Muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Medical search. Frequent questions

The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor likewise gets its name from a chemical that selectively attaches to that receptor - muscarine. (wikipedia.org)
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor has been a target for AD therapies for decades, based first on the loss of acetylcholine in the disease and the role of M1 receptors in memory and cognition, and then on the finding that the receptors control the processing of amyloid precursor protein to Aβ peptides. (alzforum.org)
They show that treating cultured mouse neurons expressing human APP with the acetylcholine receptor agonist carbachol increased the production of α-secretase cleavage products, but no such effect occurred in cells from M1 knockout mice. (alzforum.org)
Role of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer's disease pathology and treatment. (hal.science)
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family (nAChR) and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family (mAChR) are the target of ACh in the brain. (hal.science)
Neuropharmacology , 2015, The Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: From Molecular Biology to Cognition, 96 (Pt B), pp.255-62. (hal.science)

The specific nature of the interaction defines whether the drug acts as an agonist promoting a change in cellular function or as an antagonist which blocks the receptor usually resulting in no direct biological effect. (pharmacology2000.com)
By contrast, a muscarinic antagonist such as atropine may bind even more tightly than acetylcholine to muscarinic receptor but causes no direct effect. (pharmacology2000.com)
However, following administration of antagonist a biological response may be observed as a result of receptor blockade. (pharmacology2000.com)
Binding of the potent muscarinic antagonist [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ( 3 H-QNB) showed that the cochlea has sites with the pharmacological specificity of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. (northwestern.edu)
The nicotinic specific antagonist d-tubocurarine did not block 3 H-QNB binding at concentrations known to be effective in electrophysiological experiments, indicating the sites measured here were not the mixed muscarinic-nicotinic receptor type postulated for some systems. (northwestern.edu)
These small currents were linked to ACh release since anticholinesterases (neostigmine) increased their effects, while cholinergic receptor antagonist (tubocurarine, a nicotinic receptor blocker) blocked. (pharmacology2000.com)
Such effect was completely reversed both by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone and by the unselective muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. (researchgate.net)
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic commonly used in pediatrics, and MK-801/Dizocilpine, a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly used for research purposes, are structural analogues of PCP that possess varying degrees of adverse clinical effects. (medscape.com)
Methods: The expression of neuropeptides involved in homeostasis regulation will be assessed in vitro after treatment with the agonist and the antagonist of the ±7nAChR receptor and with leptin. (fapesp.br)
Some of the animals will undergo intracerebroventricular injection of ±7nAChR receptor agonist, antagonist and siRNA and will also be treated with leptin. (fapesp.br)
The carbachol-induced response is sensitive to atropine, a muscarinic-cholinergic antagonist, but not mecamylamine a nicotinic-cholinergic antagonist, while that of norepinephrine is blocked by the α l adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin, but not the specific α 2 antagonist Rx 781094. (elsevierpure.com)

Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs such as the agonist nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
Several different terms are used to refer to the molecules that bind receptors, such as ligand, agonist, or transmitter. (wikipedia.org)
Similar effects were observed in the cortex and thalamus following repeated administration of the nicotinic agonist cytisin. (nih.gov)
4. While the majority of the ACh-sensitive cells responded to both classes of cholinergic agonist, 29% responded exclusively to nicotinic stimulation and 9% responded exclusively to muscarinic stimulation. (ox.ac.uk)
However, literature shows that nicotine, a pharmacological agonist of these receptors, promotes a reduction in body weight and food intake. (fapesp.br)
Hence, recent studies have investigated the role of acetylcholine, the physiological agonist of these receptors, in controlling central energy homeostasis. (fapesp.br)
Our results suggest that the measurement of agonist-induced [ 3 H]-myo-inositol-1-phosphate accumulation, in the presence of lithium, represents a sensitive method for studying a number of receptor-mediated events in brain. (elsevierpure.com)
Measurement of an organism's, organ's, tissue's or cell's capacity to respond, such as by a change in activity, state or condition, to carbachol, the ammonium salt that is a slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors. (mcw.edu)
It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (bvsalud.org)

Administration of atropine, by blocking the muscarinic receptor blunts the action of acetylcholine and accordingly may reverse bradycardia. (pharmacology2000.com)
Total 3 H-QNB binding was reduced 70% in the presence of saturating doses of acetylcholine, oxotremorine and atropine, and half-maximal competition occurred at doses comparable to those at other muscarinic sites in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (northwestern.edu)
The initial presentation in the emergency department was a classic cholinergic toxidrome, and clinical resolution was achieved after provision of atropine. (scielo.org.za)
Treatment relies heavily on the use of high doses of atropine to block muscarinic receptor overactivation by acetylcholine (ACh) build up due to OP-induced block of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). (nih.gov)
Although rarely taken into account, the non-selective inhibition of all muscarinic receptor (mAChR) subtypes by atropine may be an important determinant of these poor outcomes. (nih.gov)
Treatment of OP intoxication consists in administering atropine, to block muscarinic receptors, and oximes, to facilitate the reactivation of AChE. (elsevierpure.com)

In addition, Davis and coworkers show that treating neurons from M1 knockout mice with carbachol increased Aβ production, probably via stimulation of other non-M1 muscarinic receptor subtypes. (alzforum.org)
Neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological approaches to postictal antinociception-related prosencephalic neurons: The role of muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. (bvsalud.org)
Specifically, inhibition of presynaptic mAChRs (mostly M2), which are part of a negative feedback loop that limits ACh release from cholinergic neurons, can exacerbate the OP-induced cholinergic crisis. (nih.gov)
For each of these systems, describe the locations of cholinergic synapses, in terms of which types of neurons release ACh and what types of target cells contain ACh receptors. (solvedlib.com)
Neurons that synthesize and release ACh are termed cholinergic neurons. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
A third subsystem of neurons has been named as non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitters (because they use nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter ) and are integral in autonomic function, in particular in the gut and the lungs . (cloudfront.net)
Persistent sodium current drives conditional pacemaking in CA1 pyramidal neurons under muscarinic stimulation. (harvard.edu)
The cholinergic neurons have long been a model for biochemical studies of neurotransmission. (elsevierpure.com)
A choline uptake system with a high affinity for choline has long been assumed to be present in cholinergic neurons. (elsevierpure.com)
CHT1 has been characterized both at the molecular and functional levels and was confirmed to be specifically expressed in cholinergic neurons. (elsevierpure.com)

Thus, for example, nicotinic receptor antagonists interfere with the baroreflex that normally corrects changes in blood pressure by sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
The in vivo regulation of [3H]acetylcholine [( 3H]ACh) recognition sites on nicotinic receptors in rat brain was examined by administering drugs that increase stimulation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors, either directly or indirectly. (nih.gov)
In most cases this is muscarinic receptor stimulation, as the parasympathetic nervous system is particularly dependent on ACh regulation. (scielo.org.za)
Essentially, by providing excessive cholinergic stimulation throughout fetal life, nicotine discoordinates the numerous events in cell replication, differentiation and synaptic development that are necessary to the proper assembly of the mammalian brain. (nature.com)
When AchE is inhibited ACh accumulates at the synapses, and cholinergic 'overdrive' occurs with resulting signs and symptoms characteritistics of the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
Signs of specific nicotinic stimulation is often followed by nicotinic depression in organophosphate poisoning and include those which are often associated with sympathomimetic stimulation, such as: weakness, cramps, fasciculation, increased HR and BP then decreased BP and HR, variable symptoms from anxiety & restlessness to confusion, obtundation, coma and fits. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
Bradycardia is the usual cardiac sign, but there can be tachycardia and hypertension from nicotinic, sympathetic stimulation. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)

Since nicotinic receptors help transmit outgoing signals for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, nicotinic receptor antagonists such as hexamethonium interfere with the transmission of these signals. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinic antagonists that block the receptor include mecamylamine, dihydro-β-erythroidine, and hexamethonium. (wikipedia.org)
The nicotinic antagonists mecamylamine and dihydro-beta-erythroidine did not alter [3H]ACh binding following 10-14 days of administration. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, all ACh-induced cellular and network changes were blocked by muscarinic, but not nicotinic receptor antagonists. (springer.com)

In vertebrates, nicotinic receptors are broadly classified into two subtypes based on their primary sites of expression: muscle-type nicotinic receptors and neuronal-type nicotinic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
The neuronal subtypes are various homomeric (all one type of subunit) or heteromeric (at least one α and one β) combinations of twelve different nicotinic receptor subunits: α2−α10 and β2−β4. (wikipedia.org)
Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
In particular, we found correlations between three adrenergic receptor subtypes and alcohol deliveries which could indicate an involvement of stress in the choice to self-administer. (5dok.org)

As ionotropic receptors, nAChRs are directly linked to ion channels. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are the best-studied of the ionotropic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
They possess similarities with GABAA receptors, glycine receptors, and the type 3 serotonin receptors (which are all ionotropic receptors), or the signature Cys-loop proteins. (wikipedia.org)
When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). (genome.jp)

Nicotinic receptors get their name from nicotine which does not stimulate the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors but selectively binds to the nicotinic receptors instead. (wikipedia.org)
The data indicate that [3H]ACh recognition sites on nicotinic receptors are subject to up- and down-regulation, and that repeated administration of nicotine results in a signal for up-regulation, probably through protracted desensitization at the recognition site. (nih.gov)
ACh-induced depressant effects were mimicked by microinjections of 1 mM muscarine, but not by 1 mM nicotine, thus confirming the involvement of muscarinic receptors in the downregulation of cough responses. (unifi.it)
Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
By itself, choline elicited nicotine-like actions commensurate with its promotion of cholinergic neurotransmission. (nature.com)

The components responsible for cholinergic neurotransmission, such as choline acetyltransferase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and acetylcholine esterase, have long been defined as functional units and then identified as molecular entities. (elsevierpure.com)

Selectivity is important on both counts: Non-specific muscarinic receptor agonists can produce side effects due to peripheral cholinergic effects including gastrointestinal disturbances, changes in blood pressure, and excessive sweating. (alzforum.org)
1. The effects of cholinergic agonists upon intracellular free Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) have been studied in enzymically isolated rat carotid body single type I cells, using indo-1. (ox.ac.uk)
5. In the presence of nicotinic agonists, Ca2+i responses were transient. (ox.ac.uk)
In the presence of muscarinic agonists, Ca2+i responses consisted of an initial rise, which then declined to a lower plateau level. (ox.ac.uk)

New evidence suggests that these receptors can also use second messengers (as metabotropic receptors do) in some cases. (wikipedia.org)

In the peripheral nervous system: (1) they transmit outgoing signals from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells within the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, and (2) they are the receptors found on skeletal muscle that receive acetylcholine released to signal for muscular contraction. (wikipedia.org)
2. Parasympathetic post ganglionic fibres- all the post ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system have cholinergic synapses with the target organ. (solvedlib.com)

The toxicity of OPs stems from their action at cholinergic synapses: these chemicals inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) and terminates its action following release into the synapse. (solvedlib.com)
1. Cholinergic synapses are found in several parts of the autonomic nervous system and somatic motor system. (solvedlib.com)
4. somatic motor system- cholinergic synapses are also present in the neuromuscular junction where the terminal motor nerve endings supply muscle fibres and cause their contraction by releasing ACH. (solvedlib.com)
Nicotinic receptors are further divided into those found at neuromuscular junctions and those found at neuronal synapses. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
PACAP/PAC1R signaling modulates acetylcholine release at neuronal nicotinic synapses. (harvard.edu)
Another essential component in the cholinergic synapses is the one responsible for choline uptake from the synaptic cleft, which is thought to be the rate-limiting step in acetylcholine synthesis. (elsevierpure.com)

The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
Specific signs and symptoms are associated with the neurotransmitters and receptors affected by each drug class. (aafp.org)
By recognizing symptomatic changes related to particular neurotransmitters and their receptors, family physicians can accurately determine the drug class and intervene appropriately to counteract drug-induced effects. (aafp.org)
Rather, all known abused drugs affect a limited number of neurotransmitters by agonism or antagonism of a specific receptor site 2 ( Table 1 ) . (aafp.org)
that's where an axon releases neurotransmitters that bind to receptors present on the cell membrane of the dendrites or the cell body of the next neuron in the series. (osmosis.org)
Neurotransmitters bind with a receptor and send an impulse to the muscle before being broken down by an enzyme, thereby stopping the process. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)

The results show for the first time that ACh exerts an inhibitory modulation of the cough reflex through muscarinic receptors within the caudal NTS. (unifi.it)
Cholinergic activation of M2 receptors leads to context-dependent modulation of feedforward inhibition in the visual thalamus. (harvard.edu)
G-protein-coupled receptor modulation of striatal CaV1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels is dependent on a Shank-binding domain. (harvard.edu)
Cholinergic modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA3 area of the hippocampus. (harvard.edu)

Bradycardia in this context might be due to excessive parasympathetic (cholinergic) tone and might cause unacceptably low cardiac output or predispose to more serious arrhythmias. (pharmacology2000.com)

Acetylcholine itself binds to both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Because it crosses the blood-brain barrier so that the the alpha receptors it binds are ones in the CNS instead of on the effector organ. (proprofs.com)
This means that the alpha receptors it binds to are located in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than on the effector organ, which in this case is the heart. (proprofs.com)
Acetylcholine diffuses across the synapse and binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the neuromuscular junction. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)

Previous analyses suggest that lack of normal cilia causes the small-body phenotype through the activation of a signaling pathway which consists of the EGL-4 cGMP-dependent protein kinase and the GCY-12 receptor-type guanylyl cyclase. (stanford.edu)
Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors is known to steer APP down the non-amyloidogenic, α-secretase pathway, but it has been difficult to pin the effect on a specific receptor subtype: There are five different muscarinic receptors (M1-M5) and knowing which one is involved is critical for making selective drugs and minimizing cholinergic side effects. (alzforum.org)
Finally, the activation of opioidergic and cholinergic systems appears to play a crucial role in (-)-linalool-induced antinociception. (researchgate.net)
The activation of ACh receptors by the binding of ACh leads to an influx of Na+ into the cell and an efflux of K+, resulting in a depolarisation of the postsynaptic neuron and the initiation of a new action potential. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)
Cholinergic signaling is mediated by activation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and has been described in the literature as a classical and important signaling in the regulation of inflammatory response. (fapesp.br)
Activation of the nicotinic receptor opens its intrinsic sodium/potassium channel , causing sodium to rush in and potassium to trickle out. (naturphilosophie.co.uk)
Simulations show that nicotinic receptor activation sharpens mitral cell receptive field, while muscarinic receptor activation enhances network synchrony and gamma oscillations. (modeldb.science)
Neural control of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase via cholinergic activation of Egr-I. Adv Pharmacol. (harvard.edu)
Organophosphorus compounds, including malathion, are well known for their mechanism of toxicity in living organisms through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, with subsequent accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and activation of both cholinergic muscarinic and cholinergic nicotinic receptors. (springeropen.com)

For clinical purposes, each receptor can be considered the site of action of only one specific neurotransmitter. (aafp.org)
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety, tolerability and clinical activity of ASM-024, a new cholinergic compound with dual nicotinic and muscarinic activity, in mild allergic asthma.METHODS: The present study involved 24 stable, mild allergic asthmatic subjects. (hindawi.com)
A clinical diagnosis of a cholinergic toxidrome secondary to OP/carbamate poisoning was made. (scielo.org.za)
The clinical effects are secondary to acetlycholine (ACh) excess at cholinergic junctions (muscarinic effects), in the CNS, at skeletal nerve-muscle junctions, and at autonomic ganglia (nicotinic effects). (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)

Anti-sialogue (anticholinergic) - reduces salivary and GIT secretions (pre-operative prep) due to widespread location of autonomic receptors side effects are common which both the clinician and patient should be aware of. (emedsa.org.au)
2 .NN receptors - these are present in the autonomic ganglia. (solvedlib.com)
Blockade of AChE is the most clinically significant effect of OPs and carbamates because this leads to the accumulation of excessive amounts of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors (found on various cholinergic secretory cells), at nicotinic receptors (located on skeletal neuromuscular junctions and autonomic ganglia), and in the CNS. (mhmedical.com)

It is accompanied by a loss of cholinergic tone, and acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain, which were hypothesized to be responsible for the cognitive decline observed in AD. (hal.science)

This is a two-layer biophysical olfactory bulb (OB) network model to study cholinergic neuromodulation. (modeldb.science)
This general model suggests that the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in OB are both distinct and complementary to one another, together regulating the effects of ascending cholinergic inputs on olfactory bulb transformations. (modeldb.science)

In insects, the cholinergic system is limited to the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Describe what is known about the nicotinic and muscarinic effects of cholinesterase toxicity on the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
The consequence of this is overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and therefore upregulation of the parasympathetic, and to a lesser extent sympathetic, nervous systems. (scielo.org.za)

Thus, ACh modulates network dynamics in a biphasic fashion, probably by inhibiting excitatory synaptic transmission and facilitating neuronal excitability through muscarinic signaling pathways. (springer.com)

In normal physiological conditions, the receptor needs exactly two molecules of ACh to open. (wikipedia.org)
Interaction of these molecules with receptor (nicotinic or muscarinic cholinergic receptor) causes a physiological response -- a decrease in heartbreak for instance. (pharmacology2000.com)

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. (wikipedia.org)
In neuronal nAChRs, the binding site is located at the interface of an α and a β subunit or between two α subunits in the case of α7 receptors. (wikipedia.org)

Identify why excessive levels of acetylcholine (the cholinergic toxidrome) cause different signs and symptoms depending on whether cholinergic receptors involved are of the muscarinic or nicotinic type. (cdc.gov)
As newer drugs of abuse are identified, physicians only need to know the affected neurotransmitter and receptor site to recognize the resultant signs and symptoms. (aafp.org)
All signs and symptoms of acute organophosphate poisoning are cholinergic in nature and effect muscarinic, nicotinic and CNS receptors. (emergencymedicalparamedic.com)

Opiates act on both opioid and adrenergic receptor sites. (aafp.org)

By binding to α2 receptors in the CNS, clonidine can modulate the release of norepinephrine, resulting in a decrease in sympathetic outflow and ultimately leading to a decrease in heart rate. (proprofs.com)
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglions have cholinergic (ACH secreting ) pre ganglionic nerve fibres. (solvedlib.com)

Ephedrine and Pseudo-Ephedrine are referred to as mixed acting drugs because they exhibit both antagonistic and stimulatory effects on their receptor simultaneously. (proprofs.com)
Cholinergic effects include slowed heart rate, increased secretion, and increased activity of the gastrointestinal tract. (ashp.org)
Would you expect OPs to have different effects on the two receptor types? (solvedlib.com)
Thus there will be no difference in the types of effects in the two receptors. (solvedlib.com)

What is the cholinergic toxidrome? (cdc.gov)
Describe what causes the cholinergic toxidrome. (cdc.gov)
Identify other medical conditions that can be mimicked by the cholinergic toxidrome. (cdc.gov)

Clonidine uniquely stimulates α 2 receptors, yet affects the heart rate which is normally affected by beta receptors. (proprofs.com)

These drugs bind to α1 receptors and activate them, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. (proprofs.com)
This means that while they bind to the receptor in an antagonistic manner, they also stimulate the receptor at the same time. (proprofs.com)
Cholinergic receptors are receptors on the surface of cells that get activated when they bind a type of neurotransmitter called acetylcholine . (osmosis.org)

Ach from the motor nerve endings reaches the receptors at muscular endplate and causes contraction. (solvedlib.com)

Organophosphates act on the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase which functions in both the receptors in a similar fashion. (solvedlib.com)
In all the locations, organophosphates will cause increase presence of the Ach in the synapse causing overstimulation of the Ach receptor containing target cells. (solvedlib.com)

Cholinergic transmission affects the perception of pain via both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. (unifi.it)

These results support the idea that cholinergic communication occurs in the cochlea, but they are also consistent with the hypothesis that other receptor mechanisms may be involved in olivocochlear inhibition. (northwestern.edu)
Their acute toxicity is due to inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) resulting in the accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse, with an ensuing cholinergic crisis. (elsevierpure.com)

Psychedelic drugs stimulate serotonin release, and sedative-hypnotic drugs potentiate the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor. (aafp.org)

Expressing M1 receptor in knockout cells restored carbachol-induced α-secretase processing. (alzforum.org)

Current medication is restricted to enhancing cholinergic signalling for symptomatic treatment of AD patients. (hal.science)

Anticholinergic drugs antagonize acetylcholine receptors. (aafp.org)
Which drugs select α 1 receptors and indicate whether agonistically or antagonistically. (proprofs.com)
This dual action of the drugs on the receptor is what classifies them as mixed acting drugs. (proprofs.com)
There are two types of cholinergic receptors , called nicotinic and muscarinic receptors - named after the drugs that work on them. (osmosis.org)

binding to the central NMDA receptor may result in amelioration of neuropathic pain. (medindex.am)

Anatomy29

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs96

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes17

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Acetylcholine receptor6

Antagonist11

Agonist9

Atropine6

Neurons10

Stimulation7

Antagonists4

Subtypes4

Ionotropic4

Nicotine5

Neurotransmission1

Agonists4

Metabotropic1

Parasympathetic nervou2

Synapses6

Neurotransmitters6

Modulation4

Bradycardia1

Binds4

Activation9

Clinical4

Autonomic3

Loss of cholinergic1

Olfactory Bulb2

Nervous3

Excitatory synaptic transmission1

Physiological2

NAChRs2

Signs and symptoms3

Adrenergic receptor1

Sympathetic2

Effects4

Toxidrome3

Stimulates1

Bind3

Endplate1

Organophosphates2

Affects1

Inhibition2

Stimulate1

Carbachol-induced1

Symptomatic1

Drugs4

NMDA1