• Here, we confirmed that SISTER OF TM3 (STM3), a homolog of Arabidopsis SOC1, is a major positive regulatory factor of tomato inflorescence architecture by map-based cloning. (nature.com)
  • Distinguished from the raceme-type inflorescences of Arabidopsis and panicle-type inflorescences of rice, tomato has a cyme-type inflorescence lacking a main axis, which initiates from a sympodial inflorescence meristem (SIM). (nature.com)
  • Flower and seed development seems to be normal, suggesting that BdLFY regulates the fate of spikelet rather than floral meristem, as it counterpart in Arabidopsis. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • During Arabidopsis embryo development, cotyledon primordia are generated at transition stage from precursor cells that are not derived from the embryonic shoot apical meristem (SAM). (biologists.com)
  • We analyzed gene expression during Arabidopsis thaliana meristem development under long day conditions from day 7 to 16 after germination in one-day increments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we discuss the results of premolecular screens for flower development mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana, carried out at Caltech and Monash University, emphasizing the usefulness of saturation mutagenesis, multiple alleles to identify full loss-of-function, conclusions based on multiple mutant analyses, and from screens for enhancer and suppressor modifiers of original mutant phenotypes. (floraldaily.com)
  • A larger vegetative shoot apical meristem (SAM) often produces more branching inflorescences. (nature.com)
  • 2006 ). LAX1 , encoding a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is expressed in the boundary between the shoot apical meristem and the region of new meristem formation (Komatsu et al. (springeropen.com)
  • The cultivated germplasm has erratic flowering habit and apical dominance, generally producing a single woody stem with 2-3 levels of lateral branching. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • In essence, a flower structure forms on a modified shoot or axis with an apical meristem that does not grow continuously (growth is determinate). (fullgardens.com)
  • Root morphology is divided into four zones: the root cap, the apical meristem , the elongation zone, and the hair. (wikimili.com)
  • The apical meristem behind the root cap produces new root cells that elongate. (wikimili.com)
  • Cytokinins regulate root apical meristem size and promote lateral root elongation. (wikimili.com)
  • While a few important genes for tomato inflorescence-branching development have been identified, the regulatory mechanism underlying inflorescence branching is still unclear. (nature.com)
  • A series of regulatory genes that have received much attention makes major contributions to inflorescence architecture in tomato by changing the inflorescence-branching pattern. (nature.com)
  • During phase transitions, flowering time genes are also important players in regulating inflorescence architecture in tomato. (nature.com)
  • In addition to these promotion-flowering genes, TERMINATING FLOWER ( TMF ) encodes an ALOG family protein and affects inflorescence organization in tomato. (nature.com)
  • To gain insight into the genetic regulation of Brachypodium inflorescence development and architecture, we characterized T-DNA insertional mutants with altered expression of inflorescence genes. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • The results presented here will be helpful to understand the molecular basis of Brachypodium inflorescence development and even to elucidate master genes responsible for the high diversity of inflorescences observed in grasses. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • ChIP-seq was performed using antibodies against SEP3 in wild type and agamous ( ag-1 ) inflorescence tissues, resulting in 4282 and 2828 peaks (binding events) respectively, corresponding to 3475 and 2424 putative target genes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Only a few genes are necessary to confer floral meristem identity. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • These two genes are expressed very early and are in mutual repression with TERMINAL FLOWER 1 ( TFL1 ), a gene that maintains the inflorescence meristem's identity. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Despite extensive studies of specific genes that regulate this process, the global changes in transcript expression profiles at the point when a vegetative meristem transitions into an inflorescence have not been reported. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Analysis of mutants with abnormal flowering time has allowed the identification of genes controlling floral transition [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • The majority of the gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment responses were for membrane-building and ploidy-related processes, consistent with the excessive floral organs and altered cell size observed in the mutant. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genes controlling floral organ identity have been identified through the genetic analysis of homeotic mutants, leading to the ABCDE model, in which five classes of regulatory genes (A, B, C, D and E) work in a combinatorial manner to confer the organ identities of the four whorls [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further demonstrating that expressed CRP genes lack gene body methylation, a CRP4-GFP fusion gene under the control of the constitutive 35 S promoter remains unmethylated in leaves and is transcribed to produce a translatable mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both the genes are responsible for the shortening of inflorescences length. (pakbs.org)
  • STM3 is expressed in both vegetative and reproductive meristematic tissues and in leaf primordia and leaves, indicative of its function in flowering time and inflorescence-branching development. (nature.com)
  • The jointless ( j ) mutant produces indeterminate inflorescences that revert to vegetative growth after the production of two or three flowers 16 , 17 . (nature.com)
  • Similarly, BdPAP2 mutants shows increased branching and a slightly delay in transition from vegetative to inflorescence meristem. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Grasses produce florets on a structure called a spikelet, and variation in the number and arrangement of both branches and spikelets contributes to the great diversity of grass inflorescence architecture. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • In Brachypodium, the inflorescence is an unbranched spiciform raceme with a terminal spikelet and a limited number of lateral spikelets. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • This gene controls the activity of the spike and floret meristems and thus the number of spikelet and kernels per spike. (eurekalert.org)
  • Grass inflorescence meristems (IM) produce a unique structure, spikelet meristems (SM) that then produce floral meristems (FM), flowers, and seeds. (cerealstemcells.de)
  • The plant researchers have identified two barley mutants named "intermedium-m" and "double seed 1", which form a wheat-like spike with a terminal floret that consumes the spike meristem thereby reducing the number of lateral spikelets per spike. (eurekalert.org)
  • The ability of spike meristem to form lateral spikelets thus remains intact. (eurekalert.org)
  • The floral meristem emerges as a lateral outgrowth from the periphery of the inflorescence meristem. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The ABC produces four structures (proximal to distal, relative to the subtending leaf) as the result of two successive subdivisions: an inflorescence of staminate flowers, a solitary pistillate flower, a lateral bud, and a tendril. (wiley.com)
  • The pistillate flower apparently forms between the staminate inflorescence and the lateral bud. (wiley.com)
  • Mutation of FUL1 could partially restore inflorescence-branching phenotypes caused by high STM3 expression in ST024. (nature.com)
  • Inflorescence architecture controls flower and hence seed production and is largely defined by meristem identity and determinacy decisions. (cerealstemcells.de)
  • Here, we use the mutants of three transcription factors, CENTRORADIALIS (CEN), INTERMEDIUM-M/DOUBLE SEED 1 (INT-M/DUB1), and FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) control IM and SM/FM determinacy and identity transitions. (cerealstemcells.de)
  • image: Early stage of development of the spike in an 'intermedium-m (int-m)' mutant in barley. (eurekalert.org)
  • The closely related cool-season cereals, barley and wheat, produce variable and defined number of spikelets on their spikes, respectively. (eurekalert.org)
  • This may allow barley, wheat and other cereals to be modified to produce a higher grain yield. (eurekalert.org)
  • How the establishment, maintenance, and termination of these different meristems within the inflorescence are genetically controlled in the temperate cereal barley is not well understood. (cerealstemcells.de)
  • The ultimate goal is to identify molecular networks that specifically control the fate of the different barley meristems, IM and SM/FM. (cerealstemcells.de)
  • COMPOSITUM 1 (COM1) contributes to the architectural simplification of barley inflorescence via cell wall-mediated and meristem identity signals. (u-psud.fr)
  • To accomplish this goal, the authors used an agamous loss-of-function mutant, which fails to produce stamens and carpels and instead produces an indeterminate set of sepals and petals. (frontiersin.org)
  • The INT-M/DUB1 gene maintains meristem identity and suppresses meristem differentiation. (eurekalert.org)
  • Integrated mRNA and miRNA profiling data provided comprehensive gene expression information on the wild-type and multi-tepal mutant at the transcriptional level that could facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of floral patterning of C. goeringii . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two mutant alleles of LAX1, lax1-6, and lax1-3 , were identified in rice ( Oryza sativa L. subsp. (springeropen.com)
  • Since the identification of BRI1 (BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1), a brassinosteroids (BRs) receptor, most of the critical roles of BR in plant development have been assessed using various bri1 mutant alleles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In comparison, the exact function of the leucine rich-repeats (LRR) region located before the 70-amino acid island domain in the extracellular cellular portion of BRI1 has not yet been described, due to a lack of specific mutant alleles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In plants, the "meristem" refers to a type of tissue comprising undifferentiated cells from which various other plant organs can develop through cell division and differentiation. (eurekalert.org)
  • These occurrences formed targets for cloning that eventually helped lead to an understanding of transcriptional control of the identity of floral organs and flower meristems, signaling within meristems, and the role of auxin in initiating floral organogenesis. (floraldaily.com)
  • The pollen (male spores) and ovules (female spores) are produced in different organs, but the typical flower is a bisporangiate strobilus in that it contains both organs. (fullgardens.com)
  • Prof. Dr. Maria von Korff Schmising, Head of the HHU Institute for Plant Genetics, about possible applications of the research findings: "These key regulators can be used to extend meristem activities. (eurekalert.org)
  • Another challenge will be to find out where IDA is produced in the plant and what causes it to accumulate in specific places in preparation for organ shedding. (elifesciences.org)
  • The grouping of flowers on a plant are called the inflorescence. (fullgardens.com)
  • Normally, the growing point (meristem) of a plant grows upward in a more or less cylindrical fashion, but occasionally, it begins to proliferate abnormally, growing horizontally and forming, in some cases, a ribbonlike shape, in others, a zigzag type of growth. (laidbackgardener.blog)
  • The cockscomb celosia is the only commercially available plant that I know of that is produced by seed. (laidbackgardener.blog)
  • Ideally, each inflorescence on the plant would be fasciated or, if not, each plant produced should faithfully show at least one very obvious fasciation every year. (laidbackgardener.blog)
  • [4] The first root in seed producing plants is the radicle , which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination. (wikimili.com)
  • Higher plants exhibit various inflorescence architectures progressing in complexity from a solitary flower to complex structures that contain multiple branches and flowers. (nature.com)
  • Stage 1 is the formation of a bump at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem, stage 2 begin at when a border appears between the meristem and the developing flower. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds. (fullgardens.com)
  • When one flower is produced, the stem holding the flower is called a peduncle. (fullgardens.com)
  • In addition, FALSIFLORA ( FA ), the tomato ortholog LEAFY , controls flowering time and floral meristem identity. (nature.com)
  • Our findings provide insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying inflorescence development in tomato. (nature.com)
  • Six Hydrazine induced polygenic mutants in filed bean were isolated from M2 generation and their breeding behavior was studied in M3 generation by estimating genetic parameters for quantitative characters. (pakbs.org)
  • We also produced bri1-301 mutants that were wild type in appearance by performing a genetic cross between bri1-301 and bri1-120 plants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The respective csp41b-2prin2.2 homo/heterozygote double mutants produced abnormal white colored ovules and shrunken seeds. (frontiersin.org)
  • We await the development of an engineered enzyme that can produce cvxIAA in vivo so that the system will not need to rely on any external additions! (garnetcommunity.org.uk)
  • Then one finds six stamens which produce the pollen, and in the fourth whorl, the gynoecium, composed of two carpels which produce ovules. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • The next step following on from this work is to understand what signals are produced when IDA activates HAESA. (elifesciences.org)
  • Androecium (from Greek andros oikia: man's house): one or two whorls of stamens, each a filament topped by an anther where pollen is produced. (fullgardens.com)
  • One outcome was a series of mutants that led to the ABC floral organ identity model (AP1, AP2, AP3, PI, and AG). (floraldaily.com)
  • Different tomato varieties require distinct inflorescence-branching structures to enhance productivity. (nature.com)
  • Among the mutants showing altered growth patterns compared to wild type, we further characterized cp3 , which displayed defective growth and reduced BR sensitivity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Selection for favorable inflorescence architecture to improve yield is one of the crucial targets in crop breeding. (nature.com)
  • Yield is normally defined as the measurable produce of economic value from a crop. (allindianpatents.com)
  • Among them, FRUITFULL1 ( FUL1 ) is downregulated in stm3cr mutants, and its promoter is bound by STM3 by ChIP-qPCR analysis. (nature.com)
  • A stronger delayed in flowering time was observed in BdRCN mutants, since the transitional state in this mutants correspond to completely developed flowers in wild type plants. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Compared to wild type, BdLFY mutants develop more spikelets supported by shorter internodes. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Cassava is monoecious and predominantly outcrossing is mediated by protogyny which leads to high degree of heterozygosity in plants and among populations produced from botanical seed. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Flowering plants are heterosporangiate, producing two types of reproductive spores. (fullgardens.com)
  • Disease free plants are produced through micro propagation technique 7. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • transgenic plants can be produced with the availability of standardised tissue culture technique 8. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • Plants produced through tissue culture have uniform flowering and maturity 14. (pdfcoffee.com)
  • The green colour shows the meristem of the glume, which surrounds a terminal floret. (eurekalert.org)
  • When the display terminal does not operate, the screen of the display terminal tends to be black and will not produce glare due to less reflected light. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 (CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. (u-psud.fr)