ArabidopsisBiosynthesisAbstractLoss-of-function mutaAuxinsAbscisic acidHormonesRegulatorsAccumulationPhenotypesPhytohormoneREGULATIONPhenotypicDeficiencyGeneGibberellicReceptorsInhibitionEthyleneLeafAHK3DwarfSenescencePhysiologyPlant'sReceptorYieldHomeostasisGerminationMetabolismHeterologousPromotesAnalysesSignalingVegetativeAbnormallyTissueHormoneGeneticNitrogenOrgansTransgenic plantsMetabolicPathwayStronglyLateralMaize2021DevelopmentalStemEmbryosDevelopmentPathwaysCellInteractionConstitutiveEndogenous2022PhotosyntheticRevealSpeciesProcessesMolecularSciencesImportantBacteria
Arabidopsis12
- We used loss-of-function mutants to study three Arabidopsis thaliana sensor histidine kinases, AHK2, AHK3, and CRE1/AHK4, known to be cytokinin receptors. (nih.gov)
- 9]Su W, Howell S H. A single genetic locus ckr1, defines Arabidopsis mutants in which root growth is resistant to low concentrations of cytokinin. (chinacrops.org)
- HST is one of at least 17 members of the importin-βfamily in Arabidopsis and is the first member of this family shown to have an essential function in plants. (silverchair.com)
- Fan J, Zhou C, Yu L, Li P, Shanklin J, Xu C (2019) Diversion of Carbon Flux from Sugars to Lipids Improves the Growth of an Arabidopsis Starchless Mutant. (bnl.gov)
- Studies on miR159 are mostly done on model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana . (biomedcentral.com)
- Cell-type-specific cytokinin distribution within the Arabidopsis primary root apex. (chinaagrisci.com)
- miR156-targeted SPL10 controls Arabidopsis root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration via cytokinin responses. (chinaagrisci.com)
- Suppressor mutagenesis of CKX1 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (CKX1ox) led to the identification of the dominant mutants rock2 CKX1ox, rock3 CKX1ox and rock4 CKX1ox (Bartrina 2006), which showed a partial reversion of the cytokinin-deficient phenotype. (fu-berlin.de)
- Additionally, transgenic lines expressing rock2, rock3, and rock4 under control of their own promoters were generated in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. (fu-berlin.de)
- Abstract Arabidopsis methylation elevated mutant 1 (mem1) mutants have elevated levels of global DNA methylation. (cn1699.cn)
- The Arabidopsis abscisic acid (ABA)-insensitive abi5 mutants have pleiotropic defects in ABA response, including decreased sensitivity to ABA inhibition of germination and altered expression of some ABA-regulated genes. (firebaseapp.com)
- AFP2, AFP3, and AFP4) in the Arabidopsis genome, 2001-04-10 Comparison of seed and ABA-inducible vegetative gene expression in wild-type and abi5-1 plants indicates that ABI5 regulates a subset of late embryogenesis-abundant genes during both developmental stages. (firebaseapp.com)
Biosynthesis7
- To study cytokinin biosynthesis, we characterized a temperature-sensitive cytokinin-overproducing mutant, oveST25, of the moss Physcomitrella patens with respect to changes in cytokinin content during thermal induction in comparison to wild type. (cas.cz)
- A wild-type transgenic line with cytokinin deficiency due to heterologous cytokinin oxidase/ dehydrogenase overexpression (AtCKX2) also exhibited enhanced PpIPT1 expression levels, indicating that cytokinin deficiency might upregulate tRNA-mediated cytokinin biosynthesis. (cas.cz)
- The evidence that the tRNA-mediated pathway might be mainly responsible for biosynthesis of isoprenoid cytokinins in Physcomitrella is strongly supported by the recent release of the Physcomitrella genomic sequence where only tRNA-IPTs but no adenylate- IPTs are present. (cas.cz)
- In collaboration with the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, ARS scientists at the Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology in Gainesville, FL show that cytokinin hypersignalling promotes JA production by turning on genes for JA biosynthesis. (usda.gov)
- Although there is ample evidence that the inhibition of bud outgrowth by auxin from the shoot apex is linked to stem elongation and highly branched auxin biosynthesis or signaling mutants are dwarf, the third theory proposed in the 1930s, the indirect theory, that explains apical dominance as auxin-induced stem growth indirectly inhibits bud outgrowth has been overlooked. (frontiersin.org)
- I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
- Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes between wild type plants and STTM159 transgenic plants showed that genes involved in cell division, auxin, cytokinin (CK) and brassinosteroids (BRs) biosynthesis and signaling are significantly down-regulated in STTM159 plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Abstract3
- Abstract Legumes, unlike most land plants, can form symbiotic root nodules with nitrogen-fixing bacteria to secure nitroge. (cn1699.cn)
- Abstract Success of plants largely depends on their ability to defend against herbivores. (cn1699.cn)
- Abstract Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development. (cn1699.cn)
Loss-of-function muta1
- ABA loss of function mutants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes and simply applying ABA to plants induces an immediate stress response. (nature.com)
Auxins3
- This is one of the critical stages of embryogenesis, when an immature embryo becomes independent of some physiological factors, in particular, hormones (mainly auxins, cytokinins, and ABA) of a maternal organism. (springer.com)
- However, Auxins increase cell elongation and cell division which provide growth of shoot meristems. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- Subsequently, we have discussed the crosstalk among them, followed by crosstalk with growth promoting hormones (gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins). (beds.ac.uk)
Abscisic acid3
- The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a role in stresses that alter plant water status and may also regulate root gravitropism and hydrotropism. (nature.com)
- An, Y.-Q. and Lin, L., Transcriptional regulatory programs underlying barley germination and regulatory functions of gibberellin and abscisic acid, BMC Plant Biol . (springer.com)
- Abscisic acid is a plant inhibitor that causes dormancy, which makes meristems come to a standstill. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
Hormones11
- Due to their mechanism of action, these molecules have been classified as plant hormones or phytohormones. (wikipedia.org)
- Hormones are important signals for plants adaption to environmental stresses. (plant-ecology.com)
- The endophytic bacteria, Hebaspirillum seropedicae , was known to provide hormones to grass species, but not much else was understood about its interaction in plants. (missouri.edu)
- Skoog and Miller (1957) observed that the growth and morphogenesis were controlled by hormones, auxin (root formation), and cytokinin (shoot formation) in tissue culture. (cbsetuts.com)
- Hormones are very important in plant development, and at what rate of growth the plant will have. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- Gibberellins are a class of plant hormones responsible for stimulating primary growth in stems and leaves, for breaking bud dormancy and triggering seed germination, and for stimulating fruit development with auxin. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- In this review, we summarize the roles of the major plant hormones in regulating abiotic and biotic stress responses with special focus on the significance of crosstalk between different hormones in generating a sophisticated and efficient stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
- The discussion on seed dormancy and germination serves to illustrate the fine balance that can be enforced by the two key hormones ABA and GA in regulating plant responses to environmental signals. (beds.ac.uk)
- Therefore, discovering additional crosstalk mechanisms among various hormones in coordinating growth under stress will be an important theme in the field of abiotic stress research. (beds.ac.uk)
- Because of the complex interactions among various plant hormones and their ability to control a wide range of physiological processes, they serve as the key endogenous factors in mediating plant stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
- Moreover, with nine diverse groups of plant hormones participating in defense responses, their signaling pathways are intricately interconnected to facilitate the generation of a sophisticated and efficient stress response. (beds.ac.uk)
Regulators7
- Unchanged red light sensitivity of mutant hypocotyl elongation suggests that previously reported modulation of red light signaling by A-type response regulators may not depend on cytokinin. (nih.gov)
- Besides the long-standing role of cytokinins (CKs) as growth regulators, their current positioning at the interface of development and stress responses is coming into recognition. (frontiersin.org)
- Overexpression of ZmWUS1-B is due to multimerized binding sites for type-B RESPONSE REGULATORs (RRs), key transcription factors in cytokinin signaling. (nature.com)
- Just a few mosses have been used to investigate the plant growth regulators influence on their development in vitro [e.g. (ashs.org)
- Von Schwartzenberg (2009) reported bryophytes as interesting model systems in plant growth regulation research not only because they have simple organ structure, but also because they respond to many plant growth regulators. (ashs.org)
- microRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in plant growth and development. (biomedcentral.com)
- Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-24 nucleotides (nt) long and widely exist as gene regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
Accumulation5
- Expression analysis revealed increased transcript accumulation of several JA pathway genes in the Hsf1 leaf growth zone. (usda.gov)
- One of the main objectives is to discover new genetic engineering targets for enhancing lipid accumulation in plant vegetative tissues, particularly those that have synergistic effects with previously known genes, pathways or regulatory circuits. (bnl.gov)
- Xu C, Shanklin J (2016) Triacylglycerol Metabolism, Function, and Accumulation in Plant Vegetative Tissues. (bnl.gov)
- Transient studies of nutrient uptake, growth, and indole alkaloid accumulation in heterotrophic cultures of hairy roots of Catharanthus roseus. (ac.ir)
- Over-expression of AFP1 enhances tolerance to ABA and reduces ABI5 accumulation, whereas afp1 mutants are sensitive to ABA and have high levels of ABI5 (Lopez-Molinaetal. (firebaseapp.com)
Phenotypes4
- Altering expression of miRNAs can result in multiple visible phenotypes of a plant. (biomedcentral.com)
- Chloroplast-engineered plants, like tobacco, have the potential to produce large quantities of high-value proteins, but often result in engineered plants with mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
- The work reported here demonstrates that well-fertilized tobacco plants have a substantial degree of flexibility in protein metabolism and can accommodate considerable levels of some recombinant proteins without exhibiting deleterious mutant phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
- In most cases, transgenic pAHK2:rock2 and pAHK3:rock3 lines showed more prominent phenotypes compared to rock2 and rock3 mutant plants, indicating a higher cytokinin status in the transgenic lines. (fu-berlin.de)
Phytohormone1
- Further, 21 candidate genes within three potentially novel QTLs were identified, they were mainly involved in the regulation of phytohormone, cell division and proliferation, meristem development, plant or organ development, and carbohydrate transport. (biomedcentral.com)
REGULATION9
- Previously, cytokinins were thought to be the only molecule involved in the regulation of stem branching, but these mutants presented normal production and signaling of cytokinins, leading to the conclusion that another substance was acting on the axillary buds. (wikipedia.org)
- This result supports a negative regulatory role for cytokinin in root growth regulation. (nih.gov)
- Double mutant analysis suggests that HST acts in parallel to SQUINT in the regulation of phase change and in parallel to KANADI in the regulation of leaf polarity. (silverchair.com)
- To understand the mechanism of plants adaptation to nutrient deficiency from the perspective of hormone regulation is of great significance for breeding the genotypes with high phosphorus (P)-use efficiency. (plant-ecology.com)
- We suggest that the development of this response mechanism in motile algae may have been an important step in the evolution of terrestrial plants and that its retention therein strongly implicates ABA in the regulation of their relevant tropisms. (nature.com)
- We also discuss several crucial mechanisms of miRNAs, their relationships with transcription factors and the target gene-mediated hormone signaling interactions in the regulation of root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
- The complex nature of growth regulation under stress has been highlighted in studies of plant responses to soil water deficit at developmental, physiological, and molecular levels. (stationzilla.com)
- The abi4 and abi5 mutants were characterized in terms of ABA sensitivity of seed ger- mination, dormancy, seed-specific gene expression and stomatal regulation. (firebaseapp.com)
- Components of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellic acid, jasmonate and brassinosteroid signaling and metabolism pathways were shown to take part in ABI5 regulation and/or to be regulated by ABI5. (firebaseapp.com)
Phenotypic3
- Structural variation in plant genomes is a significant driver of phenotypic variability in traits important for the domestication and productivity of crop species. (nature.com)
- In rice, studies on miR159 were either based upon genome-wide expression analyses focused upon responses to different nitrogen forms and abiotic stress or upon phenotypic studies of transgenic plants overexpressing its precursor. (biomedcentral.com)
- Phenotypic analysis of the rock2, rock3, and rock4 mutants in the CKX1 overexpressing background revealed that the mutations caused a partial to full reversion of the cytokinin deficiency syndrome in matters of rosette diameter, shoot height, number of siliques, and root growth, and caused delayed leaf senescence in a dark-induced senescence assay. (fu-berlin.de)
Deficiency1
- When transpiration stops or slows, a plant dies from nutrient deficiency, usually from the top down. (stationzilla.com)
Gene4
- Our RT-PCR-based studies on the expression of the tRNA-IPT gene, PpIPT1, revealed enhanced transcription levels in the cytokinin-overproducing oveST25 mutant at the inducing temperature of 25 C, but not at noninducing conditions (15 C). (cas.cz)
- Here we show that the maize dominant Barren inflorescence3 ( Bif3 ) mutant harbors a tandem duplicated copy of the ZmWUS1 gene, ZmWUS1-B , whose novel promoter enhances transcription in a ring-like pattern. (nature.com)
- Using map-based cloning, the rock3 mutant allele was identified as missense mutation in the AHK3 cytokinin receptor gene, and the rock4 mutant allele was identified as a missense mutation in the cytokinin synthesis gene IPT3. (fu-berlin.de)
- 1 Publication Comparison of seed and ABA-inducible vegetative gene expression in wild-type and abi5-1 plants indicates that ABI5 regulates a subset of late embryogenesis-abundant genes during both developmental stages. (firebaseapp.com)
Gibberellic4
- Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone which acts as a stimulator for growth and development for the plant. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- Gibberellic acid's effects on plants are stimulating cell growth and cell elongation. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- Gibberellic acid leads to bigger plants with bigger shoots, and leaves in many plants (Brian et al. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- The goal of the experiment was to find how these four genotypes of the Wisconsin Fast Plant are using Gibberellic acid for their plant growth (Mckeon et al. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
Receptors2
- Together, the analyses reveal partially redundant functions of the cytokinin receptors and prominent roles for the AHK2/AHK3 receptor combination in quantitative control of organ growth in plants, with opposite regulatory functions in roots and shoots. (nih.gov)
- It could be shown in a yeast experiment that the rock2 and rock3 mutations cause the formation of constitutively active cytokinin receptors. (fu-berlin.de)
Inhibition2
- Leaves of ahk2 ahk3 mutants formed fewer cells, had reduced chlorophyll content, and lacked the cytokinin-dependent inhibition of dark-induced chlorophyll loss, indicating a prominent role of AHK2 and, particularly, AHK3 in the control of leaf development. (nih.gov)
- Prezygotic barriers (inhibition of pollen tube growth) were absent in all genera except Rhododendron . (ishs.org)
Ethylene1
- 1]Bleecker A B, Kende H. Ethylene: a gaseous signal molecule in plants. (chinacrops.org)
Leaf7
- Using the semidominant Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) maize mutant, that hypersignals the perception of cytokinin (CK), we show that CK can reduce leaf size and growth rate by decreasing cell division. (usda.gov)
- Treatment of wild type seedlings with exogenous JA reduces maize leaf size and growth rate, while JA deficient maize mutants have increased leaf size and growth rate. (usda.gov)
- CKs are involved in diverse processes in the plant, including stem cell maintenance, vascular differentiation, growth and branching of roots and shoots, leaf senescence, nutrient balance, and stress tolerance. (iucc.ac.il)
- The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of nitrogen × cytokinin on plant height, number of branches, leaf, stem and whole plant dry weights, essential oil percentage and yield was significant (p ≤0.01). (ac.ir)
- Overall, STTM159 plants exhibited short stature along with smaller organ size and reduction in stem diameter, length of flag leaf, main panicle, spikelet hulls and grain size. (biomedcentral.com)
- Brassinosteriods inhibit root growth and help differentiate xylem, and slow down or even stop leaf abscission. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- Mutants exhibited bigger cotyledons, an increased rosette leaf size, thicker stems and bigger flowers. (fu-berlin.de)
AHK31
- ahk2 ahk3 double mutants developed a strongly enhanced root system through faster growth of the primary root and, more importantly, increased branching. (nih.gov)
Dwarf2
- Many studies of plant height inheritance have successfully cloned dwarf genes [ 5 - 7 ]. (genominfo.org)
- February 19, 2016 (dwarf mutant). (termpaperwarehouse.com)
Senescence4
- The expression levels of MaEIN2 was increasing gradually in fruit development, indicating MaEIN2 was involved in the ripening and senescence of plant organs. (chinacrops.org)
- In addition, the rock3 mutants exhibited the strongest effect in delaying senescence, while the rock2 allele had a greater effect on the onset of flowering. (fu-berlin.de)
- Similar to rock2 and rock3, the rock4 mutant also showed enhanced thickening of stems, a reduced root system, and delayed senescence. (fu-berlin.de)
- In addition, the characterisation of the gain-of-function cytokinin mutants rock2, rock3, and rock4 revealed that an enhanced cytokinin status causes several effects on plant development, which are of potential interest for agricultural breeding purposes, for example an enhanced organ growth and delayed senescence. (fu-berlin.de)
Physiology5
- Plant Physiology. (bnl.gov)
- Plant Physiology 178:118-129. (bnl.gov)
- Plant Physiology 175:696-707. (bnl.gov)
- Plant Physiology 174:1517-1530. (bnl.gov)
- Plant and Cell Physiology, 58, 426-439. (chinaagrisci.com)
Plant's3
- So far, strigolactones have been identified to be responsible for three different physiological processes: First, they promote the germination of parasitic organisms that grow in the host plant's roots, such as Striga lutea and other plants of the genus Striga. (wikipedia.org)
- Using a molecule similar to strigolactones could be the key to designing a chemical and biological mechanism to stop the colonization of a plant's root by parasitic plants. (wikipedia.org)
- The rock2 and rock3 mutations caused an enhancement of vegetative and reproductive growth of wild-type plants throughout the plant's life cycle. (fu-berlin.de)
Receptor1
- Increased cytokinin content of receptor mutants indicates a homeostatic control of steady state cytokinin levels through signaling. (nih.gov)
Yield10
- Effect of Nitrogen and Cytokinin on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. (ac.ir)
- In general, the results of this experiment showed that the quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme can be increased by consuming the appropriate amount of nitrogen and cytokinin. (ac.ir)
- The combined use of nitrogen and cytokinin improved quantitative and qualitative yield of thyme. (ac.ir)
- Plant height is an important component of plant architecture and significantly affects crop breeding practices and yield. (genominfo.org)
- Plant height is an important trait that has a direct impact on yield and lodging resistance. (genominfo.org)
- Extremely tall plants can be affected by lodging, which may reduce yield and quality [ 3 ]. (genominfo.org)
- This technology needs to be fine-tuned for commercial applications to maximize target protein yield while maintaining robust plant growth. (biomedcentral.com)
- This resulted in an increased seed yield per plant, at least in case of pAHK3:rock3 transgenic plants. (fu-berlin.de)
- In 1998, Singh and Bisaria studied nitrate reductase activity (NRA), growth and yield in terms of fibre and wood weight in 8 cultivars of two species of Jute ( C. capsularis and C. olitorius ) under different subdued light. (scialert.net)
- It was observed that NRA, growth and fibre yield decreased significantly with the reduction in light intensity. (scialert.net)
Homeostasis2
- WOX11 and CRL1 act synergistically to promote crown root development by maintaining cytokinin homeostasis in rice. (github.io)
- Further analysis from the RNA-seq data showed that the decreased cell divisions in STTM159 transgenic plants may result, at least partly from the lower expression of the genes involved in cell cycle and hormone homeostasis, which provides new insights of rice miR159-specific functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Germination5
- To induce germination of parasitic plants, strigolactones only needed to be present in trace amounts, in the order of 5 parts per million. (wikipedia.org)
- Mutant seeds had more rapid germination, reduced requirement for light, and decreased far-red light sensitivity, unraveling cytokinin functions in seed germination control. (nih.gov)
- In terrestrial plants ABA plays a role in seed dormancy and germination, stomatal movements and in other responses to numerous stresses that alter their water status 6 . (nature.com)
- The aim of this study is to analyze the various parameters of embryonic growth and the metabolic and biochemical aspects of dormancy and germination. (cbsetuts.com)
- ABI5 is a key component in ABA-triggered pathways during germination, seedling establishment, and vegetative growth (Lopez-Molina et al. (firebaseapp.com)
Metabolism5
- Xu's research group focuses on understanding the regulatory mechanisms controlling lipid metabolism, trafficking and storage in plants. (bnl.gov)
- Yu L, Zhou C, Fan J, Xu C (2021) Using 14C-acetate Pulse-chase Labeling to Study Fatty Acid and Glycerolipid Metabolism in Plant Leaves. (bnl.gov)
- We also demonstrate that accumulating foreign protein represents an added burden to the plants' metabolism that can make them more sensitive to limiting growth conditions such as low nitrogen. (biomedcentral.com)
- Severe water stress stops photosynthesis, disrupts metabolism, and kills plants. (stationzilla.com)
- These mutants showed metabolic disorder, indicating that N metabolism is important in normal growth and development of rice. (nii.ac.jp)
Heterologous1
- The biomass of nitrogen-limited TetC- cel6 A plants was found to be as much as 40% lower than wildtype (WT) tobacco, although heterologous cellulase production was not greatly reduced compared to well-fertilized TetC- cel6 A plants. (biomedcentral.com)
Promotes1
- The shoot and root culture are generally controlled by auxin-cytokinin balance, usually an excess of auxin promotes root culture, whereas that of cytokinin promotes shoot culture. (cbsetuts.com)
Analyses3
- The mutants of multiple type-A ARR genes exhibit improved basal and acquired thermotolerance and, altered response to oxidative stress in our physiological analyses. (frontiersin.org)
- The metabolomics analyses further reveal that the mutants accumulate higher amounts of α-and γ-tocopherols, which are important antioxidants for protection against oxidative damage. (frontiersin.org)
- Mutant analyses in yeast confirmed that the endocytic pathway is altered by CK. (iucc.ac.il)
Signaling6
- Plants are immobile and, to overcome harsh environmental conditions such as drought, salt, and cold, they have evolved complex signaling pathways. (mdpi.com)
- The auxin responsive AP2/ERF transcription factor CROWN ROOTLESS5 is involved in crown root initiation in rice through the induction of OsRR1, a type-A response regulator of cytokinin signaling , 2011, Plant J. (github.io)
- Crown rootless1, which is essential for crown root formation in rice, is a target of an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR in auxin signaling , 2005, Plant Cell. (github.io)
- CK is known to induce host plant resistance to several classes of phytopathogens from a few works, with induced host immunity via salicylic acid signaling suggested to be the prevalent mechanism for this host resistance. (iucc.ac.il)
- Plant Signaling & Behavior 14:1561121. (bnl.gov)
- The sensing of abiotic and biotic stresses initiates several complex signaling pathways in plants. (beds.ac.uk)
Vegetative1
Abnormally2
- These mutants presented excessive growth in the axillary buds, which induced their terminal stem to start branching abnormally. (wikipedia.org)
- Here we examine the Hairy Sheath Frayed1 (Hsf1) maize mutant, which perceives an overabundance of cytokinin and also accumulates jasmonic acid (JA) to abnormally high levels. (usda.gov)
Tissue6
- To investigate the relevance of tRNA for cytokinin production in Physcomitrella, we determined cytokinins in tissue and culture medium as well as in tRNA hydrolysates. (cas.cz)
- On the other hand, transgenic plants produced from mature tissue via genetic transformation can drastically shorten flowering and fruiting time and thus speed up field evaluation studies. (springer.com)
- Introduction of Plant Tissue Culture. (ac.ir)
- Induction of new shoot meristems from cultured root explants is a widely used, but poorly understood, process in which apical plant tissues are regenerated from adult somatic tissue through the de novo formation of shoot meristems. (biologists.com)
- The details of the plant tissue culture technique and its utilization are emphasized here as follows. (cbsetuts.com)
- This release aids in cooling plant tissue as well. (stationzilla.com)
Hormone10
- The role of strigolactones as branching inhibitor hormone was discovered because of the use of a new set of mutant plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Plant hormone interactions govern responses to internal and external stimuli. (usda.gov)
- Linked to CK hypersignaling, the Hsf1 mutant has increased jasmonic acid (JA) content, a hormone that can inhibit cell division. (usda.gov)
- Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
- Soon after the discovery that the apical signal that inhibits axillary bud outgrowth is the plant hormone auxin ( Thimann and Skoog, 1933 ), three theories - direct, diversion, and indirect (Figure 1 ) - were proposed to explain the phenomenon of apical dominance (reviewed in Snow, 1937 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Our work uncovers a remarkably conserved role for a plant growth hormone in fungal biology, suggesting that pathogen-host interactions resulted in fascinating molecular adaptations on fundamental processes in eukaryotic biology. (iucc.ac.il)
- No correlation was found between the foliar hormone contents and the adaptive characteristics of M1 and M4 under low P stress, although the root hormone content was significantly correlated with the growth index of roots. (plant-ecology.com)
- Correlation between endogenous hormone and the adaptability of Chinese fir with high phosphorus-use efficiency to low phosphorus stress[J]. Chin J Plant Ecol, 2019, 43(2): 139-151. (plant-ecology.com)
- GA3) affects how the four different genotypes in the Brassica rapa plant use the plant hormone in their plant growth. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- Ga3 is already naturally found in plants and with that being said, this experiment helped show how plants used this natural plant hormone throughout the different genotypes on Brassica rapa. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
Genetic5
- Genetic analysis indicated a cytokinin-dependent endospermal and/or maternal control of embryo size. (nih.gov)
- 1 Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. (ac.ir)
- One understudied opportunity is using feral crops-plants that have escaped and persisted without cultivation-as a source of genetic diversity, which could build resilience in domesticated conspecifics. (weizmann.ac.il)
- These polymorphisms could be useful genetic resources for plant breeders, geneticists, and biologists for future molecular biology and breeding projects. (genominfo.org)
- Induced changes in the genetic architecture of some macro mutants of jute. (scialert.net)
Nitrogen7
- In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of thyme, a three-year factorial experiment was conducted at Razi University based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. (ac.ir)
- Factors included nitrogen levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha) and cytokinin concentrations (0, 100, 200 and 400 μM). (ac.ir)
- With increasing the amount of nitrogen and cytokinin, all the studied traits (except harvest index) increased significantly compared to the control. (ac.ir)
- The effect of nitrogen and cytokinin on Thymus vulgaris was evaluated on the farm whitin 3 years. (ac.ir)
- However, when plants can't absorb nutrients from nitrogen fertilizer quickly enough, soil bacteria convert it to nitrate. (missouri.edu)
- Nitrogen fertilizers are being used worldwide to increase plant productivity. (missouri.edu)
- In 1909, German scientist Franz Haber developed a high-temperature, energy-intensive process to synthesize plant-available nitrate from the air, thus creating nitrogen fertilizer. (missouri.edu)
Organs3
- Growth of plant organs results from the combined activity of cell division and cell expansion. (usda.gov)
- Stem cells reside at the growing tip of meristems, where they differentiate to produce new organs throughout the life of plant and maintain a constant reservoir of pluripotent stem cells. (nature.com)
- These comprehensive regulations of different organs is an essential survival strategy for plants to adapt to low P stress. (plant-ecology.com)
Transgenic plants1
- The size of siliques, number of seeds per silique and seed size were not altered in pAHK3:rock3 transgenic plants. (fu-berlin.de)
Metabolic1
- We found a lot of metabolic pathways that were significant promoters of plant health," Agtuca said. (missouri.edu)
Pathway1
- Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
Strongly1
- Additionally, rock2 and rock3 plants produced more flowers per time unit, which led to a strongly increased number of siliques per plant. (fu-berlin.de)
Lateral3
- Plant shoot architecture often depends on the number of lateral branches or tillers developed and their position along the primary axis of the plant. (frontiersin.org)
- Studies on sodium bypass flow in lateral rootless mutants lrt1 and lrt2, and crown rootless mutant crl1 of rice Oryza sativa L. , 2010, Plant Cell Environ. (github.io)
- Studies on sodium bypass flow in lateral rootless mutants lrt1 and lrt2, and crown rootless mutant crl1 of rice (Oryza sativa L. (github.io)
Maize4
- Recently, interest in ZmWUS 's stem cell promoting properties has resurfaced due to their use in efficient transformation systems for maize and other recalcitrant plant species 12 , 13 . (nature.com)
- In this study, by characterization of the dominant maize mutant Barren inflorescence3 ( Bif3 ) we identified a tandem-duplicated copy of ZmWUS1 whose expression is dramatically enhanced by the insertion of a short stretch of chimeric proximal promoter sequence. (nature.com)
- The supernatant of strain NEAU-HV44 could significantly control the growth of weeds (A. retroflexus L., Setaria viridis, Portulaca oleracea L., and Chenopodium album) and crops (maize, soybean, wheat, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, tomato, and romaine lettuce) with dose-dependent in preemergence. (bvsalud.org)
- Mitigation of drought stress in maize by natural and synthetic growth promoters. (ac.ir)
20211
Developmental3
- Cytokinin (CK) is an important plant developmental regulator, having activities in many aspects of plant life and response to the environment. (iucc.ac.il)
- Cell biology experiments demonstrated that CK affects cytoskeleton components and cellular trafficking in Bc, lowering endocytic rates and endomembrane compartment sizes, likely leading to reduced growth rates and arrested developmental programs. (iucc.ac.il)
- Developmental Biology of Plants: A Symphony of Life), St. Petersburg: DEAN, 2014. (springer.com)
Stem7
- when present, these compounds prevent excess bud growing in stem terminals, stopping the branching mechanism in plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Hypersensitivity to cytokinin causes stem cell overproliferation and major rearrangements of Bif3 inflorescence meristems, leading to the formation of ball-shaped ears and severely affecting productivity. (nature.com)
- The control of plant stem cells is essential for sustaining the function of apical meristems, plant growth, and ultimately productivity 1 . (nature.com)
- Since a growing stem is a strong sink for sugars, and sugar is indispensable for shoot branching, the indirect theory of apical dominance might now be explained as auxin-induced stem growth inhibits bud outgrowth by diverting sugars away from buds. (frontiersin.org)
- The direct theory explains apical dominance as auxin synthesized in the shoot apex moves down the stem into buds and inhibits their growth. (frontiersin.org)
- ment may accomplish this by stimulating stem growth. (scirp.org)
- These effects are seen in stem growth as well as root growth. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
Embryos4
- In this case, young embryos are taken out from developing seeds and grown on a culture medium to form seedlings and then young plants. (cbsetuts.com)
- Each fruit of an orchid plant develops several thousand tiny seeds which contain morphologically undifferentiated embryos. (cbsetuts.com)
- But it is now possible to raise a hybrid plant by culturing the inviable embryos in vitro. (cbsetuts.com)
- However, a low percentage of mutant embryos developed normally and grew into typical looking pAHK2:rock2 or rock4 plants. (fu-berlin.de)
Development10
- Several modifications of this editing system have been established for adoption in a variety of plants, as well as for its improved efficiency and portability, bringing new opportunities for the development of transgene-free improved varieties of economically important crops. (mdpi.com)
- Here, we show that CK directly inhibits the growth, development, and virulence of fungal phytopathogens. (iucc.ac.il)
- Lipids in Plant and Algae Development 207-221. (bnl.gov)
- and they are involved in many biological processes in plants, such as root growth and development. (chinaagrisci.com)
- This review provides multiple perspectives on the involvement of miRNAs in regulating root growth and development in plants. (chinaagrisci.com)
- Auxin polar transport regulates plant growth and development. (chinbullbotany.com)
- Cycocel however, is a plant inhibitor that inhibits growth and development. (termpaperwarehouse.com)
- Future research employing genome-scale systems biology approaches to solve problems of such magnitude will undoubtedly lead to a better understanding of plant development. (beds.ac.uk)
- Taken together, the rock2, rock3, and rock4 mutations are interesting tools to research the effects of an enhanced cytokinin status during plant development and gave new insight into cytokinin regulated processes. (fu-berlin.de)
- A significant abiotic stressor that affects plant growth and development is drought. (stationzilla.com)
Pathways3
- The hst loss-of-function phenotype suggests that this protein regulates the nucleocytoplasmic transport of molecules involved in several different morphogenetic pathways, as well as molecules generally required for root and shoot growth. (silverchair.com)
- Agtuca and her colleagues found purine, zeatin and riboflavin pathways in the plant-bacteria interaction - chemical pathways that support plant growth. (missouri.edu)
- The mechanism of stress-response in plants is highly intricate and requires several integrated pathways to be activated in response to external stresses. (beds.ac.uk)
Cell7
- Cytokinin, known for its role in stimulating cell division, is an important regulator of plant shape and size. (usda.gov)
- Constitutive expression of pathogen-inducible OsWRKY31 enhances disease resistance and affects root growth and auxin response in transgenic rice plants , 2008, Cell Res. (github.io)
- I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
- The Plant Cell 31:1598-1613. (bnl.gov)
- Hormonal control of the plant cell cycle. (ac.ir)
- Plant Cell, 27, 1955-1967. (chinaagrisci.com)
- Cell division is less inhibited by water stress than cell growth. (stationzilla.com)
Interaction1
- In flowering plants, the early interaction between the extremity of the female organ (stigma) and the male gametophyte (pollen grain) acts as a checkpoint for fertilization. (biomedcentral.com)
Constitutive1
- The constitutive expression of ABI5 prevented the growth arrest of ppc2 under low CO2 conditions. (firebaseapp.com)
Endogenous2
- STTM (Short Tandem Target Mimic) is an effective tool to block the activity of endogenous mature miRNA activity in plant. (biomedcentral.com)
- Furthermore, we show that the alterations to protein expression triggered by growth at elevated CO 2 can help rebalance endogenous protein expression and/or increase foreign protein production in chloroplast-engineered tobacco. (biomedcentral.com)
20222
- 2022, Plant J. (github.io)
- 2022. The roles of microRNAs in regulating root formation and growth in plants. (chinaagrisci.com)
Photosynthetic2
- Ontogenetic changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and effects of cytokinins 36: 527-528. (ac.ir)
- Thus, properly defining a role for ABA in a photosynthetic progenitor of land plants where water stress is not normally an issue, the green algae may give valuable insight into its other roles. (nature.com)
Reveal1
- These results highlight a heretofore unknown interplay between cytokinin and JA and reveal a possible new mechanism for the plant growth-defense trade-off. (usda.gov)
Species4
- quiescence, paradormancy) in response to intrinsic and environmental factors in diverse species is linked to enhanced growth of the main shoot and reduced sugar level in the buds. (frontiersin.org)
- One major limitation associated with existing protocols when used on economically important citrus species is likely low plant regeneration frequencies. (springer.com)
- miR159 is a conserved miRNA among different plant species and has various functions in plants. (biomedcentral.com)
- Recognizing the global impacts of traditional fertilizers, Agtuca set out to learn more about bacteria's role in promoting plant growth in grass species. (missouri.edu)
Processes2
- Respiration is how plants convert food into energy for system processes. (stationzilla.com)
- With low water levels reducing a plants' ability to photosynthesize, its system processes slow down, causing reduced or delayed growth, discolored leaves, and flower or fruit drop. (stationzilla.com)
Molecular2
- He then moved to the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Michigan State University where he worked with Christoph Benning as a postdoc on the biochemistry and molecular genetics of plant lipids and the molecular mechanisms of intracellular lipid transport. (bnl.gov)
- Plants use molecular mechanisms to reduce resource use and regulate growth in harsh conditions. (stationzilla.com)
Sciences3
- Beverly Agtuca graduated with her Ph.D. in Plant, Insect and Microbial Sciences in May of 2019. (missouri.edu)
- While many children's career goals change - sometimes more than once - Agtuca held on to her interest in plant science, wrapping up five years of work on her dissertation with a Ph.D. in Plant, Insect and Microbial Sciences last May. (missouri.edu)
- He is a member of the Phycology Section of the German Society for Plant Sciences, DBG , in which the algal researches are organized and who nominate this year an alga of the year for the tenth time this year. (deutsche-botanische-gesellschaft.de)
Important3
- The balance between plant growth and defense is an important decision point for plants to determine where to commit limited resources. (usda.gov)
- Application of appropriate concentration of cytokinin was very important. (ac.ir)
- Our results provide important information for improving our understanding of the genetics of soybean plant height and crop breeding. (genominfo.org)
Bacteria1
- growth-promoting bacteria in a greenhouse. (scirp.org)