Myelin membranes. Medical search. Frequent questions

central nervous system that has the potential to cause significant disability in those affected through the body's immune system attacking and destroying the myelin sheaths surrounding the axons. (bartleby.com)
The new approach can map, for example, the myelin sheaths of nerve cells, and can provide valuable information for research on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. (mytum.de)
The myelin sheaths of nerve cells in the human brain are lamellar membranes surrounding the neuronal axons. (mytum.de)
We can see the myelin sheaths of the neuronal axons and we can distinguish the layers which have a thickness of 17.6 nanometers", details Prof. Robert Feidenhans'l from the Niels-Bohr-Institute in Copenhagen. (mytum.de)
Each oligodendrocyte can extend multiple processes that selectively wrap axons in tens to hundreds of spiraling membrane layers, forming myelin sheaths that vary in thickness and length. (stanford.edu)
By using transgenic mouse models and primary oligodendrocytes, we have found that SNARE-mediated exocytosis drives membrane addition in myelin sheaths. (stanford.edu)
Through live imaging, we discovered that VAMP2/3-mediated exocytosis drives membrane expansion within myelin sheaths to initiate wrapping and power sheath elongation. (stanford.edu)
The cell membranes of all nerve cells, and the myelin sheaths that wrap around and insulate the nerves, contain a high percentage of fat. (1800petmeds.com)
They represent 10% to 20% of cellular lipids, and in certain specialized tissues, such as myelin sheaths, they can account for ~25% of the lipids. (stjude.org)
On autopsy, swelling, vacuolation, and fragmentation of axons and myelin sheaths were observed in the spinal column and sciatic nerves. (cdc.gov)

In the absence of neurons, the major myelin membrane protein, the proteolipid protein (PLP), is internalized and stored in late endosomes/lysosomes (LEs/Ls) by a cholesterol-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway that requires actin and the RhoA guanosine triphosphatase. (rupress.org)
Protein citrullination marks myelin protein aggregation and disease progression in mouse ALS models. (harvard.edu)
세포는 많은 종류의 막 단백질(membrane protein)을 함유하고 있으며 (적혈구는 50가지 이상을 함유하고 있습니다) 세포 유형에 따라 다양한 군의 막 단백질을 함유하고 있습니다. (jove.com)
The research in our laboratory centers on the molecular mechanisms underlying the membrane protein complexes that are critical in the field of neuroscience and cancer biology. (stjude.org)
Here, cryo-EM is used to examine the protein-lipid architecture of this membrane in tubular vesicles obtained from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray. (iucr.org)
Here, we analyse by cryo-EM the architecture of this membrane in vesicles isolated from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray, with view to defining the protein-lipid interplay required to achieve an optimal neurotransmitter response. (iucr.org)
Phosphorylation of cytosolic proteins of molecular weight 70 and 55 kilodaltons (kD) and membrane protein of 20kD increased by 149%, 196% and 146%, respectively, after treatment. (cdc.gov)
Spinal cord cytosol brain membrane 50kD and 60kD protein phosphorylation peaked on day seven. (cdc.gov)
This procedure yielded a consistent raft product that was enriched in cholesterol, gangliosides sphingo-myelin and membrane raft protein markers including lck and lat 1. (upenn.edu)
Mature oligodendrocytes (red marker: myelin basic protein) in an in vitro culture. (mpg.de)
Myelin basic protein (MBP) and its interaction with lipids of the myelin sheath plays a crucial role for the formation of the myelin sheath in the human brain. (lu.se)

Myelin is rich in lipids and proteins that form layers around the nerve fibers and acts as insulation and protection. (bartleby.com)
Plasmalogens may also play important roles in interactions between lipids and proteins, the transmission of chemical signals in cells, and the fusion of cell membranes. (medlineplus.gov)
Myelin Proteins" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Proteins found in the myelin sheath. (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Myelin Proteins" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Myelin Proteins" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Myelin Proteins" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
FEAST: A flow cytometry-based toolkit for interrogating microglial engulfment of synaptic and myelin proteins. (harvard.edu)
Here, we show that CNS myelin membrane addition requires exocytosis mediated by the vesicular SNARE proteins VAMP2/3. (stanford.edu)
In conjunction with membrane expansion, mass spectrometry of oligodendrocyte surface proteins revealed that VAMP2/3 incorporates axon-myelin adhesion proteins that are collectively required to form nodes of Ranvier. (stanford.edu)
Specifically, we investigate the membrane lipid biology of proteins as well as the functionality of ion channels and receptors. (stjude.org)
NogoA Antibody: NogoA is a member of a family of integral membrane proteins termed reticulons that are thought to be involved in numerous disorders including neurodegenerative diseases. (prosci-inc.com)
LINXS Guest Seminar with Andreas Stadler (JCNS) on neutron scattering studies of myelin basic proteins. (lu.se)
Accumulation of fatty aldehydes, which are highly reactive molecules, can form covalent Schiff-base derivatives with phosphatidylethanolamine, which may influence myelin membrane properties and alter the function of membrane-bound proteins. (medscape.com)
[ 16 ] Schiff-base aldehyde adducts with other amino-containing molecules, including key membrane enzymes and proteins, may also be detrimental to their function. (medscape.com)

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells form myelin by wrapping around the axon. (bartleby.com)
In conjunction, ILK-deficient primary oligodendrocytes are defined by a failure in process extension and an inability to form myelin membrane upon axonal contact. (jneurosci.org)
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that form myelin, provide support and nutrition, and assist in signal transmission. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

During vertebrate brain development, axons are enwrapped by myelin, an insulating membrane produced by oligodendrocytes. (rupress.org)
A Look at Myelin and Myelin-Related Disorders Myelin is the protective sheath around axons in the nervous system, and is often referred to as 'white matter. (bartleby.com)
The myelin sheath is where the nerve axons serve as an electrical insulator that speeds up nerve impulses to muscles and other effectors. (bartleby.com)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a type of autoimmune disease in which the myelin sheath that covers axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulse in the brain is damaged or destroyed. (bartleby.com)
The myelin layers are important to the central nervous system as they ensure the rapid and uninterrupted communication of signals along the neuronal axons. (mytum.de)
All axons (with very, very rare exceptions) are surrounded by a myelin sheath. (scirp.org)
The use of the term unmyelinated would suggest that the membrane of some axons is in direct contact with the external environment which would favor the functioning of certain theories. (scirp.org)
These studies motivated her current research to identify membrane trafficking pathways for the formation of myelin, an insulating membrane sheath around axons that accelerates conduction velocity. (stanford.edu)
Myelin is required for rapid nerve signaling by insulating axons to accelerate action potential propagation. (stanford.edu)
Increased amounts of SM are found in the central nervous system (CNS) especially in the myelin sheath surrounding neuronal axons. (avantilipids.com)
This lipid-rich membrane, which wraps axons, is damaged in certain degenerative nerve disorders. (mpg.de)

In this study, we show that neurons regulate myelin membrane trafficking in oligodendrocytes. (rupress.org)
Together, our work demonstrates ILK as necessary for normal oligodendrocyte development, reinforces its role as a bridge between the actin cytoskeleton and cell membrane, and highlights the overarching compensatory capacity of oligodendrocytes in response to cellular milieu. (jneurosci.org)
Myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system, called oligodendrocytes, orchestrate one of the most complex morphological transformations in neurobiology. (stanford.edu)
What are the membrane trafficking mechanisms that drive adaptive myelination in oligodendrocytes? (stanford.edu)
CNS myelination requires VAMP2/3-mediated membrane expansion in oligodendrocytes. (stanford.edu)
Central to myelination is the ability of oligodendrocytes to add vast amounts of new cell membrane, expanding their surface areas by many thousand-fold. (stanford.edu)
However, how oligodendrocytes add new membrane to build or remodel myelin is not fully understood. (stanford.edu)
Together, our results demonstrate that VAMP2/3-mediated membrane expansion in oligodendrocytes is indispensable for myelin formation, uncovering a cellular pathway that could sculpt myelination patterns in response to activity-dependent signals or be therapeutically targeted to promote regeneration in disease. (stanford.edu)
Surprisingly, the iOPCs retain the memory of their original cell identity, which prevents them from differentiating into myelin-producing oligodendrocytes in mice after transplantation. (mpg.de)
However, after the iOPCs were further differentiated into pre-oligodendrocytes in vitro before their transplantation, they formed myelin. (mpg.de)
The insulating sheath consists of a lipid-rich membrane called myelin and is formed by so-called oligodendrocytes. (mpg.de)

An essential biosynthetic function of animal peroxisomes is to catalyze the first reactions in the formation of plasmalogens , which are the most abundant class of phospholipids in myelin ( Figure 12-32 ). (nih.gov)
[ 8 ] FALDH is involved in the oxidation of fatty aldehydes produced by catabolism of ether glycerolipids (plasmalogens), which are prominent phospholipids in myelin. (medscape.com)

The myelin sheath may be compact and spiralling around the axon or it may be non-compact and form a simple envelope around the axon. (scirp.org)
The myelin sheath is created by a synthesis and wrapping of Schwann cell plasma membrane around the axon. (medscape.com)

The myelin sheath contains a variety of fatty substances (lipids), and contains at least ten distinct chemicals (2). (bartleby.com)
Lipids are fat-like substances that are important parts of the membranes found within and between cells and in the myelin sheath that coats and protects the nerves. (nih.gov)
Sphingolipids are one of the major membrane lipids in mammalian cells. (stjude.org)

Myelin is a fatty sheath that coats nerve cells. (bartleby.com)

In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is made of a Schwann cell. (bartleby.com)

Upon maturation, the rate of endocytosis is reduced, and a cAMP-dependent neuronal signal triggers the transport of PLP from LEs/Ls to the plasma membrane. (rupress.org)

Sphingolipids are not only abundant structural components of membranes, but also function as signaling molecules and mediate a wide spectrum of cellular functions, including cell growth, adhesion, migration, and death. (stjude.org)

MS is also categorized as an autoimmune disease in which the immune system instigates an immune response upon encountering the specific myelin antigen and therefore initiating a constant degradation of the myelin sheath. (bartleby.com)
Nogo-A is a myelin-associated neurite outgrowth inhibitor and an antigen for monoclonal antibody IN-1. (prosci-inc.com)

The sphingolipid biosynthetic pathway begins in the endoplasmic reticulum, where membrane enzyme complexes catalyze the first step of the process. (stjude.org)
[ 11 ] The NSDHL enzyme is located both within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and on the surface of intracellular lipid storage droplets. (medscape.com)

Neurons have excitable membranes that allow them to generate and transmit electrical signals. (newworldencyclopedia.org)

Cholesterol is necessary for the synthesis of hormones, production of digestive acids, stabilization of cell membranes, and formation of myelin on nerve fibers. (medscape.com)

When the myelin sheath is damaged, nerves cannot conduct the electrical impulses efficiently. (bartleby.com)
Essential fatty acids play critical roles in cell membranes and for the production of prosta-glandins and the myelin sheath around nerves. (arltma.com)

They are also abundant in myelin, which is the protective substance that covers nerve cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Sphingomyelin (SM) is the most abundant sphingolipid found in eukaryotes and is a major component of cell membranes. (avantilipids.com)

Myelin is required for rapid nerve signaling and is emerging as a key driver of CNS plasticity and disease. (stanford.edu)

In the future, she plans to elucidate cellular pathways that drive myelin remodeling during neuroplasticity and myelin regeneration in the context of demyelinating diseases. (stanford.edu)
How can these mechanisms be stimulated to promote myelin regeneration in disease? (stanford.edu)

The damage of the myelin sheath is caused by inflammation of the brain, and may have significant damages to other areas as well. (bartleby.com)
The development of these diseases are still not fully understood," says Franz Pfeiffer, Professor for Biomedical Physics at TUM, "but are thought to be related to the damage of the myelin layers, so that messages from the brain reach the various parts of the body poorly or not at all. (mytum.de)
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is one of a group of genetic disorders called the leukodystrophies that cause damage to the myelin sheath, an insulating membrane that surrounds nerve cells in the brain. (news-medical.net)
The effect of organophosphorus compounds on in-vitro phosphorylation of brain and spinal cord synaptosomal cytosol and membranes was studied in the chicken. (cdc.gov)
Myelin is tremendously important for the correct and rapid transmission of electrical signals in the brain. (mpg.de)
Fatty alcohol and aldehyde may likewise alter the normal integrity of myelin membranes in the brain, leading to white-matter disease and spasticity. (medscape.com)

This membrane is made up of dense rows of fatty acids. (vitanetonline.com)
[ 14 ] Accumulation of fatty alcohol and related lipid products disrupts formation of the intercellular membranes in the stratum corneum, which is critical for epidermal water barrier. (medscape.com)

Changes in the myelin layers are associated with a number of neurodegenerative disorders such as cerebral malaria, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. (mytum.de)
Previous studies observed that changes in the myelin lipid composition during multiple-sclerosis (MS) conditions lead to instabilities and enhanced local curvature of MBP-lipid multilayer structures. (lu.se)

We can get a complete overview over the concentration and thickness of the myelin and this gives of the ability to determine whether the destruction of the myelin is occurring in spots or across the entire sample", he explains. (mytum.de)

Furthermore, these deficits translate into thinner myelin, dysregulated cognitive and motor functions, and sleep fragmentation. (stanford.edu)

Cholesterol interactions with the receptor are apparently essential for stabilizing and maintaining its physiological architecture, since the transmembrane structure contracts, involving displacements of the helices at the outer membrane surface by ∼2 Å (1-3 Å), when this lipid is extracted. (iucr.org)
For both native and diseased lipid mixtures we could show that MBP forms concentrated liquid-like phases on top of the lipid membranes mediating attractive membrane interactions. (lu.se)

The Myelin Sheath: Essential for Rapid Saltatory Conduction The synthesis and maintenance of the myelin sheath is critical for normal neural function because myelination is responsible for the saltatory conduction of action potentials that significantly increases the conduction velocity of electrical signals (Bartzokis, 2004). (bartleby.com)

Impaired membrane traffic in defective ether lipid biosynthesis. (medlineplus.gov)

She received her PhD from UCSF, where she investigated the cell biology and biochemistry of membrane trafficking in the laboratory of Dr. Peter Walter. (stanford.edu)

6) We study membrane trafficking in myelin formation and how changes to this process lead to immune disorders. (uhnresearch.ca)

Each of those cells is surrounded by a membrane that is bean shaped. (vitanetonline.com)
Generation of induced oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (iOPCs) from somatic fibroblasts may provide a cell-based therapeutic strategy against myelin diseases. (mpg.de)
These cells can be stably expanded and produce myelin in vivo . (mpg.de)
New myelin can be formed only when undifferentiated oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are transplanted. (mpg.de)

In order to find methods to prevent or treat the diseases it is important to understand the connection between the myelin changes and the diseases. (mytum.de)
The study, published in Cell Stem Cell, presents a cell-based approach for studying the potential of therapies against myelin diseases. (mpg.de)
If the myelin sheath is damaged, as is the case in demyelinating diseases, electrical conduction is lost. (mpg.de)

The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
Structure of the ACh receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. (iucr.org)

These molecules are found in cell membranes throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)

Although our research is currently grounded in science at the molecular level, we are developing exciting projects focused on membrane biology at the cellular level. (stjude.org)

Since the epibionts are nonmotile, the central rod (which posses-ses no photosynthetic membranes) responds to light via some sort of biochemical communication with its pho-to-synthetic partner. (asmblog.org)
The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)

1988). The resulting damage leads to loss of membrane permeability, reduced ion uptake, loss of plasma ions, and changes in blood parameters relating to respiration. (canada.ca)

The postsynaptic membrane, by eliciting this response, plays a critical role in determining the efficacy and speed of synaptic transmission. (iucr.org)

세포막(cell membrane) 또는 원형질막(plasma membrane)은 끊임없이 변화하는 풍경과 같습니다. (jove.com)

Developing myelin specific promoters for schwannoma gene therapy. (harvard.edu)
We describe the isolation of Jurkat cell-specific membrane rafts using 2% Triton X-100. (upenn.edu)

1. Myelin are important parts of the nervous system, they are "capable of responding to experiences for learning and long-term behavioral capacity" (Myelinate). (bartleby.com)

Anatomy30

Organisms4

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs36

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Phenomena and Processes21

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science3

Health Care1

Sheaths10

Protein11

Proteins14

Form myelin3

Axons11

Oligodendrocytes11

Phospholipids in myelin2

Axon2

Lipids3

Sheath that coats1

Peripheral nervou1

Neuronal1

Signaling molecules1

Antigen2

Endoplasmic reticulum2

Neurons1

Nerve fibers1

Nerves2

Abundant2

Plasticity1

Regeneration2

Brain6

Fatty2

Multiple Sclerosis2

Thickness1

Fragmentation1

Interactions2

Synthesis1

Ether1

Cell Biology1

Formation1

Cells4

Diseases3

Receptor2

Found1

Cellular1

Central2

Damage1

Critical1

Plasma1

Specific2

Important parts1