Myelin optic nerve injuries. Medical search. Frequent questions

Proteins found in the myelin sheath. (harvard.edu)
Şahin S, Furundaoturan O, Barış ME, Demirkılınç Biler E. Sheath-Preserving Complete Optic Nerve Avulsion Following Closed-Globe Injury: A Case Report. (eyewiki.org)
Among other roles, these cells provide the myelin sheath needed for the efficient propagation of impulses along nerve fibers, provide trophic support for neuronal cells, and remove toxins and excess neurotransmitters from the interstitial space. (scientificarchives.com)
A demyelinating disease is an ailment that causes damage to the protective coating (myelin sheath) that covers nerve fibres in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. (a2zfitnessmart.com)
Nerve impulses are slowed down or freeze when the myelin sheath is destroyed, resulting in neurological disorders. (a2zfitnessmart.com)
The most frequent demyelinating disease of the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis (MS). As per research , under MS, the immune system damages the myelin sheath or the cells that make and sustain this sheath. (a2zfitnessmart.com)
The sheath becomes inflamed and injured, and the nerve fibres it supports suffer. (a2zfitnessmart.com)
A demyelinating disease is any condition that causes damage to the protective covering (myelin sheath) that surrounds nerve fibers in your brain, the nerves leading to the eyes (optic nerves) and spinal cord. (mayoclinic.org)
When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerve impulses slow or even stop, causing neurological problems. (mayoclinic.org)
In this disorder, your immune system attacks the myelin sheath or the cells that produce and maintain it. (mayoclinic.org)
This attack causes inflammation and injury to the nerve sheath and ultimately to the nerve fibers that it surrounds. (mayoclinic.org)
This is in contrast to direct TON, which results from an anatomic disruption of the optic nerve fibers from penetrating orbital trauma, bone fragments within the optic canal, or nerve sheath hematomas. (medscape.com)
In the post-trauma setting, CT scanning is the preferred modality for demonstrating the presence of an optic canal fracture, a displaced bony fragment impinging upon the optic nerve, a metallic foreign body in the orbit, orbital emphysema, or an optic nerve sheath hematoma. (medscape.com)
The researchers hypothesized that the wavelengths from 1630-1850 nm, which reside within the NIR-III optical window, would be the optimal range for nerve visualization, since the lipids found in the myelin sheath of neurons have a characteristic absorption peak in this range. (scitechdaily.com)
These layers form the myelin sheath. (merckmanuals.com)
Much like the insulation around an electrical wire, the myelin sheath enables nerve signals (electrical impulses) to be conducted along the nerve fiber with speed and accuracy. (merckmanuals.com)
When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerves do not conduct electrical impulses normally. (merckmanuals.com)
The tight adherence of the optic nerve's dural sheath to the periosteum within the optic canal is also thought to contribute to this segment of the nerve being extremely susceptible to the deformative stresses of the skull bones. (medscape.com)
Structures that pass through the optic canal include the optic nerve sheath and axons, their supportive glia, the ophthalmic artery, and branches of the carotid sympathetic plexus of the autonomic nervous system. (medscape.com)
These are tumours that are made up of cells known as oligodendrocytes, which produce the fatty covering of nerve cells: the myelin sheath. (indiasurgerytour.com)
A demyelinating disease is any disease in which the myelin sheath of the neuron is damaged. (mhmedical.com)
Once it affects these areas degeneration starts targeting the myelin sheath (Nerves that insulates the layers of cells) and causes a string of patches of sclerotic tissues. (greaterlifechiro.com)
MS causes inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective coating that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. (ushtamedicare.com)
Myelinating Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a single axon and express high levels of myelin-related proteins and messenger RNA (mRNA). (medscape.com)

In addition, 3 years longitudinal observation of the multiple sclerosis patient cohort revealed an anterograde increase of radial diffusivity in the anterior part of optic radiations which again was retinotopically associated with the primary damage caused by optic neuritis. (edu.au)
Optic neuritis. (uconn.edu)
Over the past few years, there has been remarkable development in the area of optic neuritis. (lww.com)
Antiaquaporin4 antibodies and antimyelin oligodendrocytes antibodies are now considered as distinct entities of optic neuritis with their specific clinical presentation, neuroimaging characteristics, treatment options, and course of the disease. (lww.com)
Similarly, there has been a substantial change in the treatment of optic neuritis which was earlier limited to steroids and interferons. (lww.com)
The development of new immunosuppressant drugs and monoclonal antibodies has reduced the relapses and improved the prognosis of optic neuritis as well as an associated systemic disease. (lww.com)
This review article tends to provide an update on the approach and management of optic neuritis. (lww.com)
The landscape of optic neuritis (ON) is rapidly changing with the discovery of new antibodies, advent of latest investigations, and revised diagnostic criteria. (lww.com)
We searched PubMed and Medline for studies published during the last 10 years with the general term "optic neuritis" and specific terms like "typical optic neuritis," "atypical optic neuritis," "multiple sclerosis," "neuromyelitis optic neuritis," and "myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody. (lww.com)
Acute and chronic disorders such as MS, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, transverse myelitis, and optic neuritis result in progressive demyelination of nerve axons in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerve. (scientificarchives.com)
acute optic neuritis (AON) or slowly progressive optic neuropathy (PON). (deepdyve.com)
Myelin destruction may be caused by autoimmune reactions (e.g., multiple sclerosis), inflammation (e.g., optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, disseminated encephalomyelitis), or infectious agents (e.g. (mhmedical.com)
Also known as demyelinating optic neuritis, optic neuritis refers to the inflammation of the optic nerve due to the loss of or damage to a protective covering called myelin, which surrounds the optic nerve. (northside-vision.com)
The optic neuritis also affects the eyes. (greaterlifechiro.com)
Typical symptoms of relapses may be referable to demyelinating pathology involving the optic nerves (e.g. optic neuritis), brainstem (e.g. internuclear ophthalmoplegia) or spinal cord (e.g. partial myelitis), although non-specific symptoms referable to the cerebral hemispheres or other brain regions can also occur (Katz Sand and Lublin, 2013). (medscape.com)

The experiment showed that after a partial crush injury of the optic nerve, rats injected with activated T cells which are specific for myelin basic protein (MBP, a common protein in the CNS) retained 3-fold more retinal ganglion cells with functionally intact axons than did rats injected with activated T cells specific for other (control) antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Schwann cells, the main glial cell in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), ensheath bundles of small unmyelinated axons or form myelin on larger axons. (biorxiv.org)
Spinal nerve transection (mechanical injury of axons) and demyelination (intact axons) induces similar transcriptional responses in DRG neurons. (biorxiv.org)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin facilitates rapid nerve conduction velocities and provides trophic support to axons. (biorxiv.org)
Resveratrol increased the number of axons in the distal part of the injured nerve, indicating enhanced nerve regeneration. (vinomis.com)
2010). Although axons in peripheral nerves have the capacity to regenerate after injury, a number of clinical reports and studies in recent years have indicated that functional recovery, especially motor function, is far from satisfactory even with advances in surgical procedures (Ruijs et al. (vinomis.com)
Axons of the optic nerve are particularly susceptible to injury at the lamina cribrosa because of the loss of myelin and other supportive connective tissues at this site. (eyewiki.org)
We have conducted experiments in the adult rat visual system to assess the relative importance of an absence of trophic factors versus the presence of putative growth inhibitory molecules for the failure of regeneration of CNS axons after injury. (nih.gov)
The rats were left for 20 days and their optic nerves and retinae prepared for immunohistochemical examination of both the reaction to injury of axons and glia in the nerve and also the viability of Schwann cells in the grafts. (nih.gov)
Anterograde axon tracing with rhodamine-B provided unequivocal qualitative evidence of regeneration in each group, and retrograde HRP tracing gave a measure of the numbers of axons growing across the lesion by counting HRP filled retinal ganglion cells in retinal whole mounts after HRP injection into the optic nerve distal to the lesion. (nih.gov)
GAP-43-positive and rhodamine-B filled axons in the acellular peripheral nerve and cellular peripheral nerve groups traversed the lesion and grew distally. (nih.gov)
Although blindness and paralysis may seem quite different, many types of these two conditions share the same underlying cause: nerves whose axons, the long fibers that connect the nerve to the brain or spinal cord, are severed and never grow back. (uconn.edu)
Similarly, if the axons in the optic nerve cannot reach the brain, or the axons from your toe cannot connect to the spinal cord, you will not be able to see from that eye or move your toe. (uconn.edu)
They express a similar subset of genes, and can be experimentally stimulated to regrow long-distance axons that, under the right circumstances, could lead to healing some vision problems caused by nerve damage. (uconn.edu)
Once stimulated by a treatment, these embryonic-like nerve cells' axons start to regrow in injured areas, but tend to stall before they reach their original targets. (uconn.edu)
Previous research has shown a combination of cell maturity, gene activity, signaling molecules within the axons, as well as scarring and inflammation in the injury site, all seem to inhibit axons from regrowing. (uconn.edu)
Some therapies that target genes, signaling molecules, and injury site environment can encourage the axons to grow somewhat, but they rarely grow long enough. (uconn.edu)
Called myelin, it insulates the axons and improves conductivity. (uconn.edu)
Typically axons in embryos grow to their full length before they are coated with myelin. (uconn.edu)
But postdoctoral fellow Agniewszka Lukomska, MD/Ph.D. student Bruce Rheume, graduate student Jian Xing, and Trakhtenberg found that in these injury sites, the cells that apply myelin start interacting with the regenerating axons shortly after they begin growing. (uconn.edu)
Similarly, spinal cord injury is typically accompanied by progressive demyelination of axons and concomitant neuronal atrophy [3]. (scientificarchives.com)
The optic nerve axons may be damaged either directly or indirectly, and the visual loss may be partial or complete. (medscape.com)
Whereas in the control group axons were of the uniform diameter, in the experimental groups various forms of myelin disintegration were observed. (nel.edu)
Clinically very serious condition of ischaemia and brain injury which are often associated with brain oedema is frequently accompanied by the impairment of the structural integrity of axons. (nel.edu)
As a result, growing RGC axons must backtrack to the center before entering the optic nerve. (jneurosci.org)
When this occurs, axons (the parts of the nerve cells that conduct impulses to other cells), don't work as well. (medicinenet.com)
As more areas or nerves are affected by this loss of myelin, patients develop symptoms because the ability of axons to conduct impulses is diminished or lost. (medicinenet.com)
In indirect TON cases, the injury to the axons is thought to be induced by shearing forces that are transmitted to the fibers or to the vascular supply of the nerve. (medscape.com)
Finally, the intracranial segment of the optic nerve may be damaged by forces delivered to the axons by the shifting of the brain following head trauma. (medscape.com)
Axons are insulated by myelin, which increases the speed of conduction. (medscape.com)

So actually, I saw an OT before I was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis, as I had various injuries, concussions, post-concussion, stuff like that. (uwo.ca)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with hallmarks of myelin degeneration and axonopathy [ 1 ]. (medsci.org)
Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is a disease that causes demyelination (disruption of the myelin that insulates and protects nerve cells) of spinal nerve and brain cells. (medicinenet.com)
Multiple sclerosis is a disease that involves an immune-mediated process that results in an abnormal response in the body's immune system that damages central nervous system (CNS) tissues in which the immune system attacks myelin, the substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers causing demyelination that leads to nerve damage. (medicinenet.com)
Multiple sclerosis is a disease that causes demyelination of the brain and spinal cord nerve cells. (medicinenet.com)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin (the substance that covers most nerve fibers) and underlying nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. (merckmanuals.com)
A condition defined by demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis and Devic's disease (neuromyelitis optica). (mhmedical.com)
30% of adults develop multiple sclerosis within 5 years of presenting with optic myelitis. (mhmedical.com)

Most nerve fibers inside and outside the brain are wrapped with many layers of tissue composed of a fat (lipoprotein) called myelin. (merckmanuals.com)
Sometimes the nerve fibers are also damaged. (merckmanuals.com)
With this mechanism, the nerve fibers may be injured against the falciform dural fold or through a shearing force where the nerve becomes fixed as it enters the intracranial opening of the optic foramen. (medscape.com)
The ophthalmic nerve, the first division of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve, is a wholly afferent nerve that supplies the globe and conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and sac, nasal mucosa and frontal sinus, external nose, upper eyelid, forehead, and scalp, It arises from the trigeminal ganglion which contains the cell bodies of its sensory nerve fibers. (dartmouth.edu)
Myelin is what gives the white appearance to these fibers of the brain--hence the term "white matter. (medscape.com)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) - inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, predominantly of the optic nerve and spinal cord. (mayoclinic.org)

The patches impair the conduction, which reaches the motor nerve impulses. (greaterlifechiro.com)

PNS injuries initiate transcriptional reprograming in both Schwann cells and sensory neurons that promotes regeneration. (biorxiv.org)
Viable Schwann cells were found in the vitreal grafts in the cellular peripheral nerve group only, supporting the proposition that Schwann cell derived trophic molecules secreted into the vitreous stimulated retinal ganglion cell axon growth in the severed optic nerve. (nih.gov)
Vestibular Schwannoma A vestibular schwannoma (also called an acoustic neuroma) is a noncancerous (benign) tumor that originates in the cells that wrap around the vestibular nerve (Schwann cells). (msdmanuals.com)
Schwann cells (SCs) have a wide range of applications as seed cells in the treatment of nerve injury during transplantation. (ac.ir)
However, there has been no report yet on kinds of proteomics changes that occur in Schwann cells before and after peripheral nerve injury. (ac.ir)
Activated Schwann cells (ASCs) and normal Schwann cells (NSCs) were obtained from adult Wistar rat sciatic nerves. (ac.ir)
Progesterone synthesis and myelin formation by Schwann cells. (ac.ir)
cAMP and Schwann cells promote axonal growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. (ac.ir)
11. Park HW, Lim MJ, Jung H, Lee SP, Paik KS, Chang MS. Human mesenchymal stem cell‐derived Schwann cell‐like cells exhibit neurotrophic effects, via distinct growth factor production, in a model of spinal cord injury. (ac.ir)
Wallerian degeneration includes a characteristic demyelinating response of Schwann cells surrounding the distal stump of an injured peripheral nerve. (jneurosci.org)
The term "acoustic neuroma" is actually a misnomer since it this a primary intracranial tumor of the myelin forming cells called "Schwann cells" (schwannoma). (indiasurgerytour.com)

In glaucoma, which is not considered a demyelinating disease, the observed increase in radial diffusivity within the optic radiations was validated by topographically linked delay of visual evoked potential latency, a functional measure of demyelination. (edu.au)
Finally, in an animal model of optic nerve injury, we observed early glial activation and demyelination in the posterior visual projections, evidenced by the presence of myelin-laden macrophages. (edu.au)
The consequences of axonal demyelination include impaired conduction of nerve signals by affected neurons leading to a decrease in sensation and motor function. (scientificarchives.com)
Central and peripheral myelination is abnormal, with a widespread loss of myelinated oligodendroglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and segmental demyelination of peripheral nerves. (medscape.com)

Moreover, oligodendrocytes and myelin debris were also uniformly distributed throughout all nerves. (nih.gov)
9 10 ] Recently published data from India suggests that 50% of NMOSD either have aquaporin4 (AQP4) or myelin oligodendrocytes (MOG) antibodies. (lww.com)
Similarly, recovery of locomotor function after grafting of neural stem cells (NSC) in animal models of spinal cord injury has been demonstrated to be due at least in part to myelinating oligodendrocytes [11]. (scientificarchives.com)

Experiments conducted in animal models of spinal cord injury, brain injury, glaucoma, stroke, motor neuron degeneration, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease have demonstrated the relevance of immune cells and in particular T cells that recognize CNS antigens in promoting neuronal survival and functional recovery from acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Hazel T, Hefferan M, Schwartz K, Yu N, Johe K, Levy M. Generation of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitors for Treatment of Demyelinating Diseases and Spinal Cord Injury. (scientificarchives.com)
Finally, PCAF is necessary for conditioning-dependent axonal regeneration and also singularly promotes regeneration after spinal cord injury. (nature.com)
Very important research into spinal cord injury nerve regeneration by Ron Meyor a great scientist who I admire very much. (inclinedbedtherapy.com)

Citation: Ding Z, Cao J, Shen Y, Zou Y, Yang X, Zhou W, Guo Q and Huang C (2018) Resveratrol Promotes Nerve Regeneration via Activation of p300 Acetyltransferase-Mediated VEGF Signaling in a Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury. (vinomis.com)
The slow rate of nerve regeneration after injury may account for this. (vinomis.com)
Although many benefits of resveratrol have been shown in the nervous system, it is not clear whether resveratrol could promote fast nerve regeneration and motor repair after peripheral nerve injury. (vinomis.com)
The above results indicated that daily systematic resveratrol treatment promoted nerve regeneration and led to rapid motor repair. (vinomis.com)
Resveratrol activated p300 acetyltransferase-mediated VEGF signaling in the affected ventral spinal cord, which may have thus contributed to the acceleration of nerve regeneration and motor repair. (vinomis.com)
Rodents lacking VEGFs showed impaired nerve regeneration (Sun et al. (vinomis.com)
2014). Both VEGFa and VEGFb can exert this effect on nerve regeneration independent of their angiogenic roles. (vinomis.com)
One possible cognate receptor for BAFF includes the Nogo receptor (NgR) and its homologs, previously established as potent inhibitors of axonal regeneration during central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. (medsci.org)
The lower two nerves each express genes (Dynlt1a or Lars2) newly identified by the Trakhtenberg lab as promoting nerve axon regeneration. (uconn.edu)
The insets to the right show how much more axon regrowth is occurring in the nerves that express the regeneration genes, and how no regrowth happens in the normal control (top). (uconn.edu)
Ultra structural evidence of axonal regeneration following intracranial transection of optic nerve. (nel.edu)
7. Boilly B, Faulkner S, Jobling P, Hondermarck H. Nerve dependence: from regeneration to cancer. (ac.ir)
Here we show through systematic epigenetic studies that the histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) promotes acetylation of histone 3 Lys 9 at the promoters of established key regeneration-associated genes following a peripheral but not a central axonal injury. (nature.com)
Interestingly, the lack of regeneration of injured ascending sensory fibres in the spinal cord can be partially enhanced by an injury to the peripheral branch (conditioning lesion) of DRG neurones 7 . (nature.com)
Finally, we established that PCAF is required for regeneration following a conditioning lesion and PCAF overexpression promotes axonal regeneration similar to that of a conditioning lesion after CNS injury in spinal ascending sensory fibres. (nature.com)
Nerve Regeneration Video showing how nerves grow in the direction of gravity. (inclinedbedtherapy.com)
Meyor severed the optic nerve of fish and frog and showed that nerve regeneration occurs in both species. (inclinedbedtherapy.com)
He compared this to mammals, where nerve regeneration of the optic nerve does not occur. (inclinedbedtherapy.com)
What Meyor missed, is that in both fish and frog, the nerve pathway to regeneration remains constant. (inclinedbedtherapy.com)

Avulsion of the optic nerve head can occur from direct or indirect force resulting in a traumatic optic neuropathy . (eyewiki.org)
Purpose: To analyze the visual outcome in patients with traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) with respect to different treatment modalities, to study the correlation of initial visual loss with the final visual outcome, and to find out the predictor of final visual outcome in patients with indirect TON. (bvsalud.org)
Introduction Glaucoma is certainly a chronic optic neuropathy regarding axon degeneration that starts at the amount of the optic nerve mind (ONH) [1, 2], and may be the leading reason behind permanent blindness Oglufanide world-wide [3]. (ees2010prague.org)
A big selection of integrin receptor subtypes have already been identified inside the individual and primate ONH and so are implicated in glaucomatous optic neuropathy [10]. (ees2010prague.org)
Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to an acute injury of the optic nerve secondary to trauma . (medscape.com)
The image below depicts traumatic optic neuropathy. (medscape.com)
A brain and orbit MRI may be useful in certain settings to delineate the extent of hemorrhage involving the neurovascular structures at the orbital apex or to rule out inflammatory or infiltrative causes for an optic neuropathy. (medscape.com)
The pathophysiology of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) is thought to be multifactorial, and some researchers have also postulated a primary and secondary mechanism of injury. (medscape.com)
Patients with traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) can present with a variable degree of vision loss (decreased visual acuity, visual field abnormalities, or loss of color vision). (medscape.com)
Thirty-five NMOSD, fifteen relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (RION) and ten optico spinal a number of sclerosis (OSMS) sufferers had been recruited in our examine. (joopm.com)
0.029 logMAR) with placebo with progressive chronic optic neuropathy (p = 0.45) in the subgroup of patients with PON. (deepdyve.com)
In the late 1960s, neurophysiologic testing allowed the classification of CMT into 2 groups, one with slow nerve conduction velocities and histologic features of a hypertrophic demyelinating neuropathy (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 or CMT1) and another with relatively normal velocities and axonal and neuronal degeneration (hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 or CMT2). (medscape.com)

Transcriptional reprograming is assumed to be a cell autonomous response of sensory neurons to mechanical axonal injury. (biorxiv.org)
A significant anisotropic increase of water diffusion was detected in both patient cohorts in the optic radiations, characterized by changes in perpendicular (radial) diffusivity (a measure of myelin integrity) that extended more posteriorly than those observed in parallel (axial) diffusivity (reflecting axonal integrity). (edu.au)
This study demonstrated strong topographical spread of neurodegeneration along recognized neural projections and showed that myelin and glial pathology precedes axonal loss in the process, suggesting that the mechanism of trans-synaptic damage may be at least partially mediated by glial components at the cellular level. (edu.au)
As a result, astrocyte integrin-based downstream and signaling actin cytoskeletal replies might provide a connection between raised IOP, astrocyte reactivity, and eventual axonal degeneration and injury. (ees2010prague.org)
In our earlier paper we demonstrated that opening of the blood-brain barrier with an osmotic insult induces brain oedema which represents a factor triggering axonal impairment accompanied with myelin disintegration. (nel.edu)
Axonal changes were recognized as signs of myelin disintegration (oedematous vesicles, varicosity, myelin fragmentation) at histological sections stained with Black Gold in hippocampal areas CA1 and CA3 and in the dentate gyrus at time intervals of 30 minutes (acute group) or one week (chronic group) after the blood-brain barrier opening. (nel.edu)
Impairment of the axonal integrity (changes of the myelin sheet integrity) was identified in all areas studied in both experimental groups. (nel.edu)
We wondered whether the brain oedema (without ischemia brain injury) can induce structural axonal impairment. (nel.edu)
The development of axonal changes initiated by brain oedema only (without ischemia brain injury) is a novel observation. (nel.edu)
Axonal regenerative failure is a major cause of neurological impairment following central nervous system (CNS) but not peripheral nervous system (PNS) injury. (nature.com)
The regenerative response initiated following axonal injury in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) versus the central nervous system (CNS) leads to differential growth capacities and repair. (nature.com)
However, the final link between axonal injury-induced retrograde signalling and the regulation of essential regenerative gene expression remains elusive. (nature.com)
We examined both DNA methylation and various key histone modifications with regards to gene regulation following axonal injury. (nature.com)
We found that p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-dependent acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9ac), paralleled by a reduction in methylation of H3K9 (H3K9me2), occurred at the promoters of select genes only after PNS axonal injury. (nature.com)
Through mechanisms that at present can only be speculated about, myelin disturbances result in axonal damage. (medscape.com)

Background: Partial transection (PT) of the optic nerve is an established experimental model of secondary degeneration in the central nervous system. (edu.au)
15. Yi S, Tang X, Yu J, Liu J, Ding F, Gu X. Microarray and qPCR analyses of wallerian degeneration in rat sciatic nerves. (ac.ir)
The optic nerve swelling can exacerbate retinal ganglion cell degeneration by further compromising the vascular blood supply, either through a rise in intraluminal pressure or reactive vasospasm. (medscape.com)

Roberts SP, Schaumberg DA, Thompson P. Traumatic avulsion of the optic nerve. (eyewiki.org)
Tamase A, Tachibana O, Iizuka H. Usefulness of MRI Slices Parallel to the Optic Chiasma in a Case with Traumatic Optic Nerve Avulsion after a Bear Attack. (eyewiki.org)
7.0 7.1 Sawhney R, Kochhar S, Gupta R, Jain R, Sood S. Traumatic optic nerve avulsion: role of ultrasonography. (eyewiki.org)
The results of a Phase 1 clinical trial involving stem cells from a patient's own bone marrow used to treat traumatic brain injury in children show that the procedure is safe. (neurosciencenews.com)

But a team of researchers in UConn School of Medicine neuroscientist Ephraim Trakhtenberg's lab has found otherwise: in an April 24 paper in Development they report the existence of neurons that behave similarly to embryonic nerve cells. (uconn.edu)
One group demonstrated that cells dissected from fetal human forebrain or adult white matter and selected using immunosorting methods could be transplanted into myelin-deficient animals and provide significant myelination of host neurons [5-8]. (scientificarchives.com)
Using axon injury as a primary model, the lab's research focuses on the signaling pathways and transcriptional responses that determine the fates of distressed neurons. (ucsf.edu)

This study showed that the motor deficits caused by sciatic nerve crush injury were alleviated by daily systematic resveratrol treatment within 10 days. (vinomis.com)
Inactivation of p300 acetyltransferase reversed the resveratrol-induced expression of VEGFs and motor repair in rats that had undergone sciatic nerve crush injury. (vinomis.com)
in an acellular peripheral nerve group, a frozen/thawed teased sciatic nerve segment was grafted, and in a cellular peripheral nerve group, a predegenerate teased segment of sciatic nerve was implanted. (nih.gov)
Immunoelectron microscopic localization of neural cell adhesion molecules (L1, N-CAM, and MAG) and their shared carbohydrate epitope and myelin basic protein in growing sciatic nerve. (glob3.com)

All of these conditions can irreversibly damage the optic nerve, leading to blindness. (uconn.edu)
Nerve damage leading to paralysis is similarly common, with around 5 million people in the US living with some form of it, according to the Christopher Reeve Foundation. (uconn.edu)
Similarly, patients receiving nerve blockades or other types of anesthesia can suffer from nerve damage if the needle is not placed at the correct distance from the targeted peripheral nerve. (scitechdaily.com)
Consequently, researchers have been trying to develop medical imaging techniques to mitigate the risk of nerve damage. (scitechdaily.com)
The progression of myelin damage depended on the time elapsed after the oedema induction. (nel.edu)
Immunohistochemistry and morphometric analyses have revealed that microglia damage precedes major myelin breakdown in patients with MLD, as well as in those with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)

Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (merckmanuals.com)
Some of the cranial nerves are involved in the special senses (such as seeing, hearing, and taste), and others control muscles in the face or regulate glands. (merckmanuals.com)
Some of the cranial nerves are involved in the special senses (such as seeing. (merckmanuals.com)
It communicates with the middle cranial fossa and transmits cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve, and the ophthalmic veins (fig. 45-5 ). (dartmouth.edu)

This unmet medical need is a primary driver for the development of therapies based on transplantation of neural stem cells that have the potential to replace cells of the central nervous system (CNS) lost to disease or injury [1]. (scientificarchives.com)

The 4 orbital walls converge posteriorly at the apex of the orbit, and the optic canal is located within the lesser wing of the sphenoid, which is one of the bones that comprise the orbital roof. (medscape.com)
The optic canal lies in the posterior part of the roof, between the roots of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. (dartmouth.edu)

In summary, the orbit communicates with the middle cranial fossa (via the optic canal and superior orbital fissure), the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae ( via the inferior orbital fissure), the inferior meatus of the nose (via the nasolacrimal canal), the nasal cavity (via the anterior ethmoidal foramen), and the face ( via supraorbital and infraorbital foramina). (dartmouth.edu)
It divides near the superior orbital fissure into the lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary nerves. (dartmouth.edu)

2014). In vivo, VEGFs are expressed after peripheral nerve injury (Li et al. (vinomis.com)
GPNMB, ENPP3, GFPT2, and other proteins may play an important role in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. (ac.ir)
This study may provide new insights into changes in SCs after peripheral nerve injury. (ac.ir)

Blood vessel complications in diabetes People with diabetes mellitus have many serious long-term complications that affect many areas of the body, particularly the blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. (merckmanuals.com)
causes this palsy by damaging small blood vessels that carry blood to the nerve. (merckmanuals.com)
If a benign tumor is big enough, its size and weight can press on nearby blood vessels, nerves, or organs, or otherwise cause problems. (indiasurgerytour.com)
The orbits (figs. 45-1 and 45-2 ) are two bony cavities occupied by the eyes and associated muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and much of the lacrimal apparatus. (dartmouth.edu)

The recent breakthrough was seen in Brazil and elsewhere, where patients with spinal cord injuries are provided with a vertical device that enables them to remain upright and mobile for longer periods has shown that nerves do regenerate and connections are made to restore sensitivity, bowel and bladder control and mobility. (inclinedbedtherapy.com)
Patients with the late infantile form of MLD are usually 4 years old or younger and typically present initially with gait disturbances, loss of motor developmental milestones, optic atrophy, and diminished deep tendon reflexes. (medscape.com)

Myelin acts as insulation on electrical wires. (medicinenet.com)

The term 'protective autoimmunity' was coined by Prof. Michal Schwartz of the Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel), whose pioneering studies were the first to demonstrate that autoimmune T lymphocytes can have a beneficial role in repair, following an injury to the central nervous system (CNS). (wikipedia.org)
Additional work by the Schwartz group has shown that protective autoimmunity is a naturally occurring physiological phenomenon that takes place spontaneously following a CNS injury. (wikipedia.org)
suggested that Bell's phenomenon , a naturally protective reflex which causes the eye to rotate up and out, may induce changes in the anatomical orientation of the eye, putting torsional strain on the optic nerve during trauma. (eyewiki.org)

It transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery from the middle cranial fossa. (dartmouth.edu)

This move offers promising new opportunities for collaborative studies to understand the interplay among intrinsic neuronal stress responses, neuroinflammation, and myelin repair. (ucsf.edu)

Janeczko K. The proliferative response of S-100 protein-positive glial cells to injury in the neonatal rat mind. (glob3.com)

CD4+ T helper cells that were specifically activated by antigens associated with the lesion, arrive at the site of injury and locally interact with microglia and other blood-derived antigen presenting cells (e.g. dendritic cells). (wikipedia.org)
In the optic nerves of all groups the astrocyte, microglia and macrophage reactions were similar. (nih.gov)

Myelin Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Myelin Proteins" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Myelin Proteins" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Myelin Proteins" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
FEAST: A flow cytometry-based toolkit for interrogating microglial engulfment of synaptic and myelin proteins. (harvard.edu)
Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)

The regenerative response of acellular peripheral nerve-transplanted animals was probably promoted by residual amounts of these molecules present in the transplants after freezing and thawing. (nih.gov)

2 3 4 5 6 ] However, a more recent population-based survey conducted in urban Mangalore has shown a prevalence of 8.3/100,000 for MS and 2.6/100,000 for neuromyelitis optic spectrum diseases (NMOSD). (lww.com)
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum dysfunction (NMOSD) is an inflammatory, demyelinating syndrome of the central nervous system (CNS) that predominantly impacts the spinal twine and optic nerves . (joopm.com)

Doctors suspect palsy of the 4th cranial nerve based on the symptoms, but computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging may be done. (merckmanuals.com)

[ 6 ] However, the gene mutations responsible for the different forms of CMT1 are clearly myelin genes. (medscape.com)

In the acute phase, the optic nerve usually appears normal on funduscopic examination, but optic nerve atrophy is often seen 3-6 weeks after the injury. (medscape.com)

Classification of demyelinating diseases is made on the basis of whether the nerves affected are of the central nervous system or of the peripheral nervous system ( Table 114-1 ). (mhmedical.com)

The refusal two decades ago by vaccine manufacturers, government health agencies and medical organizations to seriously investigate reports of vaccine-associated brain injury and immune system dysfunction, including autistic behaviors, is reaping tragic consequences today. (nvic.org)

Radial diffusivity change in the optic radiations was also associated with an asymmetrical reduction in the thickness of the calcarine cortex in glaucoma. (edu.au)

Mutant mice which lack T cells (such as SCID and nude), and mice that lack T cells that can recognize CNS antigens, exhibit reduced levels of neuronal survival following CNS injury relative to normal (wild type) mice. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, mice that were genetically engineered so that most of their T cells will recognize a CNS antigen-such as transgenic mice overexpressing a T cell receptor (TcR) for MBP-exhibit elevated rates of neuronal survival after CNS injury. (wikipedia.org)
Altered expression of neuronal cell adhesion molecules induced by nerve harm and restore. (upstream.pk)

The nervous system has two distinct parts: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). (merckmanuals.com)
Every body movement, from raising a hand to smiling, involves a complex interaction between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), nerves, and muscles. (merckmanuals.com)

A secondary mechanism can result in optic nerve swelling after the occurrence the acute injury. (medscape.com)

Injuries to the nerves can blind or paralyze because adult nerve cells don't regenerate their connections. (uconn.edu)

Miyake T, Hattori T, Fukuda M, Kitamura T. Reactions of S-100-positive glia after injury of mouse cerebral cortex. (upstream.pk)

The optic nerves came together at the chiasma (from the Greek letter × -chi) in order to produce a single impression in binocular vision but did not interchange. (nature.com)

TM is a rare inflammatory disorder causing injury across both sides of one level or segment of the spinal cord, resulting in various degrees of weakness, sensory alterations, and autonomic dysfunction. (mhmedical.com)

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body ( peripheral nerves). (merckmanuals.com)
In his physiology of the nervous system, psychic pneuma was collected in the ventricles of the brain and distributed through the nerves to all parts of the body to provide them with sensation and motion. (nature.com)

No fibres crossed the lesion in the optic nerve crush group and dense scar tissue was formed in the wound site. (nih.gov)
Three sections of optic nerve that were injured by crushing (the white diamond on the far left of each nerve marks the crush point. (uconn.edu)

Trakhtenberg believes that similar immature nerve cells exist in regions of the brain outside the visual system too, and might also heal some features of paralysis under the right circumstances. (uconn.edu)
Methylprednisolone can effectively reduce myelin changes accompanying brain oedema induced by blood-brain barrier opening with an osmotic insult. (nel.edu)
Disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves are called neurologic disorders. (merckmanuals.com)
The nerves are named and numbered (according to their location, from the front of the brain to the back). (merckmanuals.com)
Overview of Head Injuries Head injuries that involve the brain are particularly concerning. (merckmanuals.com)
Greek and Roman humoral physiology needed a hollow optic nerve, the obstruction of which prevented the flow of visual spirit to and from the brain and resulted in blindness. (nature.com)
In other words, the fish and frog remain upright so that the angle from the eye to the brain is in line with the direction of gravity and its influence on circulation in the optic nerve. (inclinedbedtherapy.com)

This is not surprising given the strong evidence for interaction between myelin and axon gene expression in development and after experimental nerve lesions. (medscape.com)

Direct injury to the optic nerve head, from a penetrating orbital injury, is thought to be less common. (eyewiki.org)
TON has also been associated with penetrating orbital trauma (eg, stab wounds, pellet and gunshot wounds, foreign bodies) and recreational sports (eg, paint ball injury). (medscape.com)
The inferior orbital fissure communicates with the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae and transmits the zygomatic nerve. (dartmouth.edu)

Scientists found that the protein named reelin is deeply involved in the migration of new nerve cells to the neocortex. (neurosciencenews.com)

Optic nerve head avulsion results from injury to the head and/or orbit. (eyewiki.org)

An indirect injury to the optic nerve typically occurs from the transmission of forces to the optic canal from blunt head trauma. (medscape.com)

Anatomy26

Organisms1

Diseases36

Chemicals and Drugs8

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes7

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science1

Health Care1

Sheath24

Neuritis15

Axons30

Multiple sclerosis8

Fibers5

Oligodendrocyte glycoprotein1

Impulses1

Schwann11

Demyelination4

Oligodendrocytes3

Spinal cord i4

Regeneration19

Neuropathy12

Axonal15

Degeneration3

Traumatic4

Neurons3

Sciatic nerve4

Damage6

Cranial nerves4

Transplantation1

Lesser wing of2

Superior orbital2

Peripheral nerve injury3

Blood vessels4

Patients2

Insulation1

Protective3

Ophthalmic artery1

Neuroinflammation1

Glial1

Microglia2

Proteins5

Regenerative response1

Neuromyelitis2

Symptoms1

Genes1

Atrophy1

Demyelinating Diseases1

Immune system1

Glaucoma1

Neuronal3

Central nervou2

Acute injury1

Regenerate1

Glia1

Chiasma1

Inflammatory1

Nervous system2

Crush2

Brain7

Experimental1

Orbital3

Neocortex1

Orbit1

Occurs1