FibersFibreVertebratesSynapticFilamentsNeuromuscularPhysiologyContractileIsometricEnergeticsTENDONSProteinVelocityFiberWeaknessTetanusTissueInitiateNeuralMechanicalImpulsesSarcomeresDrugsSingleEnzymeNervousNucleiQuadratusRegenerationProcessVoluntaryPhysiologicalMetabolismFlexorSmoothMovementCellsStrongFunctionImportantPropertiesElectricalRolesMotorForceGenesStudiesRoleExperimentsLargeImmediately
Fibers7
- Slow and quick twitch muscle fibers have different contractile properties, which is why they're classified as "slow" or "fast" twitch, respectively. (rxcostore.com)
- A single motor neuron is prepared to innervate multiple muscle fibers, thereby causing the fibers to contract on the similar time. (rxcostore.com)
- Thus, we investigated the force output and work produced by single skinned fibers of rat soleus muscles during and after ramp contractions at a constant velocity. (frontiersin.org)
- One is, how, and to what extent, does the nervous system control protein expression in skeletal muscle fibers? (ucla.edu)
- Whole muscle, single motor units and single muscle fibers are studied physiologically and biochemically. (ucla.edu)
- Here, we investigated mechanisms by which aging-related reductions of the levels of Numb in skeletal muscle fibers contribute to loss of muscle strength and power, two critical features of sarcopenia. (bvsalud.org)
- Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (lookformedical.com)
Fibre7
- A neuro-muscular junction is a chemical synapse formed at the intersection of a motor neuron and a muscle fibre. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
- It is the site in which a motor neuron transmits a signal to a muscle fibre to initiate muscle contraction. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
- The sequence of events that results in the depolarization of the muscle fibre at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential is initiated in the cell body of a motor neuron. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
- The Ca 2+ influx causes synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft between the motor neuron terminal and the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle fibre. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
- The motor nerve fibres reach the muscle fibres at sites called motor end plates, which are located roughly in the middle of each muscle fibre and store vesicles of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (this meeting of nerve and muscle fibres is known as the neuromuscular junction ). (britannica.com)
- Acetylcholine binding causes ion channels to open and allows a local influx of positively charged ions into the muscle fibre, ultimately causing the muscle to contract. (britannica.com)
- Because this mechanism is relatively insensitive to drug action, the most important group of drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction act on (1) acetylcholine release, (2) acetylcholine receptors, or (3) the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (which normally inactivates acetylcholine to terminate muscle fibre contraction). (britannica.com)
Vertebrates3
- In mammals and many higher vertebrates, each muscle fiber typically has a single synaptic site innervated by a single motor axon branch. (intechopen.com)
- In vertebrates, skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require synaptic input from motor neurons. (rxcostore.com)
- In vertebrates, skeletal muscle contractions are neurogenic as they require a synaptic input from motor neurons to produce muscle contractions. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
Synaptic1
- Skeletal muscle contraction begins at the synaptic cleft. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
Filaments4
- The region at which thick and thin filaments overlap has a dense look, as there's little area between the filaments. (rxcostore.com)
- Once innervated, the protein filaments inside every skeletal muscle fiber slide past when no weapons are at hand osrs one another to provide a contraction, which is defined by the sliding filament theory. (rxcostore.com)
- Yeast actin filaments display ATP-dependent sliding movement over surfaces coated with rabbit muscle myosin. (yourdictionary.com)
- Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. (lookformedical.com)
Neuromuscular2
- Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the functional contact (synapse) between an axon of motor neuron and muscle fiber. (intechopen.com)
- So, according to numerous studies, not only ACh (which by the way does not always lead to a contraction of the muscle fiber) is released in the vertebrate neuromuscular synapse, but also a number of other synaptically active molecules. (intechopen.com)
Physiology1
- However, its contribution in striated muscle physiology is poorly described. (bvsalud.org)
Contractile4
- The contractile mechanism of skeletal muscles entails the binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors on the membranes of muscle fibres. (britannica.com)
- In vivo studies during different flight modes revealed variation in strain profile, activation timing and duration, and contractile cycle frequency of the humerotriceps, suggesting that this muscle may alter wing shape in diverse ways. (biologists.com)
- To examine the multifunction potential of the humerotriceps, we developed an in situ work loop approach to measure how activation duration and contractile cycle frequency affected muscle work and power across the full range of activation onset times. (biologists.com)
- These findings indicate that Septin 7 is a Numb binding partner and suggest that interactions between Numb and Septin 7 are critical for structural organization of the sarcomere and muscle contractile function. (bvsalud.org)
Isometric3
- Energy liberation and chemical change in frog skeletal muscle during single isometric tetanic contractions. (rupress.org)
- Recent data obtained from Rana temporaria sartorius muscles during an isometric tetanus indicate that the time-course of phosphocreatine (PC) splitting cannot account for the total energy (heat + work) liberation (Gilbert et al. (rupress.org)
- The force-velocity relationship was the traditional Hill curve hyperbola, but deviated from the hyperbolic shape in the region of maximum contraction force close to the isometric contraction. (biologists.com)
Energetics2
- As this conclusion is important to an understanding of the chemical energetics of contraction, similar experments were performed on unpoisoned, oxygenated Rana pipiens sartorius muscles. (rupress.org)
- Adding power to workouts, working toward greater flexibility, and getting speedier while running is also, as they say, all in the hips The effect of walking speed on muscle function and mechanical energetics. (unlockhipflexor.com)
TENDONS2
- A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. (lookformedical.com)
- Bursitis is inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs, called bursa, that cushion areas of pressure between joints, muscles, and tendons. (unlockhipflexor.com)
Protein2
- A small amount is also found in the muscle protein myoglobin. (yourdictionary.com)
- The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. (lookformedical.com)
Velocity2
- Shortening, lengthening, and SSCs were performed under physiological boundary conditions with 85% of the maximum shortening velocity and stretch-shortening magnitudes of 18% of the optimum muscle length. (frontiersin.org)
- Maximum contraction velocity showed a similar relationship. (biologists.com)
Fiber6
- It is generally accepted to consider this contact only as a specialized morpho-functional structure, where chemical transmission (via release of the acetylcholine (ACh)) of electrical signal from motor neuron to muscle fiber occurs, ultimately causing the muscle to contract. (intechopen.com)
- And these molecules can be released from both nerve terminal (anterograde signal), and from muscle fiber (retrograde signal). (intechopen.com)
- Muscle fiber kind is determined by the number of mitochondria within the muscle cell. (rxcostore.com)
- The cross-sectional space, the size of the muscle fiber at relaxation, and the frequency of neural stimulation. (rxcostore.com)
- Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) is an ion channelopathy of skeletal muscle characterized by attacks of muscle weakness associated with low serum K + . HypoPP results from a transient failure of muscle fiber excitability. (jci.org)
- The results show also that the neural influence that is associated with muscle fiber types is probably not mediated via the amount or pattern of activity of the motor units. (ucla.edu)
Weakness3
- In terms of biological activity, its mechanism mimics that of some commonly used carbamate insecticides , and some medicines used to treat such diverse conditions as muscle weakness, glaucoma and delayed gastric emptying. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
- Robbin's text on pathology also contains sections on mitochondrial myopathy, stating that this kind of muscle wasting results in severe weakness. (yourdictionary.com)
- Weakened hip flexors can also increase the risk of foot, ankle, and knee injuries (especially among runners) Hip muscle weakness and overuse injuries in recreational runners. (unlockhipflexor.com)
Tetanus1
- The contraction produced could be described as a twitch, summation, or tetanus, depending on the frequency of motion potentials. (rxcostore.com)
Tissue5
- Muscle tissue can be divided functionally and morphologically ( striated or non-striated). (rxcostore.com)
- Skeletal muscle tissue have calcium saved and don't need any from the skin. (rxcostore.com)
- In our experiments we also study cell and tissue properties (nerve and muscle) that are important in generating the behavioral characteristics observed. (ucla.edu)
- A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. (lookformedical.com)
- The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels. (lookformedical.com)
Initiate1
- Most prostaglandins cause uterine contraction, and they are sometimes administered to initiate labour . (britannica.com)
Neural4
- Depending on their contraction dynamics, muscles can respond to different temporal components of their neural inputs (e.g. (biologists.com)
- Understanding of how nervous systems generate motor behaviours requires investigation of muscle properties as well as neural activity. (biologists.com)
- For organisms in which the neural component is already quite well understood, detailed investigation of muscles will allow a better characterisation of the roles that neural and muscular properties play in movement generation. (biologists.com)
- These analyses consist of enzyme activities of single muscle or neural cells, cell morphology, the kinds of proteins synthesized, the modulations of the mRNA's of specific myonuclei as well as the physiological properties of the nerve and muscle cells. (ucla.edu)
Mechanical3
- i ) partial detachment of XBs during the eccentric phase of a SSC, ( ii ) significantly enhanced forces and mechanical work during the concentric phase of SSCs compared with shortening contractions with and without XB-inhibition, and ( iii ) no residual force depression after SSCs. (frontiersin.org)
- Residual force depression (rFD) following active muscle shortening and residual force enhancement (rFE) following active muscle stretch ( Abbott and Aubert, 1952 ) are fundamentally accepted mechanical properties of skeletal muscle ( Rassier, 2017 ). (frontiersin.org)
- In these systems the mechanical arrangement and activation of muscles can make synergistic muscles perform different roles. (biologists.com)
Impulses3
- In a healthy nervous system , nerve cells carry information by sending electro-chemical impulses to the muscles and organs via neurotransmitters. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
- Smooth muscle , which is found primarily in the internal body organs and undergoes involuntary, often rhythmic contractions that are not dependent on outside nerve impulses, generally shows a broad sensitivity to drugs relative to striated muscle. (britannica.com)
- Skeletal muscle contracts in response to electrical impulses that are conducted along motor nerve fibres originating in the brain or the spinal cord . (britannica.com)
Sarcomeres1
- Moreover, it is assumed that a significant contribution to enhanced muscle capability lies in the sarcomeres itself. (frontiersin.org)
Drugs2
- Most of the drugs that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction do so by regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium , which is involved in initiating the process of contraction. (britannica.com)
- Drugs such as adrenoceptor agonists, muscarinic agonists, nitrates, and calcium channel blockers all affect smooth muscle. (britannica.com)
Single5
- After CPA treatment, however, this new bi-exponential model showed an obvious statistical superiority for kinetic analysis of the muscle relaxation process, and it gave the estimated rest tension consistent to that by experimentation, whereas both the classical bi-exponential model and the single exponential model gave biased rest tension s. (zju.edu.cn)
- Moreover, after the treatment of muscles by CPA, both the single exponential model and the classical bi-exponential model yielded lowered relaxation rates, nevertheless, this new bi-exponential model had relaxation rates of negligible changes except much higher rest tension s. (zju.edu.cn)
- Not a single muscle of his face--which in those days was still thin--moved. (yourdictionary.com)
- The Pseudolamellibranchia included the oyster, scallop and their allies which formerly constituted the order Monomyaria, having only a single large adductor muscle or in addition a very small anterior adductor. (yourdictionary.com)
- Large, multinucleate single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of SKELETAL MUSCLE. (lookformedical.com)
Enzyme1
- Neurotransmitters bind with a receptor and send an impulse to the muscle before being broken down by an enzyme, thereby stopping the process. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
Nervous1
- Even at very low concentrations, sarin attacks the nervous system by interfering with the electrochemical signals between the central nervous system and muscle fibres. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
Nuclei1
- Morphologically skeletal myocytes are elongated and tubular and seem striated with a number of peripheral nuclei. (rxcostore.com)
Quadratus2
- One, the quadratus or bursalis muscle , arises from the hinder surface of the eyeball, and forms with its narrow margin, which is directed towards the optic nerve, a pulley for the long tendon of the pyramidalis muscle . (yourdictionary.com)
- Muscles forming the ABDOMINAL WALL including RECTUS ABDOMINIS, external and internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominis, and quadratus abdominis. (lookformedical.com)
Regeneration3
- Muscle regeneration was studied in a Sept7 conditional knock-down mouse model to prove the possible role of septin7 in this process. (bvsalud.org)
- Sterile inflammation in skeletal muscle was induced which was followed by regeneration resulting in the upregulation of septin7 expression. (bvsalud.org)
- Taken together, our data suggest that partial knock-down of Sept7 hinders the kinetics of muscle regeneration, indicating its crucial role in skeletal muscle functions. (bvsalud.org)
Process1
- Both the goodness of fit and the distribution of the residuals for the best fitting supported the comparable validity of this new bi-exponential model for kinetic analysis of the relaxation process of the control muscles. (zju.edu.cn)
Voluntary2
- Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, although this might be subconscious when maintaining posture or balance. (rxcostore.com)
- They are also called voluntary muscles. (lookformedical.com)
Physiological1
- Active muscle properties were measured with simultaneous activation (up to 200 pulses s -1 ) of all three motoneurons innervating the extensor tibiae, because this reflects most closely physiological muscle activation during leg swing. (biologists.com)
Metabolism1
- metabolism was rapidly arrested by freezing the muscles with a specially designed hammer apparatus, and the frozen muscles were chemically analyzed. (rupress.org)
Flexor1
- Tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle sending a strong vinculum to that of the flexor profundus muscle , the tendon of which goes to the third toe only. (yourdictionary.com)
Smooth3
- Hormones can also influence smooth muscle function. (britannica.com)
- Among their most important sites of action are bronchial and uterine smooth muscle. (britannica.com)
- She'd run her hands over his perfect body, marveling at the smooth skin stretched over solid muscle . (yourdictionary.com)
Movement2
- Muscle contractions underlie movement: Contractions of skeletal muscles allow vertebrate animals such as this European tree frog ( Hyla arborea ) to move. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
- Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. (lookformedical.com)
Cells1
- beneath this is a basement membrane, and then a layer of longitudinal muscle fibres which are limited inside by a layer of peritoneal cells. (yourdictionary.com)
Strong2
- Its main use is to promote a strong uterine contraction immediately after labour, thus reducing the likelihood of bleeding. (britannica.com)
- A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. (lookformedical.com)
Function2
- Mutations of Na V 1.4 give rise to a heterogeneous group of muscle disorders, with gain-of-function defects causing myotonia or hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. (jci.org)
- This is particularly important in complex motor systems that function via the concerted action of multiple muscle groups, e.g. for terrestrial locomotion. (biologists.com)
Important2
- This combination of eccentric and concentric contractions is the most important type of daily muscle action and plays a significant role in natural locomotion such as walking, running or jumping. (frontiersin.org)
- But despite being some of the most powerful muscles in our bodies (with a clearly important role), it's easy to neglect our poor hip flexors- often without even knowing it. (unlockhipflexor.com)
Properties2
- We investigated the properties of the extensor tibiae muscle of the stick insect ( Carausius morosus ) middle leg. (biologists.com)
- This precise motor action is determined by the active and passive biomechanical properties of the muscles. (biologists.com)
Electrical4
- In 1780, Luigi Galvani found that the muscles of useless frogs' legs twitched when struck by an electrical spark. (rxcostore.com)
- Galvani was the first to record the electrical activity of muscles, which he encountered during a dissection of skeletal muscles. (aedsuperstore.com)
- The next discovery occurred in 1842 when Dr. Carlo Matteucci of the University of Pisa showed that every heartbeat of a frog coincided with an electrical current. (aedsuperstore.com)
- Through his electrocardiogram, Waller showed that electrical activity actually occurred before ventricular contraction. (aedsuperstore.com)
Roles1
- Anatomical organization of intrinsic wing muscles suggests specific roles for the different motor elements in wing shape modulation, but testing these hypothesized functions requires challenging measurements of muscle activation and strain patterns, and force dynamics. (biologists.com)
Motor2
- When animals move, a neurally generated motor output activates the musculo-skeletal system. (biologists.com)
- In the cockroach, for example, one of the two leg extensor muscles acts as a motor and the other as a brake ( Ahn and Full, 2002 ). (biologists.com)
Force2
- A key feature of SSCs is the increase in muscular force and work during the concentric phase of a SSC by more than 50% compared with concentric muscle actions without prior stretch (SSC-effect). (frontiersin.org)
- Resting extensor tibiae muscle passive tonic force increased from 2 to 5 mN in the maximum femur-tibia (FT)-joint working range when stretched by ramps. (biologists.com)
Genes1
- Meanwhile, tests for genes that point to other muscle diseases help doctors avoid wrongly diagnosing myositis, " he said. (yourdictionary.com)
Studies1
- Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. (lookformedical.com)
Role1
- On the contrary, SSCs - eccentric muscle action immediately followed by concentric muscle action - play a significant role in natural locomotion. (frontiersin.org)
Experiments1
- Step-like changes in muscle length induced by loaded release experiments characterised the non-linear series elasticity as a quadratic spring. (biologists.com)
Large2
- He was one large muscle with a direct gaze that made her overly self-conscious. (yourdictionary.com)
- With large, brown eyes and dark hair, she was toned and tall, a model's body with an extra layer of muscle . (yourdictionary.com)
Immediately1
- Stretch-shortening cycles (SSCs) refer to the muscle action when an active muscle stretch is immediately followed by active muscle shortening. (frontiersin.org)