The discovery of gene silencing using double stranded RNA, also known as RNA interference (RNAi), and the development of gene knockdown using Morpholino oligos, have made disrupting gene expression an accessible technique for many more investigators. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] RNAi interference, specifically gene silencing, has become a useful tool to silence the expression of genes and identify and analyze their loss-of-function phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans , in which loss-of-function mutants and RNA interference (RNAi) models are available, is a model organism useful for analyzing effects of genes on various life phenomena, including behavior. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes6
However, the overall amount of H3K27me3 in C. elegans was reported to decrease with age, and RNA interference of the H3K27me3 demethylase UTX-1 prolonged lifespan by suppressing the expression of genes of the insulin pathway [ 16 ]. (aging-us.com)
These extensive genetic screens led to identification of a number of genes that cause abormal cell lineage (the lin# genes) phenotypes, notably vulvaless (Vul)/Egg-laying defective (Egl) or multivulva (Muv) (Figure 3.1 ). (hideyuki-ts.com)
The majority of the gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment responses were for membrane-building and ploidy-related processes, consistent with the excessive floral organs and altered cell size observed in the mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes controlling floral organ identity have been identified through the genetic analysis of homeotic mutants, leading to the ABCDE model, in which five classes of regulatory genes (A, B, C, D and E) work in a combinatorial manner to confer the organ identities of the four whorls [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast to cell-specific promoters, heat shock promoters drive the expression of genes at arbitrary timing via heat shock [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
El objetivo de nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar y correlacionar genes involucrados en TEA y aque- llos relacionados con la comunicación ultrasónica en estudios con modelos animales de comportamiento social basado en el lenguaje en la base de datos PubMed. (bvsalud.org)
Genotype2
Referenced article focusing on the relationship between phenotype and genotype. (cancerindex.org)
Based on the above studies, we found 6 granulotype mutants and 9 granulotype-related allelic variants, which provided new functional gene loci and a material basis for molecular breeding and genotype mutation and phenotype analysis. (springeropen.com)
Alleles2
The ability to analyze the loss-of-function phenotype allows analysis of gene function when there is no access to mutant alleles. (wikipedia.org)
Use of high and low level overexpression plasmids to test mutant alleles of the recF gene of Escherichia coli K-12 for partial activity. (umass.edu)
Reverse genetics2
While forward genetics seeks to find the genetic basis of a phenotype or trait, reverse genetics seeks to find what phenotypes are controlled by particular genetic sequences. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, directed reverse genetics is based on techniques that allow for specific inactivation of a gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Knockdown4
This method is often referred to as a gene knockdown since the effects of these reagents are generally temporary, in contrast to gene knockouts which are permanent. (wikipedia.org)
While RNA interference relies on cellular components for efficacy (e.g. the Dicer proteins, the RISC complex) a simple alternative for gene knockdown is Morpholino antisense oligos. (wikipedia.org)
Interference RNA-mediated knockdown of GPR56 recapitulates the loss of adhesion seen in knock-outs, and reexpression of GPR56 rescues the adhesion defect in knock-out granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
In addition, the effects of gene knockdown can be assessed using various loss-of-function mutants, and researchers recently developed a new method of generating loss-of-function mutations in targeted genes in C. elegans [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations1
Mutations within the gene are induced and identified by various techniques and only subsequently is the mutant phenotype analyzed [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Overexpression2
In complementary experiments the overexpression of Buffy in the developing eye suppressed the mild rough eye phenotype that results from Gal4 expression and from alpha-synuclein expression. (sdbonline.org)
Additionally, the vegetative growth of the overexpression mutants was decreased in nutrient-rich conditions but was not different from the wild-type strain in nutrient-poor conditions. (ppjonline.org)
The inhibition of porin under the control of neuronal Ddc-Gal4 result in short lifespan and in an age-dependent loss in locomotor function, phenotypes that are strongly associated with Drosophila models of Parkinson disease . (sdbonline.org)
Rescues1
Further, constitutively active SRF partially rescues R62D-induced phenotypes. (jneurosci.org)
MRNA3
Integrated mRNA and miRNA profiling data provided comprehensive gene expression information on the wild-type and multi-tepal mutant at the transcriptional level that could facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, mRNA levels are now shown not to change by both Northern and RNAse protection assays. (embl.de)
This lack of increase contrasts with previous reports as does the mRNA length: this is 50% larger as confirmed by sequencing the 3' end. (embl.de)
Embryos2
Indeed, VE-cadherin was significantly down-regulated in the mutant embryos, demonstrating that N-cadherin is genetically upstream of VE-cadherin. (rupress.org)
Expression of P5CR-GFP under the control of the endogenous P5CR promoter was able to restore growth of homozygous p5cr mutant embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Worms1
Therefore, those pioineering studies relied heavily on forward genetics, where worms were subjected to mutagens, and abnomal phenotypes were identified, isolated, amplified (by self-fertilisation) and the respective genotypes were determined. (hideyuki-ts.com)
Vegetative1
In contrast to previous reports, we found that pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) synthetase 2 (P5CS2) is not essential for sexual reproduction although p5cs2 mutant plants were retarded in vegetative development and displayed reduced fertility under long-day conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Species1
Through asexual reproduction, F. graminearum produces macroconidia without microconidia, in contrast to many other Fusarium species that produce conidia with diverse shapes or sizes ( Leslie and Summerell, 2006 ). (ppjonline.org)
Mutation1
By contrast, the insertion mutation on the high-level overexpressing plasmid showed no partial activity and can be considered a true null mutation. (umass.edu)
Lifespan1
EphA1 mis-expression did not cause neurodegeneration, shorten lifespan or affect memory but flies mis-expressing the wild-type or mutant receptor were hyper-aroused, had reduced sleep , a stronger circadian rhythm and increased clock neuron activity and excitability. (sdbonline.org)
Asexual1
Screening a previously generated transcription factor mutant collection, we identified one putative C 2 H 2 zinc-finger transcription factor, pcs1 , which is required for both sexual and asexual reproduction. (ppjonline.org)
Elegans1
In contrast to D. melanogaster , both higher levels of H3K4me3, resulting from inactivation of the major H3K4me3 methyltransferase complex, and lower levels of H3K4me3, upon suppression of demethylases, are associated with longevity in C. elegans [ 15 , 16 ]. (aging-us.com)
Gene disruption1
In the case of the plant model system huge mutant libraries have been created based on gene disruption constructs. (wikipedia.org)
Drosophila2
Utilising fly genetics, this study generated the first Drosophila model of human wild-type and P460L mutant EphA1 and tested the effects of Eph /ephrin signalling on AD-relevant behaviour and neurophysiology. (sdbonline.org)
The directed expression of Buffy in the dopamine producing neurons, via aDdc-Gal4 transgene, resulted in flies with increased climbing ability and enhanced survival, while the inhibition of Buffy in the dopaminergic neurons reduced climbing ability over time prematurely, similar to the phenotype observed in the alpha-synuclein-induced Drosophila model of PD. (sdbonline.org)
Insertion1
In this study, by characterization of the dominant maize mutant Barren inflorescence3 ( Bif3 ) we identified a tandem-duplicated copy of ZmWUS1 whose expression is dramatically enhanced by the insertion of a short stretch of chimeric proximal promoter sequence. (nature.com)
Researchers1
In order to learn the influence a sequence has on phenotype, or to discover its biological function, researchers can engineer a change or disrupt the DNA. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis2
The detailed phenotypic analysis of mutants with defects in proline synthesis can therefore promote our understanding of both primary metabolism and specific functions of proline in plant development. (biomedcentral.com)
Analysis revealed that Buffy acted to rescue the associated loss of locomotor ability observed in the alpha-synuclein-induced model of PD, while Buffy RNA interference resulted in an enhanced alpha-synuclein-induced loss of climbing ability. (sdbonline.org)
Show4
We show that neuronal motility evoked by these actin mutants requires SRF activity. (jneurosci.org)
Here we show that the maize dominant Barren inflorescence3 ( Bif3 ) mutant harbors a tandem duplicated copy of the ZmWUS1 gene, ZmWUS1-B , whose novel promoter enhances transcription in a ring-like pattern. (nature.com)
Single mutant plants devoid of P5CS1 did not show any developmental defects. (biomedcentral.com)
Auto-antibodies induced neurological diseases show various clinical phenotypes (see details in Table 1 ). (springer.com)
Insulin1
Furthermore, these senescence phenotypes appear to be independent of insulin signaling and manifest in an organ-specific manner. (bioone.org)
Establishment2
Disruption of this graded pattern of Eph activity by double-stranded RNA interference or by ectopic expression of wild-type or dominant-negative transgenes perturbs the establishment of medulla cortical axon topography. (sdbonline.org)
To gain insight into the role of Eph in the establishment of topographic connectivity, double-stranded RNA interference was used to reduce or eliminate Eph expression. (sdbonline.org)
Expression3
In senju mutants, reduced expression of galactose-containing glycans resulted in hyperactivation of the Toll signaling pathway in the absence of immune challenges. (sdbonline.org)
The directed expression of Buffy in DA neurons provides protection and counteracts the alpha-synuclein-induced Parkinson disease-like phenotypes. (sdbonline.org)
Recently, temporal control of cell-specific expression using heat shock factor-1 ( hsf-1 ) mutants has been reported [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Function2
Overexpressing these mutant actins in mouse hippocampal neurons not only modulated growth-cone function but also neurite elongation, which was ambiguous by traditional pharmacological interference. (jneurosci.org)
Employing these actin mutants, we uncovered a function for actin signaling in growth-cone motility modulated by ephrin-A guidance cues. (jneurosci.org)
Basis1
This success story is mainly founded on countless so-called forward genetic screens designed to elucidate gene functions on the basis of their mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell2
This effect on longevity is apparently correlated with the midgut senescence phenotypes as a result of direct hormone action through both hormone receptors expressed in the enteroblasts or other midgut cell types. (bioone.org)
Genetic displays for flaws in cell department and expansion procedures are made tough with the challenging lifestyle routine of higher plant life (mutant phenotypes will tend to be lethal obscured in the completely enclosed embryo and masked by very similar biochemical flaws). (careersfromscience.org)
Model1
In contrast, Pin1/PINN-1 (a DAPK interaction-partner and a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase involved in chronic neurodegenerative conditions) suppresses neurodegeneration in our excitotoxicity model. (biomedcentral.com)
Wild type1
How do wild type and mutant develop similarly or differently? (wormclassroom.org)
Length2
In contrast, R62D reduced neurite length and impaired growth-cone filopodia formation. (jneurosci.org)
The elongated cilium phenotype of Tsc1 −/− MEFs is likely due to increased mTORC1-dependent autophagic flux observed in these cells, as both the autophagic flux and the cilia length phenotype was restored by rapamycin. (springer.com)