C1, which previously have been shown to bind to F-actin. (egelmanlab.org)
  • The E41K and R91G mutations can induce the strong binding of myosin heads to actin, when TM is located near the outer domains. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The mutations that cause DFNB2 alter the structure and function of myosin VIIA, but they probably do not eliminate the protein's function completely. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Other mutations introduce a premature stop signal in the instructions for making myosin VIIA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 2004). The final set of experiments presented here examined the possibility that calmodulin regulates the interactions between fessilin and myosin. (ecu.edu)
  • These experiments showed that the interactions between fesselin and myosin are regulated by calmodulin. (ecu.edu)
  • The E139del mutation inhibits the amount of strongly bound myosin heads throughout the ATPase cycle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition to regulating cytoskeletal dynamics in the cytoplasm, actin modulates nuclear gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • Interplay between myosin II and actin dynamics in chemotactic amoeba. (mpg.de)
  • Conversely, actin signaling regulates neuronal SRF-mediated gene expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here we analyzed neuronal actin signaling by a novel approach using actin mutant isoforms known to favor or preclude actin polymerization. (jneurosci.org)
  • Anti-actin immunofluorescence and rhodamine phalloidin staining of f-actin both showed intense staining of filopodia and lamellipodia. (wustl.edu)
  • This distribution is consistent with myosins involvement in the production of tension and movements of growth cone filopodia and lamellipodia that occur during active neurite elongation. (wustl.edu)
  • G15S actin enhanced neurite outgrowth and filopodia number. (jneurosci.org)
  • Each sarcomere consists of thick filaments of myosin, shown in purple, and thin filaments of actin, shown in orange. (pearson.com)
  • The myosin filaments have heads that bind and pull actin repeatedly, shortening the sarcomere. (pearson.com)
  • Using electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction, we show that C0 and C1 can each bind to the same two distinctly different positions on F-actin. (egelmanlab.org)
  • The stabilization of myosin filaments by fesselin was tested using a similar method. (ecu.edu)
  • Actomyosin is a complex molecule formed by one molecule of myosin and one or two molecules of actin. (britannica.com)
  • Overexpressing these mutant actins in mouse hippocampal neurons not only modulated growth-cone function but also neurite elongation, which was ambiguous by traditional pharmacological interference. (jneurosci.org)
  • Moreover these actin mutants affect neurite elongation, an actin function which by pharmacological actin interference was ambiguous. (jneurosci.org)
  • Gsn ) and is the archetypical transcription factor to study actin interplay with transcription. (jneurosci.org)
  • In cells, F-actin assumes specific types of organization depending on its functions. (biologists.com)
  • The organization of F-actin and myosin filaments by fesselin was observed by monitoring the rate of dissociation of actin-myosin by ATP in a stopped-flow device. (ecu.edu)
  • Next, electron microscopy was used to support the stopped-flow data and observe the effects of fesselin on myosin filament organization. (ecu.edu)
  • Rapid freezing and freeze substitution were used in conjunction with immunofluorescence, whole mount EM, and immunoelectron microscopy to study the organization of myosin and actin in growth cones of cultured rat superior cervical ganglion neurons. (wustl.edu)
  • Dailey, M. E. / The organization of myosin and actin in rapid frozen nerve growth cones . (wustl.edu)
  • Notably, a nucleus-resident actin (R62D NLS ) also regulates SRF's transcriptional activity. (jneurosci.org)
  • First of all, I will examine whether the mitochondrial SPIRE1 actin nucleator regulates the localization of mitochondria in neurons. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • SRF controls gene transcription of various actin isoforms (e.g. (jneurosci.org)
  • All patients completed an epidemiologic and clinical bp fragment of the -actin gene (Promega, Madison, WI) questionnaire and had a physical examination. (cdc.gov)
  • I investigated the roles of RhoA-kinase and myosin II in semaphorin-3A-induced growth cone collapse and axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • Myosin II activity is required for axon retraction but not growth cone collapse. (biologists.com)
  • F-actin is concentrated at the growth cone and sparse in the axon ( Letourneau, 1983 ). (biologists.com)
  • Importantly, repellent guidance cues cause growth cone collapse and depolymerize growth cone F-actin while promoting axon retraction ( Gallo and Letourneau, 2004 ). (biologists.com)
  • how can myosin II drive axon retraction if the major source of the required substratum for force generation, growth cone F-actin, has been depleted? (biologists.com)
  • Growth-cone collapse induced by ephrin-As, a family of repulsive axon guidance molecules, is impaired upon R62D expression, resulting in perseverance of ring-shaped F-actin filaments. (jneurosci.org)
  • Through the stopped-flow and electron microscopy experiments it was found that fesselin stabilizes myosin filaments. (ecu.edu)
  • A multi-step shifting of wild-type TM to the filament center accompanied by an increase in the amount of switched on actin monomers and the strongly bound myosin heads was observed during the ATPase cycle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Myosin II interacts with F-actin to generate contractile forces that result in axon retraction. (biologists.com)
  • Myosin XVA through its carboxy-terminal PDZ-ligand interacts with the third PDZ domain of whirlin, and then delivers whirlin to the tips of stereocilia [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Using pharmacological and genetic perturbations in cultured intestinal epithelial cells, we found that NM2C controls the length of growing microvilli by regulating actin turnover in a manner that requires a fully active motor domain. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • In the inner ear, myosin VIIA plays a role in the development and maintenance of hairlike projections called stereocilia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Stereocilia, which are rich in actin, line the inner ear and bend in response to sound waves. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Furthermore, inhibiting myosin II activity with blebbistatin partly blocked the neuroprotective effects of Rg1. (ijbs.com)
  • Limiting Pool and Actin Architecture Controls Myosin Cluster Sizes in Adherent Cells. (uchicago.edu)
  • Myosin XVA displays an important role in the mechanotransduction of cochlear hair cells. (hindawi.com)
  • In the retina, myosin VIIA is found primarily in a thin layer of cells called the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (medlineplus.gov)
  • [ 3 ] Nodal cells have less well-organized actin and myosin filaments and a poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. (medscape.com)
  • The force of the myosin motor sets cooperativity in thin filament activation of skeletal muscles. (unifi.it)
  • Our findings answer a decades old question on the function of terminal web myosin and hold broad implications for understanding apical morphogenesis in diverse epithelial systems. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • A requirement for actin filaments (F-actin) in mediating axon retraction has long been established ( Solomon and Magendantz, 1981 ). (biologists.com)
  • Myosin, solutions of which are highly viscous, consists of an elongated-probably double-stranded-peptide chain, which is coiled at both ends in such a way that a terminal globule is formed. (britannica.com)