Mutation of drosophila cell division mutants in drosophila. Medical search. Frequent questions

The cell biology of these events has been most studied in three animal models: the mouse, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
In Drosophila melanogaster, asymmetric cell division plays an important role in neural development. (wikipedia.org)
We have used Drosophila melanogaster (a.k.a, fruit fly) eye as our model organ as 75% of genetic machinery is conserved between fruit flies and humans and have identified defective proventriculus (dve, a Homeobox gene), an ortholog of SATB-homeobox-1 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein-1 in humans), as a new member of DV- patterning genes hierarchy. (udayton.edu)
Drosophila melanogaster , the fruit fly, expresses both forms of striated muscle and benefits greatly from powerful genetic tools. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Here, we propose to use a transgenic animal model system, Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly), to define the mechanisms by which mutations in various thin filament components lead to human cardiac disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Using a transgenic model system, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, we will produce models of human myosin-based muscle disease (distal arthrogryposis) and heart disease (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) to determine the molecular defects that cause abnormal skeletal and cardiac muscle function. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Germ-line sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Identification of regions interacting with ovoD mutations: potential new genes involved in germline sex determination or differentiation in Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Genetic analysis of two female-sterile loci affecting eggshell integrity and embryonic pattern formation in Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Amplification of genes for chorion proteins during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Analysis of cell movements and fate mapping during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Different requirements for l(1) giant in two embryonic domains of Drosophila melanogaster. (uchicago.edu)
Scanning electron microscopy of Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis. (uchicago.edu)
The role of the ovarian tumor locus in Drosophila melanogaster germ line sex determination. (uchicago.edu)
Molecular genetics of the Drosophila melanogaster ovo locus, a gene required for sex determination of germline cells. (uchicago.edu)
Genetic studies of spectrin in the larval fat body of Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for a novel lipid uptake apparatus. (uchicago.edu)
Female sterile (1) yolkless: a recessive female sterile mutation in Drosophila melanogaster with depressed numbers of coated pits and coated vesicles within the developing oocytes. (uchicago.edu)
The remainder of the article explains the morphogenesis of the species Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly ). (infomutt.com)
Several morphogenes have been studied in Drosophila melanogaster , the fruit fly. (infomutt.com)
A recent study on aging in Drosophila melanogaster by Helfand's group provides support for this position: They suggested a Sir2-dependent model for CR-mediated lifespan extension in Drosophila . (the-scientist.com)
To understand the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of glial tumors in vivo, an established Drosophila melanogaster model of glioma was used based on overexpression in larval glial cells of an active human EGFR and of the PI3K homolog Pi3K92E /Dp110. (sdbonline.org)
One of the most significant studies on genetics in the twentieth century involved the use of Drosophila melanogaster . (entomologytoday.org)
The Long 3′UTR mRNA of CaMKII Is Essential for Translation-Dependent Plasticity of Spontaneous Release in Drosophila melanogaster. (tcd.ie)
2/ Drosophila melanogaster as a model for the cellular immunology of phagocytes, and a tool for genome wide quantitative screens for the control of cytokine production by phagocytes. (cerclefser.org)

Niche-associated activation of rac promotes the asymmetric division of Drosophila female germline stem cells. (uchicago.edu)
The receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar regulates adhesion between Drosophila male germline stem cells and the niche. (uchicago.edu)
Our second project is to understand the biology of Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs). (ucla.edu)
Twenty years following Schofield's seminal publication, Xie and Spradling provided compelling experimental evidence that a cellular niche supports the maintenance of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila adult ovary [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In C. elegans, a series of asymmetric cell divisions in the early embryo are critical in setting up the anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, and left/right axes of the body plan. (wikipedia.org)
The one-cell C. elegans embryo serves as a model for studying the establishment and maintenance of polarity. (biologists.com)
The initial domains of homeotic gene repression are set by the segmentation proteins, which also divide the embryo into segments. (nih.gov)
In order to break the initial "egg shape" of the embryo, cells need to polarize in a precise and coordinated manner. (nature.com)
The embryo of the frog Xenopus laevis is widely used as a model of cell polarization, migration, and morphogenesis due to its unique experimental advantages. (nature.com)
When two embryos are correctly joined before the 32-cell stage, the embryo will develop normally and exhibit a mosaic pattern of cells as an adult. (asu.edu)
One population was a group of normal, functioning germ cells, the other group did not divide and they did not migrate to the correct parts of the embryo. (asu.edu)
She wanted to apply this technique to the t 12 mutation, which is characterized by a developmental arrest at the morula stage, when the embryo is composed of approximately thirty-two cells. (asu.edu)
She thought a fusion of a mutant embryo with a normal embryo might rescue function long enough to study the mechanism of the mutation similar to the way she studied the blood disorder. (asu.edu)
Some embryos did not efficiently fuse and the embryo segregated itself between mutant and normal cells. (asu.edu)
Each mosaic embryo produced a different pattern of growth, but all the mutant cells began to grow larger in relation to the normal cells due to a reduction in the rate of cell division. (asu.edu)
We find that they develop through recruitment and cell intercalation of mesenchymal cells, a process resembling the formation of the notochord by convergence and extension in a chordate embryo. (ucla.edu)
Here, we identify Pins-mediated planar cell polarized divisions in several of the mitotic domains of the early Drosophila embryo. (elifesciences.org)
We describe the isolation and characterisation of a mutation that induces aberrant globular embryo and endosperm morphology, globby1-1 ( glo1-1 ). (silverchair.com)
Pattern formation in the embryo is severely impaired with development arresting at premature stages, while in the endosperm, the effects of the glo1-1 mutation are manifest at the free-nuclear or syncytial stage. (silverchair.com)
Maternal genes involved in dorsoventral (D/V) patterning of the Drosophila embryo interact to establish a stable nuclear concentration gradient of the Dorsal protein which acts as the morphogen along this axis. (silverchair.com)
Genetic analysis of early development in the Drosophila embryo has revealed that embryonic pattern formation depends on both maternal and zygotic genes. (silverchair.com)

The Drosophila genome is about one twentieth the size of the human genome. (nih.gov)
The specific aims of the project are: 1) Identify age-related changes in cardiac expression profiles using GeneChip microarrays that represent the complete Drosophila genome. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
STED, stimulated emission depletion IntroductionRibonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are a conserved mechanism to alter granule function is promoted by decapping activators that recruit DCP1 to the WT lambda phage genome mutation. (billfryer.com)
A genome-wide resource for the analysis of protein localisation in Drosophila. (tcd.ie)
Both crRNA-tracrRNA duplexes and sgRNAs can be used to target SpCas9 for multiplexed genome editing in eukaryotic cells 1 , 3 . (cdc.gov)

An asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. (wikipedia.org)
This mechanism is known as extrinsic asymmetric cell division. (wikipedia.org)
The term asymmetric cell division usually refers to such intrinsic asymmetric divisions. (wikipedia.org)
In order for asymmetric division to take place the mother cell must be polarized, and the mitotic spindle must be aligned with the axis of polarity. (wikipedia.org)
After fertilization, events are already occurring in the zygote to allow for the first asymmetric cell division. (wikipedia.org)
The single cell is now set up to undergo an asymmetric cell division, however the orientation in which the division occurs is also an important factor. (wikipedia.org)
Following this first asymmetric division, the AB daughter cell divides symmetrically, giving rise to ABa and ABp, while the P1 daughter cell undergoes another asymmetric cell division to produce P2 and EMS. (wikipedia.org)
The neuroblast repeatedly undergoes this asymmetric cell division while the GMC continues on to produce a pair of neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Numb is a suppressor of Notch, therefore the asymmetric segregation of Numb to the basal cortex biases the response of the daughter cells to Notch signaling, resulting in two distinct cell fates. (wikipedia.org)
In Drosophila and mammals, Lgl contributes to the maintenance of cell polarity and plays a role in asymmetric cell division. (biologists.com)
Cell polarization is essential during gastrulation, driving asymmetric cell division, cell movements, and cell shape changes. (nature.com)
The finding that gastrulation-induced forces are required for asymmetric localization of an important and evolutionarily conserved spindle orientation factor, Pins, will be of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists. (elifesciences.org)
Asymmetric cell divisions, in which cellular components, such as existing adherens junctions, are distributed unequally to daughter cells can result in one daughter cell leaving the epithelium. (elifesciences.org)
In Drosophila neuroblasts, asymmetric division and spindle orientation is dependent on Pins/LGN recruitment to the apical cortex. (elifesciences.org)
Drosophila neuroblast asymmetric cell division: recent advances and implications for stem cell biology. (ca.gov)
numb functions as a cell fate determinant during asymmetric cell division. (ucsf.edu)
Numb provided a starting point for the study of asymmetric cell division in Drosophila and vertebrates and led to considerable insight into the molecular basis of asymmetric cell division. (ucsf.edu)
GSCs typically undergo asymmetric self-renewing divisions, producing one daughter stem cell that remains associated with the cap cell niche and a second daughter that is displaced away from the niche and as a result differentiates. (biomedcentral.com)

2014). The Knotted-1 ( Kn1 ) locus was first defined by several dominant gain-of-function mutations that altered leaf development. (grassius.org)
We describe a computational methodology allowing to systematically and quantitatively characterize a Boolean mathematical model of a biological network in terms of genetic interactions between all loss of function and gain of function mutations with respect to all model phenotypes or outputs. (researchgate.net)

The repetitive structure of the ovary develops de novo from a mesenchymal cell mass, a process which is initiated by the formation of a two-dimensional array of cell stacks, called terminal filaments, during the third larval instar. (ucla.edu)
(a) By the end of larval development, approximately 100 primordial germ cells (PGCs) (red) populate the gonad and associate with cap cell precursor (dark green) and escort cell precursor cells (orange). (biomedcentral.com)

Overall, this study presents a model that shows genetic interaction between two unrelated pathways of growth regulation and axial (DV) patterning and have significant bearing on developmental mechanisms. (udayton.edu)
Misexpression of h-FUS-WT (Wild-Type), or FUS mutants FUS-R518K or FUS-R521C in Drosophila eye using GAL4-UAS genetic tool, triggers ALS-mediated neurodegeneration. (udayton.edu)
Genetic evidence that the ovo locus is involved in Drosophila germ line sex determination. (uchicago.edu)
We have also determined that tsr is required during morphogenesis of the retina by using a genetic technique called repressor sensitive (RS) mutation. (ucla.edu)
The reason for this has been the lack of cellular markers and genetic mutants. (ucla.edu)
The change from a cluster of nearly identical cellss to structured tissuess , specialized cells and organss is controlled by the genetic "program" and can be modified by environmental factors. (infomutt.com)
A subsequent electrophysiology-based genetic screen identifies the first known heterozygous mutations that commonly genetically interact with multiple ASD gene orthologs, causing PHP to fail. (sdbonline.org)
Genetic interaction can be defined as a deviation of the phenotypic quantitative effect of a double gene mutation from the effect predicted from single mutations using a simple (e.g., multiplicative or linear additive) statistical model. (researchgate.net)
In genetic interactions, synergy occurs when the contribution of two mutations to the phenotype of a double mutant exceeds the expectations from the additive effects of the individual mutations [74]. (researchgate.net)
In addition, it can be used to predict genetic interactions [3] by comparing the sensitivity value of a double gene mutation from the value predicted from single mutations, and reveal the network intervention [4] by applying the state-flip mutation subject to a single gene. (researchgate.net)
Our strategy is to use the relatively simple Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) to discover the genetic program that controls its development. (ucsf.edu)
In some senses that could look like a genetic problem, because a lot of times if you have a recessive mutation, a quarter of the prodigy will be homozygous for that mutation and wouldn't have the malformation. (learner.org)
Indeed, one critical question contemplated at the Workshop was whether tumors derive from organ stem cells that retain self-renewal properties but acquire epigenetic and genetic changes required for tumorigenicity or whether tumor stem cells are proliferative progenitors that acquire self-renewal capacity. (aacrjournals.org)
Assuming that no mutation occurs, the only source of genetic variation is independent assortment. (blogspot.com)
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threaten genomic stability, since their persistence can lead to loss of critical genetic information, chromosomal translocations or rearrangements, and cell death. (bvsalud.org)

Another focus of this study is to employ Drosophila eye model to study Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons in central nervous system with no known cure to-date. (udayton.edu)
Researchers believe that the dynactin complex is particularly important for the proper function of axons, which are specialized extensions of nerve cells (neurons). (medlineplus.gov)
Slow or abnormal transport of materials needed for the normal function of neurons causes these cells to malfunction and ultimately die. (medlineplus.gov)
Left: Inner hair cells (IHC, yellow) in the inner ear are excited by sound and activate spiral ganglion neurons (SGN, green). (icrea.cat)
It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Similar to the majority of vertebrate neurons, the Drosophila da neurons show clear dendrite vs. axon polarity including the orientations of microtubules (MT). It is well known from numerous studies in various organisms that MT cytoskeleton plays a major role for the proper establishment and maintenance of neuronal architecture. (ucsf.edu)
We recently found that Golgi outposts serve this role in the dendrites of Drosophila da neurons. (ucsf.edu)
For example, in the Drosophila PNS, the Zn-finger containing protein Hamlet functions as a binary switch between the elaborate multiple dendrite morphology of da neurons and the single, un-branched dendrite morphology of external sensory (es) neurons. (ucsf.edu)

Drosophila imaginal discs represent an excellent model system to dissect the signals that control regional specification. (biologists.com)

In principle, there are two mechanisms by which distinct properties may be conferred on the daughters of a dividing cell. (wikipedia.org)
These results strongly circumscribe the possible mechanisms of PINK1 action in the mitochondrial life cycle and also raise the possibility that mitochondrial turnover events that occur in cultured embryonic axons might be restricted to the cell body in vivo, in the intact nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
Other multicellular organisms use similar mechanisms, although the details of the information transfer between the cells of the developing organism can differ from the one described here. (infomutt.com)
An increasing burden While the exact mechanisms are still being deciphered, it's clear that mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rise with age and lead to a rising burden of mutant mitochondria. (gowinglife.com)
The cell has existing mechanisms to repair and prevent problems occurring because of this but they are insufficient to prevent a gradual rise in mutation during age. (gowinglife.com)
They are studying the cellular origin and the mechanisms that control the establishments and maintainance of these networks of 'resident' cell in skin and brain, i) whether they are renewed from bone marrow or 'niche' precursors, or if mature cells divide and self renew, ii) whether similar or separate mechanisms control their accumulation and activation during inflammation, and iii) their role in skin and brain inflammation. (cerclefser.org)

Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (wikipedia.org)
In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell. (wikipedia.org)
Germline stem cell (GSC) divides asymmetrically producing a gonioblast (GB). (biomedcentral.com)
The trans -acting factors are also conserved between Drosophila and human and have important functions, not only in development but also in stem-cell maintenance and cancer. (nih.gov)
The adult cows with similar antigens were found to have two different populations of red blood cells suggesting that the precursors of the red blood cells, hematopoietic stem cells, were transferred from one twin to the other during development. (asu.edu)
What are the signals for stem cell division? (ucla.edu)
What genes are required for maintaining the stem cell fate and how do these genes function? (ucla.edu)
Cell cycle regulation by MicroRNAs in embryonic stem cells. (ca.gov)
DGCR8 is essential for microRNA biogenesis and silencing of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. (ca.gov)
Embryonic stem cell-specific microRNAs regulate the G1-S transition and promote rapid proliferation. (ca.gov)
Gene expression patterns of human colon tops and basal crypts and BMP antagonists as intestinal stem cell niche factors. (ca.gov)
Hematopoietic stem cell quiescence promotes error-prone DNA repair and mutagenesis. (ca.gov)
Indian hedgehog regulates intestinal stem cell fate through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development. (ca.gov)
Intrapulmonary delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves survival and attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in mice. (ca.gov)
A workshop was convened by the AACR to discuss the rapidly emerging cancer stem cell model for tumor development and progression. (aacrjournals.org)
The meeting participants were charged with evaluating data suggesting that cancers develop from a small subset of cells with self-renewal properties analogous to organ stem cells. (aacrjournals.org)
If the cancer stem cell model is correct and if such cells retain the hallmarks of some tissue stem cells in being rare and entering the cell cycle infrequently, they could constitute a population that is intrinsically resistant to current therapies designed to kill cycling cells. (aacrjournals.org)
The participants critically discussed the need for a precise definition of cancer stem cells, the requirement for new markers and more rapid and tractable in vitro and in vivo assays, and the need to develop drug screening strategies to selectively target cancer stem cells to generate therapeutics for this subpopulation of cells that could be resistant to classic treatments while possessing potent tumor-forming capacity. (aacrjournals.org)
In the cancer stem cell model of tumors, there is a small subset of cancer cells, the cancer stem cells, which constitute a reservoir of self-sustaining cells with the exclusive ability to self-renew and maintain the tumor. (aacrjournals.org)
These cancer stem cells have the capacity to both divide and expand the cancer stem cell pool and to differentiate into the heterogeneous nontumorigenic cancer cell types that in most cases appear to constitute the bulk of the cancer cells within the tumor. (aacrjournals.org)
If cancer stem cells are relatively refractory to therapies that have been developed to eradicate the rapidly dividing cells within the tumor that constitute the majority of the nonstem cell component of tumors, then they are unlikely to be curative and relapses would be expected. (aacrjournals.org)
Specialized microenvironments called niches help maintain stem cells in an undifferentiated and self-renewing state. (biomedcentral.com)
The existence of niches has long been predicted from mammalian studies, but identifying stem cells in their native environments in vivo has remained a challenge in most vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
Many of the mechanistic insights into how niches regulate stem cell maintenance have been obtained using invertebrate models such as Drosophila . (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we focus on the Drosophila ovarian germline stem cell niche and review recent studies that have begun to reveal how intricate crosstalk between various signaling pathways regulates stem cell maintenance, how the extracellular matrix modulates the signaling output of the niche and how epigenetic programming influences cell development and function both inside and outside the niche to ensure proper tissue homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Stem cells are essential for tissue homeostasis, particularly in organs that exhibit high rates of cellular turnover such as the skin, intestine and hematopoietic system. (biomedcentral.com)
Without the self-renewing capacity of stem cells, these tissues quickly cease to function properly, leading to various conditions including infertility, anemia and immunodeficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
Overproliferation of stem cells is equally undesirable and can disrupt normal tissue homeostasis, possibly contributing to tumor formation and growth. (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, cells within tumors often exhibit a hierarchy of malignant potential, giving rise to the notion that small populations of cancer stem cells may be responsible for propagating certain cancers [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Prospectively identifying these cells and determining how they differ from their normal stem cell counterparts will probably provide important insights into the origin and progression of malignancy. (biomedcentral.com)
The concept of the cellular niche represents one of the central paradigms in stem cell biology. (biomedcentral.com)
First proposed by Schofield in 1978 [ 3 ], the niche hypothesis posits that specific locations or microenvironments within tissues prevent the maturation of resident stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The niche model is consistent with many observations made in mammalian cell transplantation experiments, but difficulties in unequivocally identifying individual stem cells within their native environment prevented further testing of this hypothesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we will focus on reviewing work describing the formation and regulation of the ovarian stem cell niche. (biomedcentral.com)

One example is the conserved Drosophila tumor-suppressor protein Lethal giant larvae (Lgl). (biologists.com)
The furry ( fry ) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. (nature.com)
A comparison of their known functions has identified, besides a common role within protein folding, multiple roles for the cyclophilins within pre-mRNA splicing and cellular signalling, and within transcription and cell cycle regulation for the parvulins. (biomedcentral.com)
Characterization of a putative Drosophila GTP-binding protein. (uchicago.edu)
We have been studying the twinstar (tsr) gene, which encodes the Drosophila homologue of cofilin, a protein required for reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. (ucla.edu)
This project was initiated with our isolation of BC69, a female sterile line with a tumorous ovary phenotype that is caused by two independent events: a P element insertion into the vasa (vas) locus and a weak mutant allele of the RNA binding protein 9 (Rbp9). (ucla.edu)
At least two different versions of this protein are produced in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Most of the mutations that cause Perry syndrome change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the dynactin-1 protein. (medlineplus.gov)
The DCTN1 gene mutation associated with this disorder replaces the amino acid arginine with the amino acid lysine at protein position 1101 (written as Arg1101Lys or R1101K). (medlineplus.gov)
Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that uses light to synthesize molecular fuel, driven by large protein complexes at internal membranes of vegetal cells. (icrea.cat)
In symmetric epithelial cell divisions, spindle orientation also depends on Pins, which is recruited to the lateral cortex by the lateral domain protein, Discs large (Dlg). (elifesciences.org)
4 But when the scientists eliminated both Sir2 and Fob1, a DNA-binding protein known to induce recombination and promote production of the extrachromosomal rDNA circles that cause aging in yeast, CR increased lifespan to the same extent that it does in wild-type cells. (the-scientist.com)
When they decreased levels of mitofusin (a protein present on the outer membrane involved with mitochondrial division) and increased levels of a gene called ATPIF1, they further lowered levels of corrupt mtDNA. (gowinglife.com)
A C-terminal ataxin-2 disordered region promotes Huntingtin protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in Drosophila models of Huntington's disease. (tcd.ie)
Repression of Pumilio Protein Expression by Rbfox1 Promotes Germ Cell Differentiation. (tcd.ie)
[ 6 ] Cells deficient in the HPS5 protein maintain early-stage melanosome formation and Pmel-17 trafficking. (medscape.com)
Jul 2009;1(1):a000802 and is reprinted with permission of Cold Spring Harbor Press](B) lrd (left-right dynein), the protein (green) mutated by the iv mutation, is also known as DNAH11, DNAHC11, and DLP11. (medscape.com)
When the iv mouse mutation was cloned, it was found to encode a molecular motor protein, an axonemal dynein, and was named lrd , for left-right dynein (human homolog is DNAH11 / DNAHC11 ). (medscape.com)

We found that eye enlargement phenotype resulting from GOF of hpo in dve domain, is not due to hpo mediated cell death, but by regulating retinal differentiation. (udayton.edu)
In addition, we suggest several computational tools for studying the distribution of double mutants in the space of model phenotype probabilities. (researchgate.net)
Analysis of the phenotype observed in mutants belonging to the D/V system initially suggested that the position along this axis is defined by the local concentration of a morphogen ( Nüsslein-Volhard, 1979 ). (silverchair.com)
Such mutations may affect the organism's phenotype. (blogspot.com)
Because the expression of the beta-3A subunit is normally ubiquitous, deficiency of the beta-3A subunit leads to a precise phenotype in cells with a large number of intracellular granules (eg, neutrophils, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, platelets, melanocytes). (medscape.com)
The enormous variants and mutations found mean that we are still far from being able to concretely clarify a genotype-phenotype relationship. (bvsalud.org)

2) Investigate the effect of aging on passive mechanical properties of Drosophila myocardium with cardiac-specific overexpression of the transcription factor FOXO, which is known to rejuvenate cardiac performance and promote muscle proteostasis in senescent flies. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Disrupting Pins polarity via overexpression of a myristoylated version of Pins caused randomized division angles. (elifesciences.org)
Further studies have shown that when researchers calorie-restrict a worm that is long-lived due to mutations in the Daf-16 pathway, the effect on lifespan is additive, 7 "just like we see with CR and Sir2 overexpression in yeast," says Kaeberlein. (the-scientist.com)
Single-mutant phages were used for the analysis of DCP1 overexpression in the Supporting information figures contain replicates that were exposed to enough phage particles (Fig 5B). (billfryer.com)
In the first case study, we observed that the real biological networks were most sensitive to overexpression/state-flip and edge-addition/-reverse mutations among node-based and edgetic mutations, respectively. (researchgate.net)
The effect was so striking that overexpression of Parkin reduced the fraction of mutant mtDNA from 76 percent to 5 percent , while overexpression of Atg1 reduced the fraction to 4 percent . (gowinglife.com)

The Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) is a group of cells with crucial functions in our immune system: it mediates and regulates inflammation. (cerclefser.org)
Monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are a family of cells collectively referred to as the 'mononuclear phagocyte system' (MPS) that mediates and regulates inflammation. (cerclefser.org)

In the 1950s human chimeras were also identified by examining blood antigens and later confirmed by karyotyping to reveal differences in chromosome patterns between the patient's cells. (asu.edu)
Developmental genetics of the 2E-F region of the Drosophila X chromosome: a region rich in "developmentally important" genes. (uchicago.edu)
The second division, meiosis II, separates the chromatids of each chromosome. (blogspot.com)
13 Mutation can be defined as an unpredictable change in the base sequence in a DNA molecule (gene mutation) or in the structure or number of chromosomes (chromosome mutation). (blogspot.com)
4 The diploid (2n) chromosome number of Drosophila is 8. (blogspot.com)

The division of Drosophila primordial germ cells. (billfryer.com)

In one, the daughter cells are initially equivalent but a difference is induced by signaling between the cells, from surrounding cells, or from the precursor cell. (wikipedia.org)
Cell division cycle of cultured neural precursor cells from Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)
Frédéric Geissmann and his team have described the common precursor for macrophage, monocytes and dendritic cells (Fogg et al. (cerclefser.org)

An important question in developmental biology is how any three-dimensional organ develops from single monolayer sheet of cells. (udayton.edu)
Five members of the Plk family have been discovered in humans and these serine/threonine kinases have emerged as key players by performing crucial functions in the cell cycle, DNA damage response and neuron biology [ 2 - 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)

Two proteins play an important role in setting up this cell fate asymmetry in the neuroblast, Prospero and Numb. (wikipedia.org)

This study established an in vivo PINK1 / Parkin -induced photoreceptor neuron degeneration model in Drosophila with the aim of dissecting the PINK1/Parkin pathway in detail. (sdbonline.org)
Identification of E2/E3 ubiquitinating enzymes and caspase activity regulating Drosophila sensory neuron dendrite pruning. (ca.gov)

A previous study has already shown that increasing expression of a gene called Parkin can extend drosophila lifespan by up to 25% and maintains them in better health for longer by increasing mitophagy. (gowinglife.com)

Mutation in bam gene precludes the differentiation step resulting in accumulation of SpG cysts in the testis. (biomedcentral.com)
This process of regional specification occurs through a cascade of cell fate decisions, in which broad regional specification is followed by differentiation of increasingly smaller domains. (biologists.com)
Drosophila embryonic neuroblasts in culture: autonomous differentiation of specific neurotransmitters. (uchicago.edu)
As a consequence, cell fate acquisition and subsequent differentiation of endosperm tissues are affected to varying degrees of severity. (silverchair.com)
To better understand those processes, Frédéric Geissmann is investigating the differentiation and the function of those cells. (cerclefser.org)

The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Plk3 is expressed throughout the cell cycle and involved in cellular response to DNA damage [ 9 ]. (oncotarget.com)
In contrast, symmetric divisions in epithelia divide cellular components equally, and usually results in both daughter cells remaining in the tissue. (elifesciences.org)
The master kinase LKB1 is a key regulator of several cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell polarity and cellular metabolism. (sdbonline.org)
Accumulation of deleterious mutations in mitochondrial DNA is believed to be a significant influence on the aging process, and ensuring healthy mitochondrial function is critical for good cellular function. (gowinglife.com)
The experiments serve as a clear demonstration that the level of mutant mtDNA can be reduced in cells by gently tweaking normal cellular processes. (gowinglife.com)
2009), and investigated the pathophysiology of diseases of this cellular system, incliding Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Senechal et al. (cerclefser.org)

Our goal is to understand how linear information encoded in genomic DNA controls cell fates during development. (nih.gov)
PNS regeneration but also others which generally have an entirely eumelanic plumage we do not exhibit cross resistance to MMV291 are through mutations in target genomic regions targeted by Cas12a. (storiedellaltromondo.com)
100 predicted genomic off-target loci in 293T and 293FT cells. (cdc.gov)

They will try to use in vivo FRET to monitor integrin activation in vivo and in real time, in collaboration with the Randall division of molecular biophysics. (cerclefser.org)

In both Drosophila and vertebrates, a limited number of conserved signaling pathways, used reiteratively throughout development, regulate these processes. (biologists.com)

This study evaluated the roles of PINK1 mitochondrial kinase, and Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase in targeting depolarized mitochondria for degradation in vivo, using quantitative measurements of mitochondria in Drosophila nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo example where mechanical force has been shown to polarize Pins to mediate division orientation. (elifesciences.org)
Probing cell type-specific functions of Gi in vivo identifies GPCR regulators of insulin secretion. (ca.gov)

Neuroblasts are the progenitor cells which divide asymmetrically to give rise to another neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell (GMC). (wikipedia.org)

The establishment of this polarity initiates the polarized distribution of a group of proteins present in the zygote called the PARD proteins (partitioning defective), which are a conserved group of proteins that function in establishing cell polarity during development. (wikipedia.org)
Polarity is essential for generating cell diversity. (biologists.com)
Polarity is critical for axis specification and for generating cell diversity during development. (biologists.com)
In metazoans, cell polarity is mediated in part by a conserved set of regulatory proteins, known collectively as the PAR (partitioning-defective) proteins. (biologists.com)
Cell polarity controls orientated cell division, cell shape changes, as well as cell movement. (nature.com)

Beatrice Mintz conducted a previous study that examined a reproductive disorder characterized by two distinct populations of germ cells in heterozygous mice. (asu.edu)
Evidence of temporary airway epithelial repopulation and rare clonal formation by BM-derived cells following naphthalene injury in mice. (ca.gov)
Posterior malformations in Dact1 mutant mice arise through misregulated Vangl2 at the primitive streak. (ca.gov)
These experiments will involve techniques and protocols for intravital imaging in normal and mutants mice that have set up in the laboratory, and new methods that they are developing. (cerclefser.org)
Four years later in 1959, the recovery of a spontaneous, autosomal recessive, viable mutation in mice was reported and was named iv , for inverted viscera. (medscape.com)

Mutations in parkin (PARK2) and Pink1 (PARK6) are responsible for autosomal recessive forms of early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). (sdbonline.org)
MCPH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern in which both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (biomedcentral.com)

Induction of germ cells at the anterior pole of the egg. (uchicago.edu)

The mitotic spindle must be oriented correctly to ensure that the proper cell fate determinants are distributed appropriately to the daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
The homeotic genes are expressed in precise spatial patterns that are crucial for the proper determination of cell fate. (nih.gov)
Both loss of expression and ectopic expression in the wrong tissues lead to changes in cell fate. (nih.gov)
To characterize the function of dve (member of DV patterning pathway) during development, we looked for its interacting partners and found that it interacts antagonistically with Hippo signaling to regulate optimum levels of expression of their common downstream target, Wg, to specify eye versus head fate, during growth and patterning in developing eye. (udayton.edu)
The morphogenes (proteins that control morphogenesis) that determine the fate of cells are proteins that interact with DNA . (infomutt.com)
Dlx1 and Dlx2 control neuronal versus oligodendroglial cell fate acquisition in the developing forebrain. (ca.gov)
To date, it has been hypothesised that BETL cell fate is specified in the syncytium and that cell files subsequently develop in response to a gradient of signal(s) derived from the maternal pedicel region. (silverchair.com)
Additionally, our data suggest that acquisition of aleurone cell fate does not solely rely upon signalling from the maternal surrounding tissue to the periphery of the endosperm, as previously thought, but that other factor(s) present within the endosperm are involved. (silverchair.com)
We started with the earliest steps in neural development (neurogenesis and neuronal cell fate specification) and gradually worked our way toward later steps (neuronal morphogenesis and the assembly of a functional neuronal circuit). (ucsf.edu)
These conceptual models are abstract representations of the key components involved in the crucial cell fate decision underlying the biological system. (lincoln.ac.nz)

Mol Biol Cell. (tcd.ie)

However, despite its smaller size, most developmental genes and at least half of the disease- and cancer-causing genes in humans are conserved in Drosophila , making Drosophila an excellent model system for the study of human development and disease. (nih.gov)
Some fungi have been used as model systems to investigate the role of PPIases within the cell, however how representative these repertoires are of other fungi or humans has not been fully investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Identifying and manipulating age- and mutation-dependent modifiers of cardiac function using the Drosophila model. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The harmony between Mutation Theory and Mendel model of heredity, the simplicity of the experimental method and the vast accumulation of supporting data, explain the big impact in the biological world [ 3 ]. (intechopen.com)
There have been many in silico studies based on a Boolean network model to investigate network sensitivity against gene or interaction mutations. (researchgate.net)
In an exciting study on the model organism drosophila, researchers at Caltech and UCLA have demonstrated a new technique to rejuvenate ailing mitochondria and significantly decrease the number containing mutations. (gowinglife.com)

We modulated Hippo pathway in FUS-WT or mutant-FUS background and found that downregulation of Hippo pathway, exhibited significant rescue in the eye, but the exact mechanism of action was still unclear. (udayton.edu)
Hippo pathway has been known to activate c-Jun-N-Terminal Kinase (JNK), which is involved in neurodegeneration and cell death. (udayton.edu)
Terminal filament stacks (light green) begin to form and signal to adjacent somatic cells through the Delta-Notch pathway, inducing them to become cap cells. (biomedcentral.com)

In addition, compared to the mono-treatment, combination of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition with anti-mitotic or DNA damaging agents boosts more severe mitotic defects, effectually triggers apoptosis and strongly inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with functional p53. (oncotarget.com)
Furthermore, directional ablations that separated mesoderm from mitotic domains disrupted spindle orientation, suggesting that forces transmitted from mesoderm to mitotic domains can polarize Pins and orient division during gastrulation. (elifesciences.org)
This newly formed cystoblast undergoes four incomplete mitotic divisions to form an interconnected 16-cell cyst. (biomedcentral.com)
Copy and complete the table to show the different outcome of mitotic and meiotic division of a Drosophila cell. (blogspot.com)

Identification and structural characterization of interneurons of the Drosophila brain by monoclonal antibodies of the Würzburg hybridoma library. (tcd.ie)

Based on our findings, however, we propose that specification of BETL cells is an irreversible event that occurs within a narrow window of syncytial development, and that BETL cell identity is subsequently inherited in a lineage-dependent manner. (silverchair.com)
A) occurs continuously in the cell. (easynotecards.com)
Which of the following occurs when the lactose enters the cell? (easynotecards.com)

These in vitro cleavage and phage with preexisting mutations may drive further mutation in the target. (billfryer.com)
The slow release of the phage population that had a mutation at position 14 to the fact that cocktail antigen (71. (itwontfailbecauseofme.com)

During development, a small number of conserved signaling molecules regulate regional specification, in which uniform populations of cells acquire differences and ultimately give rise to distinct organs. (biologists.com)

The first division, meiosis I , separates the homologous chromosomes, so that each cell now has only one of each pair. (blogspot.com)
Meiotic division therefore produces four cells, each with one complete set of chromosomes. (blogspot.com)

The process of gastrulation is linked to determination of mesodermal cell fates, such that patterning of tissue fates and patterning of cell behavior are interconnected. (nature.com)
Social communication of predator-induced changes in Drosophila behavior and germline physiology. (tcd.ie)

Thus, inactive p53 is not associated with a susceptible cytotoxicity of Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition and could rather foster the induction of polyploidy/aneuploidy in surviving cells. (oncotarget.com)
Intra-endodermal interactions are required for pancreatic beta cell induction. (ca.gov)
Using the SURVEYOR nuclease assay 13 , we assessed the ability of each Cas9-sgRNA complex to generate indels in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293FT cells through the induction of DNA doublestranded breaks (DSBs) and subsequent nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA damage repair (Online Methods). (cdc.gov)

Gene mutations include base substitutions, deletions or additions. (blogspot.com)
Low levels of point mutations and deletions accumulate in mtDNA during normal aging. (bvsalud.org)
However, improper maintenance of mtDNA results in mitochondrial diseases, stemming from progressive loss of mitochondrial function through the accelerated formation of deletions and mutations in mtDNA. (bvsalud.org)

Plk1 inhibitors target all rapidly dividing cells irrespective of tumor cells or non-transformed normal but proliferating cells. (oncotarget.com)
Upon treatment with Plk1 inhibitors, p53 in tumor cells is activated and induces strong apoptosis, whereas tumor cells with inactive p53 arrest in mitosis with DNA damage. (oncotarget.com)
In this regard, restoration of p53 in tumor cells with loss or mutation of p53 will reinforce the cytotoxicity of combined Polo-like kinase 1 therapy and provide a proficient strategy for combating relapse and metastasis of cancer. (oncotarget.com)
Either mechanism is different from the widely held notion that most cells in a tumor should be competent for tumor formation. (aacrjournals.org)
We present evidence that the sole human Pif1 family helicase in human cells likely also promotes replication fidelity, suggesting that a role for Pif1 family helicases in mutation avoidance may be evolutionarily conserved, a possible underlying mechanism for its potential tumor-suppressor function. (bvsalud.org)

This technique was developed to study the t 12 mutation, which arrests development at the morula stage. (asu.edu)
DV patterning marks first lineage restriction event during eye development, any deviation during this event during development results in defective organ formation. (udayton.edu)
We have shown that tsr is required for cell motility during ovary development. (ucla.edu)
With a tsr RS mutation, we can specifically repress the expression of tsr during late stages of eye development, allowing us to study the role of tsr at this stage without concern for tsr's affects in other tissues. (ucla.edu)
Research Interest: Ovary Development and the Role of Bric à Brac Drosophila oogenesis, the development of the egg, is one of the most intensely studied developmental systems. (ucla.edu)
Our work shows that the ovary will be an excellent system for determining how cells interact with each other during the development of an organ. (ucla.edu)
The development of Drosophila is particularly well studied, and it is typical for insects. (infomutt.com)
The morphogenes (or transcription factors) displayed are the proteins bicoid (bicoid is a maternally transcribed gene that organizes the anterior development in Drosophila ) and hunchback (hunchback is the 'partner' of bicoid in anterior/ posterior development in Drosophila ). (infomutt.com)
During cellularisation,and at later stages of development, aberrant cell division and localised domains of cell proliferation are apparent in glo1-1 endosperms. (silverchair.com)
Unlike traditional knockdown mutations that exist during an organism's entire life span, RNAi can be administered at different stages of development. (entomologytoday.org)
1/ Investigate the development and functions of monocytes and dendritic cells, and their roles in inflammatory diseases. (cerclefser.org)
1.2/ Investigate the development and functions of 'resident' networks of macrophages and Dcs such as langerhans cells and microglia, and their potential roles in inflammation. (cerclefser.org)

We know that increased rates of mtDNA mutation cause premature aging. (gowinglife.com)
mtDNA in contrast is at the heart of the engine of the cell, surrounded and bombarded with energetic molecules all the time. (gowinglife.com)
It's thought that increasing levels of mtDNA mutations begin to impact on healthy function and drive part of the aging process. (gowinglife.com)
They began by engineering fruit flies to undergo early and increased levels of mutation in mitochondrial DNA exclusively within their wing muscles, which led to about 75% of the mtDNA became mutated in early adulthood. (gowinglife.com)

In Drosophila , the homeotic genes specify cell identities at both embryonic and adult stages. (nih.gov)
Implications of the Sap47 null mutation for synapsin phosphorylation, longevity, climbing proficiency and behavioural plasticity in adult Drosophila. (tcd.ie)

Proximity of excitatory and inhibitory axon terminals adjacent to pyramidal cell bodies provides a putative basis for nonsynaptic interactions. (ucsd.edu)

Although Drosophila chimeras had previously been produced, mammalian chimeras were not successful until Mintz developed a reliable technique for the production of embryonic fusions. (asu.edu)
An animation that takes the viewer inside a mammalian cell where one can see the nucleus and its characteristic envelope connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. (ucsd.edu)

In addition we recently isolated a mutation in a gene called mule that is required for germline maintenance and/or early developmental events in both the ovary and testes. (ucla.edu)
The Drosophila ovary consists of repeated units, the ovarioles, where oogenesis takes place. (ucla.edu)
We also find that the Drosophila gene bric à brac (bab) is cell autonomously required for the formation of terminal filaments and is crucial for normal morphogenesis of the ovary. (ucla.edu)
Taken together, the study of the Drosophila ovary and testis has greatly enhanced our understanding of the basic principles that govern niche formation and function. (biomedcentral.com)

Interestingly, the resulting hyperplastic glia express high levels of key components of the lysosomal-autophagic compartment, including vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) subunits and ref(2)P (refractory to Sigma P), the Drosophila homolog of SQSTM1/p62. (sdbonline.org)
We reported the crystal structure of a chicken Kir2.2[G178D] mutant channel 12 , in which the introduced G178D mutations at the HBC functionally stabilize the open conformation, a strategy used previously to obtain an open crystal structure of a bacterial homolog KirBac3.1 13 . (nature.com)

3 The cells produced by meiosis are genetically different from each other and from their parent cell. (blogspot.com)

An overview of the boxed regions show Patr-1 (cyan box), but not type II parasites (S4 Fig bottom) in PNCs cells were fixed for the IG allele due to their direct contacts, which first became virus-positive in nasal turbinates (g) and lung histopathology. (gemologue.com)
The HbS (sickle cell) allele arose by base substitution. (blogspot.com)

He speculates that in the sir2/fob1 double mutant, CR could be acting through one of yeast's four Sir2 homologs. (the-scientist.com)
Sanger sequencing chromatograms of single- and double-mutant chromatograms. (billfryer.com)

The ontogeny of germ plasm during oogenesis in Drosophila. (uchicago.edu)

Assays in transgenes in Drosophila previously identified cis -acting transcriptional regulatory elements from homeotic genes. (nih.gov)
This was due to the homeotic mutation, which transformed one part into another part in the Drosophila body. (grassius.org)

in 2016, a tenth type was defined based on mutations in the AP3D1 gene. (medscape.com)

Each cell has a large number of mitochondria at any one time. (gowinglife.com)
In order to tackle this level of mutation the researchers turned to stimulation of mitophagy, the turnover and breakdown of mitochondria. (gowinglife.com)

Such a decrease would completely eliminate any metabolic defects in these cells, essentially restoring them to a more youthful, energy-producing state. (gowinglife.com)
APN2 deletion and DNA-wedge mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains display mutator phenotypes, cell growth defects, and sensitivity to genotoxic stress in a ribonucleotide excision repair (RER)-defective background harboring a high density of Top1-incised ribonucleotides. (bvsalud.org)
Abnormal movement of lytic granules and reduced perforin content in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells define their respective defects in cytolytic activity. (medscape.com)

This will be done for young and old wildtype fly hearts and for the hearts of two myosin heavy chain mutants and a troponin mutant. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
2) Employ RNA interference to knockdown specific cardiac transcripts to determine their role in myopathic responses to the myosin mutations. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

Critical factors affecting the permeabilization of Drosophila embryos by alkanes. (uchicago.edu)
This complex plays a critical role in cell division and the transport of materials within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Potassium channels are present in all types of cells and play critical roles in control of multiple physiological processes. (nature.com)
Glomerulus-Selective Regulation of a Critical Period for Interneuron Plasticity in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe. (tcd.ie)

Mutations have been crucial for geneticists, as day and night for astronomers. (intechopen.com)
Control of cell division and expansion is crucial for developmental patterning and is likely to be mediated by factors operating at different organisational levels ( Irish and Jenik,2001 ). (silverchair.com)

Heterozygous null mutations in each autism gene are demonstrated to have normal baseline neurotransmission and PHP. (sdbonline.org)

To elucidate the mechanism of action, we modulated JNK signaling in FUS or mutant-FUS background and found that downregulation of JNK signaling also rescued FUS mediated neurodegeneration in eye. (udayton.edu)

Sperm with mutant or absent centrosomes fail to establish a posterior pole. (wikipedia.org)
These PCR products were purified using the same seed mutation even when a preexisting mutation in the posterior pole. (itwontfailbecauseofme.com)

Partial rescue of embryos from two maternal-effect neurogenic mutants by transplantation of wild-type ooplasm. (uchicago.edu)

Interspecific transplantation of polar plasm between Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
Histones of Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
Cryobiological preservation of Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
Contributions of cooling and warming rate and developmental stage to the survival of Drosophila embryos cooled to -205 degrees C. (uchicago.edu)
Characteristics and kinetics of subzero chilling injury in Drosophila embryos. (uchicago.edu)
Ultrastructural studies of oocytes and embryos derived from females flies carrying the grandchildless mutation in Drosophila subobscura. (uchicago.edu)
These results where can you get clarinex suggest that PAM-distal cleavage by Cas12a To investigate the effect on pole cell expressing endogenously tagged Osk-sfGFP or Vas-EGFP (Fig 3B) to account for loss of nos and pgc RNA detected pairwise by smFISH in granules in pre-pole bud stage embryos. (billfryer.com)

Anatomy38

Organisms13

Chemicals and Drugs71

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes113

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care2

Melanogaster24

Germline stem cells4

Embryo17

Genome5

Asymmetric18

Gain-of-function mutati2

Larval2

Genetic15

Neurons8

Imaginal discs1

Mechanisms6

Stem34

Protein18

Phenotype6

Overexpression6

Regulates2

Chromosome5

Primordial germ1

Precursor3

Biology2

Proteins play an important role1

Neuron2

Lifespan1

Differentiation5

Cellular7

Genomic3

Molecular1

Vertebrates1

Vivo3

Neuroblasts1

Polarity5

Mice5

Recessive2

Germ cells1

Fate10

Biol1

Model6

Pathway3

Mitotic4

Characterization1

Occurs3

Phage2

Regulate1

Chromosomes2

Behavior2

Induction3

Deletions3

Tumor5

Development12

MtDNA4

Adult2

Putative1

Mammalian2

Ovary4

Homolog2

Genetically1

Allele2

Double mutant2

Oogenesis1

Homeotic2

20161

Mitochondria2

Defects3

Myosin2

Critical4

Crucial2

Heterozygous1

Neurodegeneration1

Posterior pole2

Neurogenic1

Embryos7