• Afferent nerve fibers are axons (nerve fibers) of sensory neurons that carry sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, a third of sensory neurons do not express receptors for the neurotrophins. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here we show that these neurons express the receptor components for glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling (RET, GFRα-1, and GFRα-2). (jneurosci.org)
  • GDNF, but not nerve growth factor (NGF), can prevent several axotomy-induced changes in these neurons, including the downregulation of IB4 binding, TMP activity, and somatostatin expression. (jneurosci.org)
  • The trk receptors in general are expressed in a nonoverlapping manner by sensory neurons in combination with the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 ( Wright and Snider, 1995 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • NMDA receptor blockade ameliorates abnormalities of spike firing of subthalamic nucleus neurons in a parkinsonian nonhuman primate. (albany.edu)
  • Administration of gene therapy viruses into skeletal muscle, where distal terminals of motor and sensory neurons reside, has been shown to result in extensive transduction of cells within the spinal cord, brainstem, and sensory ganglia. (frontiersin.org)
  • Muscles contain the synaptic connection between lower motor neurons and muscle fibers, i.e., the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as well as specialized sensory nerve endings (e.g., muscle spindles). (frontiersin.org)
  • Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, a disorder of specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement (motor neurons), results from an expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the AR gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This buildup leads to the gradual loss of motor neurons, which results in muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, also known as Kennedy disease, is a disorder of specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement (motor neurons). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Because this mechanism is relatively insensitive to drug action, the most important group of drugs that affect the neuromuscular junction act on (1) acetylcholine release, (2) acetylcholine receptors, or (3) the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (which normally inactivates acetylcholine to terminate muscle fibre contraction). (britannica.com)
  • Neuromuscular blocking drugs act on acetylcholine receptors and fall into two distinct groups: nondepolarizing (competitive) and depolarizing blocking agents. (britannica.com)
  • Competitive neuromuscular blocking drugs act as antagonists at acetylcholine receptors, reducing the effectiveness of acetylcholine in generating an end-plate potential . (britannica.com)
  • Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody is found in 70-90% of patients with generalized acquired myasthenia gravis (MG). Lambert-Eaton syndrome is a close differential, as less than 13% of patients have clinical presentation similar to MG and antibodies against acetylcholine receptors in high titers. (medscape.com)
  • Receptors Structure and Function Since the early nineteenth century, various spe- cialized receptors have been associated with the somatosensory system. (cdc.gov)
  • Because it crosses the blood-brain barrier so that the the alpha receptors it binds are ones in the CNS instead of on the effector organ. (proprofs.com)
  • This means that the alpha receptors it binds to are located in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than on the effector organ, which in this case is the heart. (proprofs.com)
  • The resulting androgen-receptor complex then binds to DNA and regulates the activity of androgen-responsive genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Capsaicin binds to a pain receptor called TRPV1. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This receptor attaches (binds) to a class of hormones called androgens, which are involved in male sexual development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The cholinergic postsynaptic membrane is an acetyl-choline receptor-rich membrane mediating fast chemical communication at the nerve-muscle synapse. (iucr.org)
  • The cholinergic membrane of the nerve-muscle synapse is the best-understood postsynaptic membrane and its principles of operation serve to illuminate principles pertaining to the more complex synapses of the central nervous system. (iucr.org)
  • Two receptors bind one interferon-gamma dimer. (lu.se)
  • All of the axons in the dorsal root, which contains afferent nerve fibers, are used in the transduction of somatosensory information. (wikipedia.org)
  • One pathway-dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway-begins with sensation from the periphery being sent via afferent nerve fiber of the dorsal root ganglion (first order neuron) through the spinal cord to the dorsal column nuclei (second order neuron) in the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • One such code defined by the homeodomain transcription factor Even-skipped (Eve) and by the GATA 2/3 homologue Grain (Grn) is specifically required for motor axon projection towards dorsal muscles in Drosophila . (biologists.com)
  • To examine the influence of autonomic receptor stimulation and blockade (noradrenaline, prazosin, terbutaline, propranolol, carbachol and atropine), and of pudendal nerve blockade on urethral stress relaxation. (nih.gov)
  • By the 1930s, synthetic cholinesterase inhibitors were being used for skeletal muscle and autonomic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The bladder and urethra are innervated by 3 sets of peripheral nerves arising from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and somatic nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • Clonidine uniquely stimulates α 2 receptors, yet affects the heart rate which is normally affected by beta receptors. (proprofs.com)
  • Why can this drug affect the heart rate by affecting alpha instead of beta receptors? (proprofs.com)
  • Furthermore, we treated the ARC with GABA-A/B receptor antagonists separately, and IOP was evaluated, as well as retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in the chronic high IOP rat model. (molvis.org)
  • H2-receptor antagonists are reversible competitive blockers of histamines at the H2 receptors, particularly those in the gastric parietal cells, where they inhibit acid secretion. (medscape.com)
  • The H2 antagonists are highly selective, do not affect the H1 receptors, and are not anticholinergic agents. (medscape.com)
  • As implied by this term, it has been proposed that the associated pain and stiffness stem from micro-lesions, inflammation, or metabolite accumulation within the skeletal muscle. (mdpi.com)
  • Skeletal muscle contracts in response to electrical impulses that are conducted along motor nerve fibres originating in the brain or the spinal cord . (britannica.com)
  • Drugs such as adrenoceptor agonists, muscarinic agonists, nitrates, and calcium channel blockers all affect smooth muscle. (britannica.com)
  • Anticholinergics prevent the increases in intracellular concentration of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) which are caused by interaction of acetylcholine with the muscarinic receptor on bronchial smooth muscle. (theodora.com)
  • The microdomains may promote cooperativity between neighbouring receptors, leading to an enhanced postsynaptic response. (iucr.org)
  • The postsynaptic membrane, apposing the pre-synaptic nerve terminal, is where transmitter-gated ion channels are concentrated. (iucr.org)
  • Structure of the ACh receptor in Torpedo postsynaptic membrane. (iucr.org)
  • Myasthenia gravis is a relatively rare autoimmune disorder of peripheral nerves in which antibodies form against acetylcholine (ACh) nicotinic postsynaptic receptors at the myoneural junction. (medscape.com)
  • Brompheniramine maleate is a histamine antagonist, specifically an H1-receptor- blocking agent belonging to the alkylamine class of antihistamines. (nih.gov)
  • Antihistamines appear to compete with histamine for receptor sites on effector cells. (nih.gov)
  • Cimetidine inhibits histamine at H2 receptors of gastric parietal cells, which results in reduced gastric acid secretion, gastric volume, and hydrogen concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • Ranitidine inhibits histamine stimulation of the H2 receptor in gastric parietal cells, which, in turn, reduces gastric acid secretion, gastric volume, and hydrogen ion concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • Famotidine competitively inhibits histamine at H2 receptor of gastric parietal cells, resulting in reduced gastric acid secretion, gastric volume, and hydrogen ion concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • This means that they block or inhibit the activity of the α1 receptors. (proprofs.com)
  • Most of the drugs that stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction do so by regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium , which is involved in initiating the process of contraction. (britannica.com)
  • The researchers showed that only light in the wavelength of 405 nanometers activated the investigative drug SCH442416 to inhibit A2A receptors, while other light does not. (nethealthbook.com)
  • Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) agent which, based on animal studies, appears to inhibit vagally mediated reflexes by antagonizing the action of acetylcholine, the transmitter agent released from the vagus nerve. (theodora.com)
  • Smooth muscle , which is found primarily in the internal body organs and undergoes involuntary, often rhythmic contractions that are not dependent on outside nerve impulses, generally shows a broad sensitivity to drugs relative to striated muscle. (britannica.com)
  • Androgen receptors allow the body to respond appropriately to these hormones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hormones can also influence smooth muscle function. (britannica.com)
  • Rapid communication in the nervous system takes place at the chemical synapse, which acts as a fundamental unit transmitting electrical impulses between nerves and their target cells, forming circuits and underpinning virtually all functions of the brain. (iucr.org)
  • Here, cryo-EM is used to examine the protein-lipid architecture of this membrane in tubular vesicles obtained from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray. (iucr.org)
  • Here, we analyse by cryo-EM the architecture of this membrane in vesicles isolated from the (muscle-derived) electric organ of the Torpedo ray, with view to defining the protein-lipid interplay required to achieve an optimal neurotransmitter response. (iucr.org)
  • c ) The 5.8 Å density map and superimposed 2.7 Å structure of the Torpedo receptor (PDB entry 6uwz ) obtained from detergent-solubilized protein complexed with α -bungarotoxin. (iucr.org)
  • The AR gene provides instructions for making a protein called an androgen receptor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some variants lead to an abnormally short version of the androgen receptor protein, while others result in the production of an abnormal receptor that cannot bind to androgens or to DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although the extended CAG region changes the structure of the androgen receptor, it is unclear how the altered protein damages nerve cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers believe that a fragment of the androgen receptor protein containing the CAG repeats accumulates within these cells and interferes with normal cell functions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A reduction in the number of ACh receptors results in a characteristic pattern of progressively reduced muscle strength with repeated use of the muscle and recovery of muscle strength following a period of rest. (medscape.com)
  • This physical relation- ship may provide the substrate for transmitting fast pressure changes characteristic of these rap- idly adapting vibration receptors (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Certain muscles in the face and throat (bulbar muscles) are also affected, which causes progressive problems with swallowing and speech. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The bulbar muscles are affected most commonly and most severely, but most patients also develop some degree of fluctuating generalized weakness. (medscape.com)
  • In 15-20% of patients, myasthenia gravis affects the bulbar muscles alone. (medscape.com)
  • Is "Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness" a False Friend? (mdpi.com)
  • Strenuous and unaccustomed exercise frequently lead to what has been coined "delayed onset muscle soreness" (DOMS). (mdpi.com)
  • These drugs bind to α1 receptors and activate them, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. (proprofs.com)
  • The nasal decongestant effect is mediated by the action of pseudoephedrine on α-sympathetic receptors, producing vasoconstriction of the dilated nasal arterioles. (nih.gov)
  • Among their most important sites of action are bronchial and uterine smooth muscle. (britannica.com)
  • While it is recognized that beta 2 -adrenergic receptors are the predominant receptors on bronchial smooth muscle, recent data indicate that there is a population of beta 2 -receptors in the human heart which comprise between 10% and 50% of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors. (theodora.com)
  • In the peripheral nervous system afferent nerve fibers are part of the sensory nervous system and arise from outside of the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sensory and mixed nerves contain afferent fibers. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, a specific muscle fiber called an intrafusal muscle fiber is a type of afferent neuron that lies parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers thus functions as a stretch receptor by detecting muscle length. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternatively, in the sensory system, afferent fibers can be classified by sizes with category specifications depending on if they innervate the skins or muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • Table 35-1 Classification of Sensory Fibers from Muscle, p. 796. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neural elements of somatosensory receptors in the hands and feet represent the distal extreme of long afferent fibers, and thus, are par- ticularly vulnerable in the distal axonopathies. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 6 ] Patients with myasthenia gravis do not present with primary complaints of sleepiness or muscle pain. (medscape.com)
  • Test name: Myasthenia Gravis Antibody Reflex Panel/Muscle Weakness Autoimmune Panel. (medscape.com)
  • When the bladder becomes full, the stretch receptors of the detrusor muscle send a signal to the pons, which in turn notifies the brain. (medscape.com)
  • When we accidentally expose our skin or eyes to chilies, we activate TRPV1 receptors, thereby causing the pain floodgates open. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Binding antibody is the most common antibody found in patients with MG. These antibodies bind to the AChR on the muscle end plate and activate endocytosis/complement system leading to degradation of these receptors which results in poor muscle strength. (medscape.com)
  • Specific modalities can be associated with unique peripheral receptors, peripheral axons of stereotyped diameter and specific central projection pathways. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 1 ] Therefore the reflex panel detects anti-acetylcholine receptor (blocking and binding) antibodies in the serum, if antibody level is greater than 0.4nmol/L, or antibody level is greater than 15% then modulating antibody is added. (medscape.com)
  • The rest might have anti-smooth muscle/anti-RyR/titin antibodies in the serum. (medscape.com)
  • These antibodies bind to the AChR on the muscle end plate and impairs binding of Ach with the receptor, which results in poor muscle strength. (medscape.com)
  • In women, stress relaxation in the urethra relies significantly on the pudendal nerve-innervated striated muscles. (nih.gov)
  • In grn mutants, in which dMNs fail to reach their muscle targets, dMNs show significantly reduced levels of unc-5 mRNA expression and this phenotype can be partially rescued by the reintroduction of unc-5 . (biologists.com)
  • Three major categories of somatosensory receptors can be identified: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and *Institute of Neurotoxicology, Departments of Neuroscience, Neurology and Pathology (Neuropathology), Rose F. Kennedy Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461. (cdc.gov)
  • This is done by attaching to cell receptors in the skin, muscle tissue and nerves. (savedelete.com)
  • Nociceptors for pain also appear to be "free nerve" endings in skin and muscle. (cdc.gov)
  • The receptors are present in many of the body's tissues, where they attach (bind) to androgens. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Androgens and androgen receptors also have other important functions in both males and females, such as regulating hair growth and sex drive. (medlineplus.gov)
  • But with stimulation of dopamine-producing nerve cells these symptoms disappear. (nethealthbook.com)
  • When light with a defined wavelength is directed into that area, only the receptors in the substantia nigra area receive stimulation. (nethealthbook.com)
  • Interestingly, once a pain receptor is stimulated by capsaicin, it goes into a period of rest, which means that the same receptor doesn't transmit pain signals again. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Sung and others have reported on the ability of these substances to induce nicotinic receptor modulation. (medscape.com)
  • Pseudoephedrine acts on sympathetic nerve endings and also on smooth muscle, making it useful as a nasal decongestant. (nih.gov)
  • When injected into a muscle, viruses are close to nerve endings for longer periods and at higher concentrations than when systemically injected. (frontiersin.org)
  • Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy mainly affects males and is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) that usually begins in adulthood and worsens slowly over time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • GABA-A/B receptors in the ARC may be involved in regulation of IOP, and pathologically high IOP affects the expression of GABA-A/B receptors in the ARC. (molvis.org)
  • This means that while they bind to the receptor in an antagonistic manner, they also stimulate the receptor at the same time. (proprofs.com)
  • Cholesterol interactions with the receptor are apparently essential for stabilizing and maintaining its physiological architecture, since the transmembrane structure contracts, involving displacements of the helices at the outer membrane surface by ∼2 Å (1-3 Å), when this lipid is extracted. (iucr.org)
  • They work by blocking potassium-selective channels in the nerve membrane, thereby prolonging the electrical impulse in the nerve terminal and increasing the amount of acetylcholine released. (britannica.com)
  • The motor nerve fibres reach the muscle fibres at sites called motor end plates, which are located roughly in the middle of each muscle fibre and store vesicles of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (this meeting of nerve and muscle fibres is known as the neuromuscular junction ). (britannica.com)
  • A new drug type that is activated by a wavelength of 405 nanometers can specifically deliver dopamine to nerve cells that are in need of this substance. (nethealthbook.com)
  • Transcriptional codes within a neuron direct the expression of an array of receptors and adhesion molecules that will eventually determine its guidance and connectivity properties. (biologists.com)
  • More than 30% of patients with MG are seronegative (ie, anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody is absent in these patients). (medscape.com)
  • 40% of seronegative MG patients), anti-RyR antibody, titin antibody, and anti-striated muscle antibody. (medscape.com)
  • A touch or painful stimulus, for example, creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerve pathways. (wikipedia.org)
  • Receptors often include nonneural elements which incorporate and interact with the axon terminal in initiating generator potentials. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers believe that AR gene variations may increase the activity of androgen receptors in the scalp. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Variants that eliminate the function of the androgen receptor cause complete androgen insensitivity syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • By turning the genes on or off as necessary, the androgen receptor helps direct the development of male sexual characteristics. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The capsaicin receptor is found throughout the body, including in the nerves that control our diaphragm, which is the muscle that allows our lungs to take in air. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Research supports the claim that phytocannabinoids such as cannabidiol interacts with receptors and enzymes within the skin that modulates pain and inflammation. (savedelete.com)
  • Variants that only slightly reduce the activity of the receptor cause mild androgen insensitivity syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A few females with mutations in both copies of the gene have had mild features related to the condition, including muscle cramps and occasional tremors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Clonidine is able to affect the heart rate by stimulating α2 receptors instead of β receptors because it has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. (proprofs.com)