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RegenerationTranscription FactorsSatellite Cells, Skeletal MuscleMuscle, SkeletalPAX7 Transcription FactorMuscle DevelopmentTranscription, GeneticCardiotoxinsPAX2 Transcription FactorMyoblastsPaired Box Transcription FactorsCobra Cardiotoxin ProteinsMusclesMuscle Fibers, SkeletalDNA-Binding ProteinsMyoD ProteinGene Expression RegulationMyoblasts, SkeletalPromoter Regions, GeneticNerve RegenerationCell DifferentiationMolecular Sequence DataBase SequenceLiver RegenerationMuscle ProteinsHomeodomain ProteinsSp1 Transcription FactorRNA, MessengerMice, Inbred mdxPAX9 Transcription FactorGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSignal TransductionCells, CulturedRepressor ProteinsMyogeninMice, Inbred C57BLCell LineTrans-ActivatorsBinding SitesTranscriptional ActivationNuclear ProteinsMice, KnockoutBasic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription FactorsProtein BindingMuscle, SmoothMuscular DiseasesStem CellsCell ProliferationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionMutationAmino Acid SequenceForkhead Transcription FactorsTranscription Factor AP-1Myogenic Regulatory Factor 5Muscular Dystrophy, AnimalDNAMuscle, Smooth, VascularMyogenic Regulatory FactorsMuscle CellsMice, TransgenicGene ExpressionMuscle ContractionBone RegenerationEye ProteinsTransfectionB-Cell-Specific Activator ProteinGene Expression ProfilingCell NucleusMuscular Dystrophy, DuchenneBasic-Leucine Zipper Transcription FactorsMyostatinImmunohistochemistryTime FactorsMEF2 Transcription FactorsGenes, ReporterTranscription Factor AP-2Muscular DystrophiesKruppel-Like Transcription FactorsChromatin ImmunoprecipitationPhenotypeCell LineageModels, BiologicalMuscle Fibers, Fast-TwitchMuscular AtrophyMuscle Fibers, Slow-TwitchSTAT3 Transcription FactorTranscription Factors, TFIIBlotting, WesternUp-RegulationHeLa CellsOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisYY1 Transcription FactorGATA4 Transcription FactorEnhancer Elements, GeneticCloning, MolecularIn Situ HybridizationElectrophoretic Mobility Shift AssayActivating Transcription Factor 3Transcription Factor TFIIDNFATC Transcription Factors
MRNARelated to skeletal muscleIsoformsTranscriptionalStemMyogeninProtein expressionReporter mouseEnablesSpinal cordSkeletal muscle massGenesTissueMyofibersDifferentiation of muscleMyogenicMolecularDietaryOrgansSatelliteExpressionMouseSarcopeniaCellsFunctionOccurDevelopmentSpecificCellFunctionsMuscularIncreasePromoteDevelopmentalEvidenceLevelStudiesIndividualRecentFormationModel
MRNA5
  • Alternative splicing and processing generates multiple PAX3 isoforms that have been detected at the mRNA level. (wikipedia.org)
  • A common alternative splice affecting the PAX3 mRNA involves the sequence CAG at the 5' end of exon 3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pax7, MyoD, myogenin, and IGF-1 expression patterns were upregulated after injury at both the mRNA and protein levels. (bvsalud.org)
  • Quantifying the exact expression levels of the mRNA isoforms encoding these myogenic transcription factors is therefore key to understanding how MuSCs switch between cell states. (biomed.news)
  • We demonstrate that mdPCR can give exact molecule counts per cell for mRNA isoforms encoding the myogenic transcription factor Pax3. (biomed.news)
Related to skeletal muscle1
  • From the perspective of forensic wound age estimation, experiments related to skeletal muscle regeneration after injury have rarely been reported. (bvsalud.org)
Isoforms3
  • In other mammalian species, including mouse, the longest mRNAs correspond to the human PAX3c and PAX3d isoforms, which consist of the first 8 or 9 exons of the PAX3 gene, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shorter PAX3 isoforms include mRNAs that skip exon 8 (PAX3g and PAX3h) and mRNAs containing 4 or 5 exons (PAX3a and PAX3b). (wikipedia.org)
  • The Q+ and Q- isoforms of PAX3 are generally co-expressed in cells. (wikipedia.org)
Transcriptional6
  • In addition, the PAX3 protein has a C-terminal transcriptional activation domain encoded by exons 7 and 8. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the C-terminus of PAX3, there is a proline, serine and threonine (PST)-rich region measuring 78 amino acids that functions to stimulate transcriptional activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • PAX3 functions as a transcriptional activator for most target genes, but also may repress a smaller subset of target genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • PAX3 interacts with other nuclear proteins, which modulate PAX3 transcriptional activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • These co-repressors may function by altering chromatin structure at target genes, inhibiting PAX3 recognition of its DNA binding site or directly altering PAX3 transcriptional activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Representative PAX3 transcriptional target genes. (wikipedia.org)
Stem11
  • The latest advances in the field of spinal cord development and its regeneration following damage were discussed at a recent EMBO workshop 'Spinal cord development and regeneration' in Sitges, Spain (October, 2014), highlighting the use of direct visualization of cellular processes, genome-wide molecular techniques and the development of methods for directed stem cell differentiation and regeneration. (biologists.com)
  • Muscle satellite cells make up a stem cell populace that is capable of differentiating into myocytes and contributing to muscle mass regeneration upon injury. (healthyguide.info)
  • Intro Satellite cells are the cells specific stem cells in the adult skeletal muscle mass. (healthyguide.info)
  • In the beginning satellite cells were considered to Talniflumate be unipotent stem cells with the ability of generating a unique specialized phenotype the skeletal muscle mass cells. (healthyguide.info)
  • MyoD expression oscillates in activated muscle stem cells of developing, postnatal and adult muscle under various conditions: when the stem cells are dispersed in culture, when they remain associated with single muscle fibers, or when they reside in muscle biopsies. (bvsalud.org)
  • This interferes with the maintenance of activated muscle stem cells and impairs muscle growth and repair. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thus, oscillations of MyoD and Hes1 control the balance between the proliferation and differentiation of muscle stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Below we review the literature on some of the most studied stem cell populations that have been ascribed with muscle regenerative potential pointing out their advantages as well as caveats. (biotech-angels.com)
  • 1 Adult Stem Cells 1.1 Satellite Cells Studies in the last decade have clearly proven that the regenerative ability of adult skeletal muscle is due to the satellite cell a quiescent stem cell population of muscle precursors located between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of each myofiber. (biotech-angels.com)
  • 31] Down the road Sacco and colleagues proven that intra-muscular transplantation of an individual luciferase-expressing muscle stem cell isolated from Myf5 reporter mice led to intensive proliferation and contribution to muscle materials. (biotech-angels.com)
  • For example, muscle stem cells (MuSCs), located beneath the basal lamina, exist in the quiescent state but can transition to an activated, proliferative state upon injury. (biomed.news)
Myogenin4
  • Upon activation satellite cells rapidly initiate MyoD expression which leads to the activation of myogenin and terminally differentiated structural muscle mass genes such as myosin heavy chain (MHC) [1] [3]. (healthyguide.info)
  • Here, we examined the time-dependent expression patterns of multiple biomarkers associated with satellite cell fate, including the transcription factor paired box 7 (Pax7), myoblast determination protein (MyoD), myogenin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), using immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR in contused skeletal muscle. (bvsalud.org)
  • Morphometrically, the data obtained from the numbers of Pax7 + , MyoD + , and myogenin + cells were highly correlated with the wound age. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin protein expression levels confirmed the results of the morphometrical analysis. (bvsalud.org)
Protein expression1
  • Finally, PAX3 protein expression and function can be modulated by post-translational modifications. (wikipedia.org)
Reporter mouse1
  • 30] The additional approach used a transgenic reporter mouse for Pax3 a paralog of Pax7 which allowed for the immediate isolation of Pax3+ (GFP+) muscle satellite television cells by movement cytometry. (biotech-angels.com)
Enables2
  • Dimerization of PAX3 with another PAX3 molecule or a PAX7 molecule enables binding to a palindromic HD binding site (TAATCAATTA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Interaction of PAX3 with other transcription factors (such as SOX10) or chromatin factors (such as PAX3/7BP) enables synergistic activation of PAX3 target genes. (wikipedia.org)
Spinal cord4
  • The spinal cord constitutes an excellent model system for studying development and regeneration of a functional nervous system, from specification of its precursors to circuit formation. (biologists.com)
  • The recent EMBO workshop 'Spinal cord development and regeneration' held in Sitges, a pleasant Spanish Mediterranean town, highlighted the spinal cord as a complex and accessible model system in which to analyse neural circuit formation and repair. (biologists.com)
  • The meeting, organized by Elisa Martí (IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain), Jonas Muhr (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden) and Kate Storey (University of Dundee, UK), brought together international researchers interested in spinal cord development and those who are developing strategies to restore the function of the spinal cord in pathological situations using regeneration of the damaged tissue, including controlled cell replacement. (biologists.com)
  • Despite its cellular simplicity (five pairs of neurons), the MG exhibits conservation of transcription factor expression with the spinal cord of vertebrates. (biologists.com)
Skeletal muscle mass4
  • Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is becoming more prevalent as the lifespan continues to increase in most populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • In healthy young adults, the skeletal muscle mass comprises approximately 60% of total body mass. (frontiersin.org)
  • This age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength generation, the primary function of skeletal muscle mass, is known as sarcopenia ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The term sarcopenia was first proposed in 1989 by Irwin Rosenberg to describe a multifactorial syndrome that occurs with age and results in loss of skeletal muscle mass and function ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Genes4
  • Human PAX3 and mouse Pax3 are present in a subfamily along with the highly homologous human PAX7 and mouse Pax7 genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A substantial number of PAX3 binding sites are located at larger distances upstream and downstream of target genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among the PAX3 target genes, there is one group associated with muscle development and a second group associated with neural and melanocyte development. (wikipedia.org)
  • In contrast, binding of PAX3 to co-repressors, such as calmyrin, inhibits activation of PAX3 target genes. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue3
  • Skeletal muscle is a target tissue for anabolic steroids. (frontiersin.org)
  • 34] Upon damage satellite television cells become activated providing rise to proliferating myoblasts which in turn fuse to existing muscle tissue fibers or even to additional myoblasts to URMC-099 create new myofibers to correct muscle tissue harm. (biotech-angels.com)
  • The 'adipose tissue expandability model' identifies the limited capacity and dysfunctionality of WAT, preventing its expansion and accommodation of surplus of energy, as key determinants for the onset and progression of obesity-associated metabolopathologies as a result of ectopic deposition of toxic lipid species in metabolic organs (i.e. muscle or liver [also known as lipotoxic insult]) [ 7 ]. (springer.com)
Myofibers2
  • One such alternative cell fate is the adipogenic fate as Pax7(+) satellite cells isolated from solitary myofibers used adipogenic fate in addition ARHGAP1 to muscle mass fate significance of these factors we used a mouse fracture healing model inside a genetically altered reporter mouse where muscle mass progenitors were lineage-traced. (healthyguide.info)
  • 30 31 One group took the approach of transplanting sole muscle fibers which demonstrated that every myofiber including 7 or fewer satellite television cells could create over 100 new myofibers in engrafted muscles. (biotech-angels.com)
Differentiation of muscle1
  • Therefore our and analyses suggest that the balance of Pax3 Nkx3.2 and Sox9 may act as a molecular Talniflumate switch during the chondrogenic differentiation of muscle mass progenitor cells which may be important for fracture healing. (healthyguide.info)
Myogenic3
  • Furthermore, we have successfully predicted and validated that the transcription factor myogenic differentiation (MYOD) binds to the MEG3 core promoter though utilizing chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) and luciferase reporter assays. (bvsalud.org)
  • The bHLH transcription factor MyoD is a master regulator of myogenic differentiation, and its sustained expression in fibroblasts suffices to differentiate them into muscle cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The control of MuSC state depends on the expression levels of myogenic transcription factors. (biomed.news)
Molecular1
  • Collectively our data suggest that the balance of Nkx3.2 Sox9 and Pax3 can act as a molecular switch during the chondrogenic differentiation of satellite cells which may play an important part in the healing process experiments were normalized to GAPDH. (healthyguide.info)
Dietary2
  • 31] Cells isolated from mature skeletal muscles displayed homogenous expression of Pax7 and contributed to both dietary fiber repair also to the muscle satellite television cell URMC-099 compartment subsequent their transplantation into dystrophic mice. (biotech-angels.com)
  • however, priority needs to be given to resistance exercise training, and secondarily to adequate protein intake should be part of this dietary regime to mitigate losing muscle mass. (biomed.news)
Organs1
  • Morphogenetic cell movements along the rostro-caudal and dorso-ventral axes (medio-lateral in fish) are responsible for the formation of the elongated tube that will connect the brain to organs and body muscles. (biologists.com)
Satellite2
  • Upon injury or when challenged with a variety of mechanical or biochemical stimuli satellite cells re-enter the cell cycle and give rise to Talniflumate differentiated myocytes which form new muscle mass materials or fuse with existing materials and contribute to muscle mass growth and restoration [1]. (healthyguide.info)
  • Previous studies have shown that lncRNA-MEG3 promotes the differentiation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells (PSCs), but the regulatory mechanism of MEG3 interaction with target protein has not been well studied. (bvsalud.org)
Expression3
  • These expression changes are effected through binding of PAX3 to specific recognition sites, which are situated in various genomic locations. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is concluded that MYOD acts as a transcription factor to induce MEG3 expression. (bvsalud.org)
  • The oscillatory expression of MyoD is driven by the oscillatory expression of the bHLH transcription factor Hes1 that periodically represses MyoD. (bvsalud.org)
Mouse2
  • Finally we found that in an mouse model of fracture healing where muscle mass progenitor cells were lineage-traced Nkx3.2 and Sox9 are significantly upregulated while Pax3 is significantly downregulated in the muscle mass progenitor cells that give rise to chondrocytes during fracture restoration. (healthyguide.info)
  • 16-18] Regardless of the stimulating findings obtained using the dystrophin-deficient mouse super model tiffany livingston clinical studies performed within a cohort of DMD individuals were disheartening because of poor myoblast transfer efficacy and failure to boost strength in treated muscles. (biotech-angels.com)
Sarcopenia6
  • Significant loss of muscle mass may occur in cachexia and sarcopenia, which are major causes of mortality and disability. (mdpi.com)
  • Testosterone concentrations decline as age increase, suggesting that low plasma testosterone levels can cause or accelerate muscle- and age-related diseases, as sarcopenia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Currently, there is increasing interest on the anabolic properties of testosterone for therapeutic use in muscle diseases including sarcopenia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Indeed, most of the intrinsic as well as extrinsic (systemic) muscle changes that occur with age are believed to be involved in the development of sarcopenia ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Conditions involving muscles wasting such as for example muscular dystrophies cachexia and sarcopenia would reap the benefits of strategies URMC-099 that promote skeletal muscles regeneration. (biotech-angels.com)
  • However, during aging, extensive injury, or pathological conditions, the complete regenerative program is severely affected, with a progressive loss of muscle mass and function, a condition known as sarcopenia. (biomed.news)
Cells2
  • These cells lay beneath the basement membrane of the muscle mass fiber and are usually mitotically quiescent [1]. (healthyguide.info)
  • 3 20 21 Major factors underlining this poor outcome included low ability of myoblasts to migrate beyond the injection site[22 23 and poor survival of injected cells. (biotech-angels.com)
Function2
  • Studies targeted at establishing such effects at cellular level and their correlations with in vivo models, will broaden our understanding of the roles played by androgens on skeletal muscle function in elderly. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, PAX3 can also undergo ubiquitination and acetylation at lysines 437 and 475, which regulates protein stability and function. (wikipedia.org)
Occur1
  • Such lack of clarity can be attributed to difficulty in isolating the individual events responsible for alterations in skeletal muscle, most of which occur simultaneously, among the multiple age-associated changes and co-morbidities associated with advanced age. (frontiersin.org)
Development2
  • During development, one of the major lineages expressing Pax3 is the skeletal muscle lineage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Defective muscle regeneration can severely affect re-innervation by motor axons, and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) development, ultimately leading to skeletal muscle atrophy. (biomed.news)
Specific2
  • In particular, in skeletal muscle, specific semaphorin molecules are involved in the restoration and remodeling of the nerve-muscle connections, thus emphasizing their plausible role to ensure the success of muscle regeneration. (biomed.news)
  • They are composed of motoneurons and interneurons that are assembled into 'motor pools' innervating specific muscles. (biologists.com)
Cell1
Functions2
  • High levels are associated with muscle hypertrophy, whereas low levels are epidemiologically associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes, which negatively impact muscle functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Originally discovered as axon guidance factors, they have been implicated in cancer progression, embryonal organogenesis, skeletal muscle innervation, and other physiological and developmental functions in different tissues. (biomed.news)
Muscular1
  • Testosterone elicits significant muscular effects and abnormalities of plasma concentrations can cause muscle disease ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Increase1
  • PAX3 can be phosphorylated at serines 201, 205 and 209 by kinases such as GSK3b, which in some settings will increase PAX3 protein stability. (wikipedia.org)
Promote1
  • The results indicated that MYOD acts as a transcription factor of MEG3 to promote MEG3 transcription. (bvsalud.org)
Developmental1
  • Androgens are the main physiologic anabolic steroid hormones and normal testosterone levels are necessary for a range of developmental and biological processes, including maintenance of muscle mass. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence2
  • However, most evidence linked testosterone and skeletal muscle effects are observational. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review the available evidence regarding the effects of VLCD on lean mass and explore their utility and strategies to mitigate reductions in skeletal muscle. (biomed.news)
Level1
  • However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this muscle syndrome and its relationship with plasma level of androgens are not completely understood. (frontiersin.org)
Studies1
  • Clinical studies of androgen supplementation in age-related diseases and muscle wasting are a focus of emerging interest ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
Individual1
  • Primary MuSCs isolated from individual skeletal muscles (gastrocnemius and masseter) are lysed, and their RNA is reverse-transcribed into cDNA and copied into double-stranded DNA. (biomed.news)
Recent1
  • This review article aims to discuss the impact of aging on skeletal muscle regeneration and NMJs remodeling and will highlight the most recent insights about the role of semaphorins in this context. (biomed.news)
Formation1
  • We found that in the descendents of muscle mass progenitors that contributed to cartilage formation Nkx3.2 and Sox9 were strongly induced while Pax3 manifestation was strongly repressed. (healthyguide.info)
Model1
  • An animal model of skeletal muscle contusion was established in 30 Sprague-Dawley male rats, and another five rats were employed as non-contused controls. (bvsalud.org)