Muscle showed synaptic neuromuscular junction. Medical search. Frequent questions

It is an autoimmune disorder, in which weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, [1] inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (doctorbhatia.com)
Analysis of neuromuscular biopsies from three unrelated individuals demonstrates that the maintenance of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) is dramatically impaired with loss of post-synaptic junctional folds and evidence of denervation-reinnervation processes affecting the three main NMJ components. (nih.gov)
outlined in 4 help define post-synaptic mechanisms in both AChR and MuSK antibody forms of the disease but models are required to study the effects of the antibodies around the Maraviroc electrophysiology of neuromuscular transmission. (healthweeks.com)
Botulinum toxin, which blocks transmission at the neuromuscular junction but not by action on the post-synaptic receptor was shown to act at a presynaptic site that irreversibly prevented the release of acetylcholine. (royalsociety.org)
Post synaptic membrane is used to receive the nerve impulses and consists of neuroreceptors. (healthsurgical.com)
There is also a very thick post synaptic membrane which has receptors that bind chemical substances which transmit the signal from pre synaptic membrane. (healthsurgical.com)

Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)
he highly folded sarcolemma that faces the synaptic cleft. (freezingblue.com)
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to the motor end plate of the muscle fiber. (freezingblue.com)
The visuals above show the description of how the Botulinum Toxin Type A works inside of the synaptic cleft. (ukessays.com)
There is a small gap between these membranes called synaptic cleft. (healthsurgical.com)
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind briefly to specific receptors on the adjoining neuron or effector cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Membrane fusion generates an opening through which the molecules are expelled into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis. (msdmanuals.com)

This research project culminated in 1993 with the isolation of the ARIA (acetylcholine receptor inducing activity) protein, which is a member of the neuregulin family and is responsible for stimulating the production of acetylcholine receptors in postsynaptic muscle tissue. (wikipedia.org)
During his years as an associate professor, he researched the development of precursor muscle cells, specifically the development of acetylcholine receptors on embryonic chick pectoral muscles. (wikipedia.org)
Others lead to the destruction of receptors, either by complement fixation or by inducing the muscle cell to eliminate the receptors through endocytosis. (doctorbhatia.com)
The autoimmune attack occurs when autoantibodies form against the nicotinic acetylcholine postsynaptic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Detailed analysis, however, revealed that the density of acetylcholine receptors and the number of junctional folds were reduced at the neuromuscular junctions in utrophin- deficient skeletal muscle. (wustl.edu)
In a healthy neuromuscular synapse, nerve endings and their receptors on muscle fibers are almost a perfect match, like two hands placed together, finger to finger, palm to palm. (harvard.edu)
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a relatively rare autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against acetylcholine nicotinic postsynaptic receptors at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles (see the image below). (medscape.com)
However, pirenzepine, a newly synthesised antagonist , showed diversity of binding by M-type receptors in different tissues. (royalsociety.org)
The use of molecular kinetics and NMR to study fine details of receptor activity showed the presence of fast interconversion of different states of receptors, in for example, the important drug target enzymes, carbonic anhydrase and dihydrofolate reductase including the presence of short lived intermediate states. (royalsociety.org)

When the nerve is usually electrically stimulated neuromuscular transmission can be detected as a brief rise in membrane potential called the endplate potential (EPP 5 Spontaneous miniature EPPs (mEPPs) which are much smaller in amplitude than the (evoked) EPP provide a measure of the response of the postsynaptic AChRs to release of a single synaptic vesicle-load (quantum) of acetylcholine. (healthweeks.com)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a relatively rare acquired, autoimmune disorder caused by an antibody-mediated blockade of neuromuscular transmission resulting in skeletal muscle weakness and rapid muscle fatigue. (medscape.com)
With neuro-muscular junction immune related inflammation (myasthenia gravis), clinical expression is mainly characterized by generalized weakness although more focal forms exist (oesophagus, ocular muscle). (vin.com)
Anti-acethyl choline receptor measurement is the most sensitive test to diagnose an immune response directed against the posts synaptic neuro-muscular junction (myasthenia gravis). (vin.com)
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease from the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) due to antibodies that assault Maraviroc the different parts of the postsynaptic membrane impair neuromuscular transmitting and result in weakness and exhaustion of skeletal muscle tissue. (healthweeks.com)
Myasthenia gravis remains a paradigm for autoantibody-mediated conditions and these observations show how much there is still to learn about synaptic function and pathological mechanisms. (healthweeks.com)
Vertical diplopia (images displaced vertically) can be due to involvement of extraocular muscles, neuromuscular junction (e.g., myasthenia gravis), or cranial nerves (e.g. (eyewiki.org)
Overexpression of rapsyn in rat muscle increases acetylcholine receptor levels in chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. (ox.ac.uk)
The primary autoantigen in myasthenia gravis, the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), is clustered and anchored in the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction by rapsyn. (ox.ac.uk)
Previously, we found that overexpression of rapsyn by cDNA transfection protects AChRs in rat muscles from antibody-mediated loss in passive transfer experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). (ox.ac.uk)

That is greatest illustrated by the forming of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ).1 During embryonic advancement, motoneuron processes speak to muscle mass materials and induce the forming of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters in the nerveC muscle mass get in touch with (26). (sciencepop.org)

Moreover, molecular analyses of the human muscle biopsies confirm glycosylation defects of proteins with reduced O-glycosylation and show reduced sialylation of transmembrane proteins in extra-junctional area. (nih.gov)

The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a tripartite synapse comprised of an α-motor neuron (the presynapse), extrafusal muscle fiber (the postsynapse), and specialized synaptic glia called perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) or terminal Schwann cells. (elifesciences.org)
Despite these subtle derangements, the overall structure of the mutant synapse was qualitatively normal, and the specialized characteristics of the dystrophin-associated protein complex were preserved at the mutant neuromuscular junction. (wustl.edu)
MuSK antibodies are predominantly IgG4 and cause disassembly of the neuromuscular junction by disrupting the physiological Maraviroc function of MuSK in synapse maintenance and adaptation. (healthweeks.com)
The molecular control of Synaptic Growth The synapse of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is composed of a series of varicosities (the synaptic boutons) that contain the presynaptic machinery and oppose the muscle cell. (upr.edu)
I showed that this molecule scaffolds the endocytic machinery at the synapse and also regulates synaptic growth. (upr.edu)
The connection between autonomic fibers and target effectors is not the same as the typical synapse, such as the neuromuscular junction. (usk.ac.id)
A synapse refers to the space between the skeletal muscle cell and motor neuron. (healthsurgical.com)
Neuromuscular junction is a type of synapse or connection between the skeletal muscle and motor neuron that acts like a bridge to transmit signals. (healthsurgical.com)
A neuron generates and propagates an action potential along its axon, then transmits this signal across a synapse by releasing neurotransmitters, which trigger a reaction in another neuron or an effector cell (eg, muscle cells, most exocrine and endocrine cells). (msdmanuals.com)

At the ultrastructural level, most endplates in rapsyn-treated chronic EAMG muscles showed increased damage to the postsynaptic membrane. (ox.ac.uk)

Much of Fischbach's research concentrated on the mechanisms controlling action potentials and synapses, from which he pioneered the use of neuron and muscle cell culture to study neuromuscular junctions. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of intoxicated terminals within the FN shows that BoNT/A is transcytosed preferentially into cholinergic synapses. (jneurosci.org)
The neurons communicate through approximately 6400 chemical synapses, 900 gap junctions, and 1500 neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). (wormatlas.org)
Instead, they were investigating a hypothesis that Perlecan might help organize some of the protein components in synapses that fly nerves develop to connect with muscles. (neurosciencenews.com)
Using a newly generated transgenic mouse in which PSCs are specifically labeled, we show that PSCs have a unique molecular signature that includes genes known to play critical roles in PSCs and synapses. (elifesciences.org)
As people age, however, the neuromuscular synapses can deteriorate in several ways. (harvard.edu)
Though much of the work in the Sanes and Lichtman labs focuses on understanding synapses in the brain, both scientists have investigated neuromuscular synapses for many years because they are far easier to study than brain synapses. (harvard.edu)

The synaptic structure, but extends to the regulation of the morphology and function of the presynaptic cells. (itatouch.com)
The junction comprises of two membranes called post and presynaptic membranes. (healthsurgical.com)

Parathion, like all organophosphate pesticides, inhibits acetylcholinesterase and alters cholinergic synaptic transmission at neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic effects), at skeletal myoneural junctions and autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects), and in the CNS. (cdc.gov)

Acetylcholinesterase (ACNE) density at the neuromuscular junction of frog cutaneous pectoris muscle was determined by electron microscope autoradiography and biochemistry to be t600 sites μm -2 of postsynaptic area,t4-fold lower than all previous reports (mouse), whereas the hydrolytic turnover number was 9,500 s -1 , well within the range (2,000-16,000 s -1 ) for ACNE from other species. (huji.ac.il)
Salbutamol enhances neuromuscular junction synaptic structure by counteracting the detrimental effects of long-term acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction. (ox.ac.uk)

Mutations in GFPT1 (glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1), a gene encoding an enzyme involved in glycosylation of ubiquitous proteins, cause a limb-girdle congenital myasthenic syndrome (LG-CMS) with tubular aggregates (TAs) characterized predominantly by affection of the proximal skeletal muscles and presence of highly organized and remodeled sarcoplasmic tubules in patients' muscle biopsies. (nih.gov)
When a signal passes through this space, the motor neuron stimulates skeletal muscles to contract. (healthsurgical.com)
This is an autoimmune disease that causes skeletal muscles to become weak. (healthsurgical.com)

In most cases, the first noticeable symptom is weakness of the eye muscles. (doctorbhatia.com)
The degree of muscle weakness involved in MG varies greatly among patients, ranging from a localized form, limited to eye muscles (ocular myasthenia), to a severe or generalized form in which many muscles - sometimes including those that control breathing - are affected. (doctorbhatia.com)
With polymyositis, weakness, reluctancy to move and muscle pain are the main clinical signs. (vin.com)
This becomes clinically evident as fatigue and muscle weakness. (healthweeks.com)
ALS causes the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. (dutchnews.nl)
Acetylcholine receptor deficiency is the most common form of the congenital myasthenic syndromes, a heterogeneous collection of genetic disorders of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatiguable muscle weakness. (ox.ac.uk)
Over the next 3 hours he developed weakness of the neck flexors and respiratory muscle weakness. (hindawi.com)
The most common symptom of this disorder is muscle weakness which affects your ability to move. (healthsurgical.com)

A microelectrode can be used to record the membrane electrical potential of the muscle fibre near the NMJ. (healthweeks.com)
Rapsyn overexpression resulted in an increase in total muscle membrane AChR levels, with some AChR at neuromuscular junctions but much of it in extrasynaptic membrane regions. (ox.ac.uk)

This loss of activity can result in wasting and eventually even death of muscle fibers. (harvard.edu)
The motor neuron terminates at many muscle fibers. (freezingblue.com)
Muscles contain the synaptic connection between lower motor neurons and muscle fibers, i.e., the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as well as specialized sensory nerve endings (e.g., muscle spindles). (frontiersin.org)
Motor neuron arises from the spinal cord and communicates nervous energy to arouse skeletal muscle fibers. (healthsurgical.com)

BoNT/A acts by cleaving synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) at the neuromuscular junction, thus blocking synaptic transmission and weakening overactive muscles. (jneurosci.org)
The goal here is to have the public and interested parties participate in data analysis of synaptic transmission which will help answer related research questions. (studylib.net)
AChR antibodies are typically of the immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgG3 (human) subclasses can lead to complement-mediated attack and being able to bind divalently to adjacent AChRs around the muscle surface can also increase the rate of AChR internalisation (for a review of the earlier history of MG research see 2 The resulting loss of AChRs at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) impairs neuromuscular transmission (see Physique 1). (healthweeks.com)
Assessing neuromuscular transmission. (healthweeks.com)
Sanes said the intersections between the nerves and muscles can go from a continuous network that looks like a pretzel to one that resembles a bunch of beads - broken into discontinuous individual lumps, interfering with transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles. (harvard.edu)
Coincidently we used a disease model to mirror the treatment of acetylcholine receptor deficiency, and demonstrate improved muscle fatigue, improved neuromuscular transmission and improved synaptic structure resulting from the addition of the β2-adrenergic agonist salbutamol to the anticholinesterase medication pyridostigmine. (ox.ac.uk)
Through the transmission of the nerve, muscle is contracted by receiving signal from neurotransmitter. (ukessays.com)
BoNT hinders neural transmission by stalling the release of acetylcholine at the neural endplate and inhibits muscle contraction. (researchsquare.com)

Fischbach used this technique to reconstruct neuromuscular junctions from dissociated spinal cord and muscle cells from chick embryos to show that functional synaptic connections reformed and were capable of sending spontaneous or induced action potentials. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic reflexes, for instance, involve a direct connection from the ventral horn of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle. (usk.ac.id)
ALS is disease of selective motor neuronal loss in the brain and spinal cord for voluntary muscles with median age of symptoms starting at 55. (mitochonpharma.com)
Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)

Monte Carlo computer simulations of miniature endplate currents showed that for vertebrate neuromuscular junctions with different morphologies, an AChE density of only ∼400 sites μm -2 and a turnover number of only ∼1,000 s -1 are sufficient for normal quantal currents. (huji.ac.il)
The learning objective of this laboratory is to be able observe and measure quantal synaptic vesicular release of neurotransmitter at the crayfish neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (studylib.net)

However, extraocular muscle function testing showed notable changes ( Fig. 1 ). (aao.org)

This effect was most prominent in early stage HD patients (HD1 and HD2), who showed functional benefit from pridopidine 45 mg, taken twice a day. (dutchnews.nl)

It is also referred to as neuromuscular myoneural. (healthsurgical.com)

The diagram above shows that the botulinum neurotoxin, which is one of the most potent toxins, inhibits neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. (ukessays.com)

The microscopic area between a motor neuron terminal end and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (freezingblue.com)

In myasthenic crisis a paralysis of the respiratory muscles occurs, necessitating assisted ventilation to sustain life. (doctorbhatia.com)
Myasthenic crisis is a very serious condition that happens when your muscles that regulate breathing become weak and unable to work properly. (healthsurgical.com)

Here, we show that catalytically active BoNT/A is transported to the facial nucleus (FN) after injection into the nasolabial musculature of rats and mice. (jneurosci.org)
Mice infected with Sp after Cg showed significantly increased lethality and a drop in scores of motor behaviour, neuropsychiatric status and autonomous function. (bvsalud.org)
These mutant mice were normal in appearance and behavior and showed no obvious defects in muscle or nonmuscle tissue. (wustl.edu)
Sanes said their research, conducted through laboratory mice genetically engineered so their nerve cells glow in fluorescent colors, shows that some of the debilitation of aging is caused by the deterioration of connections that nerves make with the muscles they control, structures called neuromuscular junctions. (harvard.edu)
The work showed that mice on a restricted-calorie diet largely avoid that age-related deterioration of their neuromuscular junctions, while those on a one-month exercise regimen when already elderly partially reverse the damage. (harvard.edu)
Because of the study's structure - mice were on calorie-restricted diets for their whole lives, while those that exercised did so for just the month late in life - Sanes cautioned against drawing conclusions about the effectiveness of exercise versus calorie restriction in preventing or reversing synaptic damage. (harvard.edu)
0.01) showed an improvement in mice following combination therapy, compared to pyridostigmine monotherapy. (ox.ac.uk)
In spite of these differences in life span, however, genes or signaling pathways that influence aging of C. elegans or the replicative span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) have been shown to be critical for longevity control in fly and in mice [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Preservation of neuromuscular junction similar to Wild-type mice. (mitochonpharma.com)

Proteins on the muscle side of the synaptic connection remained, but the neuron side of the connection withered away. (neurosciencenews.com)

MP201 Treatment 4-18 Weeks Reserved NMJ Structure And Muscle Innervation. (mitochonpharma.com)
Innervation from the skeletal muscle mass involves community signaling, resulting in acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering, and global signaling, manifested from the dispersal of preexisting AChR clusters (hot places). (sciencepop.org)
This demonstrates that innervation creates two types of influence on the muscles cell: an area effect as proven by AChR clustering in the subsynaptic region and a worldwide impact exemplified by spot dispersal in the extrajunctional area. (sciencepop.org)

In a proportion of those patients without AChR antibodies antibodies to muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) or related proteins such as agrin and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) are present. (healthweeks.com)
Here we discuss how knowledge of neuromuscular junction structure and function has fed into understanding the mechanisms of AChR and MuSK antibodies. (healthweeks.com)
Here, we determined whether rapsyn overexpression can reduce or even reverse AChR loss in muscles that are already damaged by chronic EAMG, which mimics the human disease. (ox.ac.uk)
Thus, these results show the complexity of synaptic stabilization of AChR during the autoantibody attack. (ox.ac.uk)
Furthermore to RTK activation, synaptic activation could also activate PTPase which functions internationally to destabilize preexisting AChR sizzling places and locally to facilitate AChR clustering inside a spatially discrete 307002-71-7 IC50 way by countering the actions of RTKs. (sciencepop.org)
Recent studies show that the forming of AChR clusters is normally mediated by tyrosine kinase activation due to the display of synaptogenic indicators such as for example agrin 307002-71-7 IC50 and development factors towards the muscles (5, 15, 55, 58). (sciencepop.org)
The muscle-specific kinase (MuSK, also called Nsk2) seems to mediate the agrin-induced AChR clustering (21, 25). (sciencepop.org)
Both structural protein and kinases have already been been shown to be connected with AChR-rich postsynaptic cytoskeleton (4, 18, 54). (sciencepop.org)
Our earlier studies show these beads imitate the neuron in inducing both development and dispersal of AChR clusters (41, 43). (sciencepop.org)

When the action potential arrives at the motor neuron terminus, calcium ions enter the motor neuron to stimulate the release of Ach from the synaptic vesicles. (freezingblue.com)
The toxin which is a zinc-dependent protease, cleaves one or more of the fusion proteins by which neuronal vesicles release acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction (14). (ukessays.com)

This is an autoimmune disease that affects communication between your nerves and muscles which leads to muscle weaknesses. (healthsurgical.com)

Harvard researchers have uncovered a mechanism through which caloric restriction and exercise delay some of the debilitating effects of aging by rejuvenating the connections between nerves and the muscles that they control. (harvard.edu)
Binocular horizontal diplopia (images displaced horizontally) is usually due to disease of the medial or lateral rectus muscle, the neuromuscular junction, or the nerves supplying these muscles (e.g., cranial nerves III or VI). (eyewiki.org)
Nerves communicate with muscles by producing neurotransmitters which interact with neuroreceptors at the neuromuscular junction. (healthsurgical.com)

It blocks neurotransmission via the specific cleavage of the synaptic protein SNAP-25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa). (jneurosci.org)
coon-hound paralysis or idiopathic polyradiculo-neuritis shows an albumino-cytologic dissociation, i.e., an increased protein content without pleocytosis. (vin.com)
If that long, thin projection ever seems like it could be vulnerable, a new MIT study shows that its structural integrity may indeed require the support of a surrounding protein called Perlecan. (neurosciencenews.com)
Without the intact SNAP-25 protein, ACH is not released as a signal for muscle contraction. (injectionartistry.com)
I previously characterized mutants of the synaptic multiadaptor protein Dap160, the ortholog of the mammalian Intersectin. (upr.edu)
The data I collected lead me to present a model in which the scaffolding protein Dap160 coordinates, within the periactive zone, synaptic signaling systems necessary for synaptic growth and is also responsible for efficient vesicle recycling at the NMJ (Marie et al, Neuron 2004). (upr.edu)
The isolated synaptic part is then treated as other samples for protein or RNA extraction. (itatouch.com)
When this protein is attacked, acetylcholine will not be released which in turn affects your muscles to work properly by weakening them. (healthsurgical.com)
In this case, your immune system produces antibodies against this protein and the attacks both muscle and cancer cells in your body. (healthsurgical.com)
These antibodies can also inhibit the function of a protein known as a muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase. (healthsurgical.com)
This protein is responsible for forming nerve- muscular junction. (healthsurgical.com)

In the somatic nervous system, the neurons and their processes are generally positioned between the hypodermis and the body wall muscle and share a basal lamina with the hypodermis that isolates them from the muscles ( NeuroFIG 2 ). (wormatlas.org)
In contrast, the pharyngeal neurons lie directly among the pharyngeal muscles and are not separated from their muscle targets by a basal lamina. (wormatlas.org)
The research highlights the importance of Perlecan in understanding neuromuscular disorders like Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, and how neurons develop and function. (neurosciencenews.com)
Perhaps the most obvious feature of a neuron is the long branch called an axon that ventures far from the cell body to connect with other neurons or muscles. (neurosciencenews.com)
Under some conditions, neurons near each other can communicate using electrical impulses across a gap junction. (msdmanuals.com)

He received his M.D. from the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University in 1965 before beginning his research career at the National Institutes of Health in 1966, where his research focused on the mechanisms of neuromuscular junctions. (wikipedia.org)
Throughout Fischbach's career, much of his research has focused on the formation and function of the neuromuscular junction, which stemmed from his innovative use of cell culture to study synaptic mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
This technique proved to be an important model for further studies to determine the essential mechanisms controlling neuromuscular junction development and maintenance. (wikipedia.org)

When injected into a muscle, viruses are close to nerve endings for longer periods and at higher concentrations than when systemically injected. (frontiersin.org)

This differential localization, along with studies on cultured cells, led to the suggestion that utrophin is required for synaptic differentiation. (wustl.edu)

Despite this, their specific and reversible action prompted their use in clinical practice to treat several neuromuscular pathologies (dystonia, spasticity, muscle spasms) characterized by hyperexcitability of peripheral nerve terminals or even in nonpathological applications (i.e., cosmetic use). (jneurosci.org)
peripheral (nerve, neuromuscular junction and muscle). (vin.com)
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most commonly inherited peripheral neuropathies causing the slow progression of sensory and distal muscle defects. (cmttreatmentreport.com)

The dendritic spines often contain microfilaments which is the cytoskeletal element responsible for changes in spine shape observed in some examples of synaptic plasticity. (comoficar.com)

In a minority of patients however the autoantibodies instead bind to muscle-specific kinase (MuSK). (healthweeks.com)

method to introduce genetic material into select neuronal populations is by virus administration into muscle, which is the focus of this review. (frontiersin.org)

There are small spherical vessels at the junction that contain neurotransmitters. (healthsurgical.com)

Here, we show that acute and chronic chikungunya disease in humans correlates with elevated levels of FHL1. (bvsalud.org)

As described in Chapter 6, it also acts as a receptive area for synaptic inputs from other cells. (comoficar.com)

In mature muscles, the relative level of physical activity is the main determinant of NMJ function. (itatouch.com)

In skeletal muscle, dystrophin is broadly distributed along the sarcolemma whereas utrophin is concentrated at the neuromuscular junction. (wustl.edu)

Substantial experimental and clinical evidence indicates that not all botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) effects can be explained solely by the local action (i.e., silencing of the neuromuscular junction). (jneurosci.org)
The importance of utilizing BoNT injections targeted at the neuromuscular junction has been confirmed by clinical studies on the iliopsoas and biceps brachii muscles. (researchsquare.com)

We have identified neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) as a unique molecular marker of S100β+ PSCs in skeletal muscle. (elifesciences.org)
Botox on a molecular level is shown in the video above. (injectionartistry.com)

This disease occurs when your body releases antibodies that attack and destroy muscle receptor sites for acetylcholine. (healthsurgical.com)

[ 1 , 2 ] Although the chief target of the autoimmune attack in most cases is the skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), other antigenic targets that are components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have also been implicated. (medscape.com)
The therapeutic effect has been shown to be mediated exquisitely by the sigma-1 receptor (S1R). (dutchnews.nl)
β2-Adrenergic receptor agonists ameliorate the adverse effect of long-term pyridostigmine on neuromuscular junction structure. (ox.ac.uk)
The invert procedure, the disassembly of receptor clusters, is definitely associated with plastic material adjustments in synaptic framework (10). (sciencepop.org)
His particular concern was with the nature of drug-receptor interactions at the acetylcholine receptor, important in the central nervous system and in the control of muscle and secretion. (royalsociety.org)
Despite considerable selectivity of agonist activity, related to drug structure and sites of action at this receptor, antagonists did not show selection. (royalsociety.org)
When these receptor sites are damaged, your muscles receive fewer nerve signals or none at all which makes muscles to become weak. (healthsurgical.com)

Her sensory exam showed light touch, pain, and temperature to be intact. (aao.org)

This above picture shows the Clostridium botulinum which is rod-shaped bacteria, under a scanning electron microscope (13). (ukessays.com)

hang mutants develop reduced ethanol tolerance and show defects in their response to oxidative stress and heat shock-induced ethanol resistance. (sdbonline.org)

Anatomy62

Organisms34

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs78

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes42

Disciplines and Occupations3

Information Science3

Health Care1

Post-synaptic6

Cleft7

Receptors9

Stimulated neuromuscular transmission1

Myasthenia gravis9

Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junction1

Junctional1

Synapse9

Postsynaptic membrane1

Synapses7

Presynaptic2

Cholinergic1

Acetylcholinesterase2

Skeletal muscles3

Weakness8

Membrane2

Fibers4

Transmission8

Spinal4

Quantal2

Extraocular1

Functional1

Myoneural1

Neurotransmitter release1

Microscopic1

Myasthenic2

Mice9

Neuron side1

Innervation3

AChR9

Vesicles2

Autoimmune disease1

Nerves3

Protein11

Neurons5

Mechanisms3

Nerve endings1

Differentiation1

Peripheral3

Plasticity1

MuSK1

Neuronal1

Neurotransmitters1

Humans1

Inputs1

Function1

Sarcolemma1

BoNT2

Molecular2

Antibodies1

Receptor7

Sensory1

Botulinum1

Mutants1