• Nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron are responsible for the initial fast depolarization (Fast EPSP) of that neuron. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a consequence of this, nicotinic receptors are often cited as the receptor on the postganglionic neurons at the ganglion. (wikipedia.org)
  • By contrast, nicotinic receptors form pentameric complexes and use a ligand-gated ion channel mechanism for signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Acetylcholine activates calcium transients in brain endothelium via muscarinic, but not nicotinic, receptors. (univr.it)
  • The M 2 selective antagonist methoctramine (3.16 μM) produced a 307-fold increase in the ED 50 for bradycardia but had no significant effect on the pressor response to acetylcholine. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In marked contrast, the M 3 antagonist hexahydrosiladifenidol displayed a distinct preference for inhibiting coronary vasoconstrictor responses to acetylcholine. (aspetjournals.org)
  • In the case of pirenzepine, for example, this antagonist has a 44-fold selectivity for the M 1 -muscarinic receptor over the M 2 , but only a 17.9 and 3.5 fold selectivity for the M 3 and M 4 -muscarinic receptor subtypes respectively [ 9 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • The cholinergic nature of this response is further verified by enhancement with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine and suppression with the muscarinic antagonist atropine. (escholarship.org)
  • Binding of the potent muscarinic antagonist [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ( 3 H-QNB) showed that the cochlea has sites with the pharmacological specificity of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. (northwestern.edu)
  • The nicotinic specific antagonist d-tubocurarine did not block 3 H-QNB binding at concentrations known to be effective in electrophysiological experiments, indicating the sites measured here were not the mixed muscarinic-nicotinic receptor type postulated for some systems. (northwestern.edu)
  • The improvement of therapeutic approaches using specific mAChR modulators is further impeded by a lack of established and validated protocol to screen efficacy of different mAChR agonist/antagonist at native receptors in neocortical slices. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Short-term preincubation of mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) with the muscarinic agonist carbamylcholine at 37°C resulted in a significant decrease in the binding of the muscarinic antagonist [ 3 H]N-methylscopolamine. (umn.edu)
  • abstract = "Short-term preincubation of mouse neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) with the muscarinic agonist carbamylcholine at 37°C resulted in a significant decrease in the binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]N-methylscopolamine. (umn.edu)
  • Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Agonist and Peripheral Antagonist for Schizophrenia. (nih.gov)
  • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in the hippocampus and cortex underlie memory formation, but there is conflicting evidence regarding their role in memory retrieval. (ed.gov)
  • Contrary to the view that acetylcholine supports learning but is detrimental to memory retrieval, we found that coactivation of multiple mAChR is required for retrieval of both recently and remotely acquired context memories. (ed.gov)
  • Manipulations with higher receptor specificity were generally less potent than manipulations targeting multiple receptor subtypes, suggesting that mAChR act in synergy to regulate memory processes. (ed.gov)
  • These findings provide unique insight into the development of therapies for amnestic symptoms, suggesting that broadly acting, rather than receptor-specific, mAchR agonists and positive allosteric modulators may be the most effective therapeutic approach. (ed.gov)
  • The M₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) is predominantly expressed in the brain where it plays a major role in mediating cognitive processes such as learning and memory. (monash.edu)
  • Drug discovery efforts aimed at developing selective ligands for this receptor, both as therapeutics and as experimental tools, have largely failed as they focused on targeting the acetylcholine (ACh) binding site, which is identical in all five mAChR subtypes. (monash.edu)
  • The discovery of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), the first positive allosteric modulator (PAM) with high selectivity for the M₁ mAChR, has lead to a renaissance in selective targeting of this receptor family. (monash.edu)
  • In chapter 2 we exploit the unique "two-state" pharmacology of BQCA to investigate allosteric modulation at a chemogenetically modified M1 mAChR, developed as an alternative means to achieve selective receptor targeting in vivo. (monash.edu)
  • This study demonstrates that such an approach may not be valid, as chemogenetic modification of the M₁ mAChR leads to changes in the allosteric behaviour of BQCA that are not reminiscent of its behaviour at the native receptor. (monash.edu)
  • Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR) are a promising strategy for the treatment of the cognitive deficits associated with diseases including Alzheimer's and schizophrenia. (worktribe.com)
  • The most active compounds of the 4-phenylpyridin-2-one series exhibited comparable binding affinity to the reference compound, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (BQCA) (1), but markedly improved positive cooperativity with acetylcholine, and retained exquisite selectivity for the M1 mAChR. (worktribe.com)
  • Here we explored how muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) modulated rhythm generating networks are distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) of soft-bodied Drosophila larvae. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • In patients with infection-triggered onset, the associations of low sCD26 with elevated autoantibodies (AAB) against alpha1 adrenergic (AR) and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) point to a pathomechanism of infection-triggered autoimmune-mediated vascular and immunological dysregulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Autoantibodies (AAB) against nuclear and membrane structures as well as neurotransmitter receptors including muscarinic cholinergic receptor M3/M4-antibodies (M3-mAChR/M4-mAChR) and beta-1 and -2-adrenergic receptor (beta1-AR/beta2-AR) have been described in patients with ME/CFS ( 3 , 6 - 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The interaction between a novel G protein-coupled receptor modulator, N -(2,3-diphenyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole-5-(2 H )-ylidene) methanamine hydrobromide (SCH-202676), and the M 1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) was investigated. (aspetjournals.org)
  • It is proposed that SCH-202676 uses a dual mode of ligand-receptor interaction involving both extra- and intracellular attachment points on the M 1 mAChR that are distinct from the allosteric binding site recognized by prototypical mAChR modulators such as C 7 /3-phth. (aspetjournals.org)
  • After a reliable means to assay M₂AChR function was found, we performed a preliminary search for tryptophan residues in the agonist binding site that form a cation-pi interaction with acetylcholine. (caltech.edu)
  • My specific interests lie in how the levels of receptor are maintained or downregulated in the extended presence of agonist, and what mechanisms determine how receptors are sorted to the lysosome, in particular determining the distinct processes that control different receptor types. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • A fresh class of subtype-selective muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh) receptor agonist that activates the receptor through interaction at a site distinct from the orthosteric acetylcholine binding site has been reported recently. (bioshockinfinitereleasedate.com)
  • Outcomes Perseverance of Agonist Binding Affinities in M1 M3 and M2 mACh Receptors. (bioshockinfinitereleasedate.com)
  • A selective novel KOP receptor agonist emerged as a notable result and is proposed as a new chemotype for the study of the KOP receptor in the etiology of drug addiction, depression, and/or pain. (acs.org)
  • It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • These receptor subtypes had marked differences in regional and cellular localization as shown by immunocytochemistry. (jneurosci.org)
  • Four subtypes (M1-M4) in muscarinic receptors (mACh-R) were discovered by the method of gene technology. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The gene family as a whole shows 26.3% overall amino acid identity, with the variation between the receptor subtypes being seen largely within the intracellular loops. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • For example, in the presence of the allosteric modulator thiochrome the affinity of acetylcholine at the M 4 -muscarinic receptor is increased, but the affinity of acetylcholine for the other muscarinic receptor subtypes is unaffected [ 21 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Fetal brain regions and peripheral tissues were examined for nAChR subtypes, other neurotransmitter receptors, and indices of cell signaling and cell damage. (nature.com)
  • Many drugs and other substances (for example pilocarpine and scopolamine) manipulate these two distinct receptors by acting as selective agonists or antagonists. (wikipedia.org)
  • The primary goal of this study was to determine the extent that selective muscarinic receptor antagonists could discriminate between the chronotropic and coronary vasoconstrictor responses to acetylcholine in isolated rat hearts perfused at constant flow rate. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These observations demonstrate that cardiac and coronary vascular effects of acetylcholine can be clearly discriminated with specific muscarinic antagonists. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The orthosteric binding pocket of the muscarinic receptor family is highly conserved, making the development of subtype-specific agonists and antagonists very difficult. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Model of M2 receptor from side- (left) and extracellular- (right) view shows 7 blue α helices spanning the membrane, bound antagonists quinuclidinyl bezilate (green) and amino acids contributing to major intramolecular interactions. (cas.cz)
  • Furthermore, all ACh-induced cellular and network changes were blocked by muscarinic, but not nicotinic receptor antagonists. (springer.com)
  • In this case, binding of the ligands with the receptor causes an ion channel to open, permitting either one or more specific types of ions (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • At high concentrations, alcuronium inhibits the binding of muscarinic ligands, presumably by competition for the classical muscarinic binding site. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Table 1 shows the binding affinities of some of the most widely used muscarinic receptor ligands and emphasizes the modest extent of subtype specificity of these agents. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • By targeting allosteric sites of muscarinic receptors, contained on the extracellular loops and extracellular regions of the transmembrane helices [ 24 ], allosteric modulators are able to regulate the binding affinity of ligands at the orthosteric site. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • We analyzed the binding characteristics of muscarinic agonists to cardiac maCh-R by computer-assisted least square method. (nii.ac.jp)
  • In addition, subtype-selective agonists, which bind to and activate the receptor via binding domains distinct from the orthosteric binding site have also been reported. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Both classical and atypical agonists activate hM1 receptors by the same molecular switch that involves D71 in the second transmembrane helix. (cas.cz)
  • Mutation of the residues involved in receptor activation (D71) and coupling to G-proteins (R123) completely abolished the functional responses to both classical and atypical agonists. (cas.cz)
  • The orthosteric incomplete agonists arecoline (30 μM) and pilocarpine (35 μM) also induced significant M1 mACh receptor internalization (Fig. 1A). (bioshockinfinitereleasedate.com)
  • Kappa-opioid (KOP) receptor agonists exhibit analgesic effects without activating reward pathways. (acs.org)
  • The bladder neck contains a high concentration of receptors that are sensitive to alpha-agonists. (medscape.com)
  • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to a class of metabotropic receptors that use G proteins as their signaling mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this context metabotropic ACh receptors, termed muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) [ 7 ] play a crucial role. (biomedcentral.com)
  • When released in the synaptic cleft, ACh binds to two distinct types of receptors: Ionotropic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and metabotropic muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). (genome.jp)
  • I received my B.Sc in Pharmacology from the University of Bristol in 1997, before going on to undertake a Ph.D in the department of Medicine, also at the University of Bristol, under the supervision of Prof Craig McArdle, where I investigated the role of endocytosis in the function of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Feigenbaum, P & El-Fakahany, EE 1984, ' Short-term regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding in cultured nerve cells ', Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology , vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 519-522. (umn.edu)
  • The nAChR is a ligand-gated ion channel (LGIC) and the M₂AChR is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (caltech.edu)
  • Muscarinic receptors responding to the natural ligand acetylcholine have a widespread tissue distribution and are involved in the control of numerous central and peripheral physiological responses, as well as being a major drug target in human disease. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • In addition, the allosteric modulators that act by regulating the affinity of the natural ligand will have the potential to only be active when and where acetylcholine is present and therefore reduce potential side effects [ 24 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • The solubilized receptor is unstable when the ligand-binding site is not protected by a ligand. (mpg.de)
  • We mutated key amino acids of the human variant of the M1 muscarinic receptor that target ligand binding, receptor activation, and receptor-G protein interaction. (cas.cz)
  • 1979. Transition and heavy metal inhibition of ligand binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors from rat brain. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical and experimental studies indicate that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurological diseases. (univr.it)
  • In line with previous studies, this result indicates muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as potential pharmacological targets in future translational studies. (univr.it)
  • abstract = "We investigated the functional role of a conserved motif, F(x) 6LL, in the membrane proximal C-tail of the human muscarinic M1 (hM1) receptor. (okstate.edu)
  • The m1-protein was present in cortex and striatum and was localized to cell bodies and neurites, consistent with its role as a major postsynaptic muscarinic receptor. (jneurosci.org)
  • Very few parts of the sympathetic system use cholinergic receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • The muscarinic M(4) acetylcholine receptor subtype is centrally involved in the regulation of dopamine release in striatal areas. (ku.dk)
  • Evaluation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 3 gene polymorphisms in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Gene expression was assessed by qPCR for muscarinic receptor types 2 (M2) and 3 (M3), collagen type 1α1 and 3α1, and SM actin. (lu.se)
  • Total 3 H-QNB binding was reduced 70% in the presence of saturating doses of acetylcholine, oxotremorine and atropine, and half-maximal competition occurred at doses comparable to those at other muscarinic sites in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (northwestern.edu)
  • The hM 1 receptor possessing a L430A/L431A double-point mutation was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and atropine treatment caused the redistribution of the mutant receptor from the ER to the plasma membrane. (okstate.edu)
  • The effect of atropine on the L430A/L431A receptor mutant suggests that L 430 and L 431 play a role in folding hM 1 receptors, which is necessary for exit from the ER. (okstate.edu)
  • Using site-directed mutagenesis, we also identified amino acid residues at the base of transmembrane-spanning domain 1 (TM1), V 46 and L 47 , that, when mutated, reduce the plasma membrane expression of hM 1 receptors in an atropine-reversible manner. (okstate.edu)
  • To characterize the family of proteins, a panel of subtype-selective antibodies was generated against recombinant muscarinic receptor proteins and shown to bind specifically to each of the cloned receptors. (jneurosci.org)
  • Polyclonal antibodies raised against a carboxy-terminal nonapeptide that is unique to the m3 subtype can detect the receptors produced in the insect cells by Western blot and can also immunoprecipitate solubilized receptor. (mpg.de)
  • These antibodies belong to a network of natural antibodies against adrenergic, cholinergic and other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) which were shown to be dysregulated and dysfunctional in various autoimmune diseases ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The authors also searched for circulating antineural antibodies using immunofluorescence and western blot and for antibodies against muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as potential biomarkers. (bmj.com)
  • The m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from rat heterologously produced in insect cells after infection with a recombinant baculovirus has an apparent molecular mass of approximately 75 kDa. (mpg.de)
  • Their counterparts are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), receptor ion channels that are also important in the autonomic nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies in developing rodents indicate that nicotine is a neuroteratogen that disrupts brain development by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) that control neural cell replication and differentiation. (nature.com)
  • citation needed] Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, both releasing acetylcholine and expressing acetylcholine receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pseudoephedrine stimulates vasoconstriction by directly activating alpha-adrenergic receptors. (medscape.com)
  • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that respond to acetylcholine and play important signaling roles in the nervous system. (rcsb.org)
  • Here, we present and compare the cryo-electron microscopy structures of M1R in complex with G 11 and M2R in complex with G oA The M1R-G 11 complex exhibits distinct features, including an extended transmembrane helix 5 and carboxyl-terminal receptor tail that interacts with G protein. (rcsb.org)
  • Cardiac maCh-R (M2 subtype) are thought to consist of a single species of receptor protein. (nii.ac.jp)
  • It is possible that M2 and M2 come from dif-ferent modification of receptor proteins, such as phosphorylation, methylation, association with other protein or polymerization. (nii.ac.jp)
  • On completion of my PhD, I took a postdoctoral position at the University of California, San Francisco, where I continued my training in the laboratory of Prof Mark von Zastrow, a renowned leader in the field of endocytic trafficking in the function of G-protein-coupled receptors, where I investigated the role of Ubiquitin in endosomal trafficking. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • My research involves investigating the mechanisms by which G-protein-coupled Receptors are regulated to maintain signalling and homeostasis. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), represent the largest family of cell surface receptors and are the prime regulators of many physiological systems. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • The M3 receptor-mediated K(+) current (IKM3), a G(q) protein-coupled K(+) channel. (nih.gov)
  • Comparable contrasting effects of oxo-M and AC-42 were also seen in a different CHO-M1 clone with a lower human M1 mACh receptor appearance level (~300 fmol mg?1 protein). (bioshockinfinitereleasedate.com)
  • Polymorphisms in Natural Killer Cell Receptor Protein 2D (NKG2D) as a Risk Factor for Cholangiocarcinoma. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, darifenacin, which is widely considered as M 3 selective and is approved for clinical use in the treatment of over-active bladder has ≤10-fold selectivity over M 1 /M 4 /M 5 receptors [ 17 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Publications] X.M. Zhou: 'The SH-H subgroup of cardiac M_2 receptors (M_2 ) inhibits adenulate cyclase activity. (nii.ac.jp)
  • It is known that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors also appear on the pre-synaptic membrane of somatic neurons in the neuro-muscular junction, where they are involved in the regulation of acetylcholine release. (wikipedia.org)
  • One important aspect of this regulation is determining how many receptors are available to respond at any one time. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • These results support the idea that cholinergic communication occurs in the cochlea, but they are also consistent with the hypothesis that other receptor mechanisms may be involved in olivocochlear inhibition. (northwestern.edu)
  • CCh also decreased the paired-pulse inhibition of field potentials and the inhibitory conductances mediated by GABA A and GABA B receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figure S1: Plot of competitive inhibition of 3 H -diprenorphine binding at the KOP receptor. (acs.org)
  • Figure S3 shows the cAMP accumulation inhibition curves at DOP and MOP receptors. (acs.org)
  • Inhibition of AChE leads to an excess of ACh at all of its receptors (cholinergic crisis), first causing increased activity of the affected tissue, followed eventually in the CNS and in skeletal muscle by fatigue and failure of the tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The results suggest that the binding of low concentrations of alcuronium to muscarinic receptors in the heart, ileal smooth muscle, and cerebellum allosterically increases the affinity of muscarinic receptors towards [3H]NMS, although not [3H]QNB. (aspetjournals.org)
  • From the behaviour of the solubilized receptor during DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and lectin-affinity chromatography it can be deduced that the receptor produced in insect cells is heterogeneously glycosylated in the producing insect cells. (mpg.de)
  • This receptor is bound to intracellular proteins, known as G proteins, which begin the information cascade within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using immunoprecipitation, three receptor proteins (m1, m2, and m4) accounted for the vast majority of the total solubilized muscarinic binding sites in rat brain. (jneurosci.org)
  • These results clarify the roles of these genetically defined receptor proteins in cholinergic transmission in brain. (jneurosci.org)
  • Classically these receptors are sub-divided into two broad groups based on their primary coupling efficiency to G-proteins. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Hence, M2 and M4-muscarinic receptors are able to couple to the pertusiss-toxin sensitive G i/o -proteins, and M 1 , M 3 and M 5 -muscarinic receptors couple to G q/11 -proteins [ 9 , 34 ]. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • For many proteins ubiquitin is critical for controlling the degradation of receptors, but it is unknown what proteins are responsible for controlling this (e.g. the nature of the ubiquitin ligase) The images show a clear requirement for receptor (green) to be ubiquitinated or it remains on the endosome limiting membrane. (abdn.ac.uk)
  • Bioinformatic analyses performed on eukaryotic muscarinic receptors demonstrate a high degree of conservation of the orthosteric binding site and a great variability of the allosteric site. (univr.it)
  • In the search for nonaddictive opioid therapeutics and novel chemical tools to study physiological functions regulated by the KOP receptor, we screened in silico its recently released inactive crystal structure. (acs.org)
  • In this initial realization, we express the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and the fluorescent Ca²⁺ indicator TN-XXL in cultured HEK293 cells. (escholarship.org)
  • Immunofluorescence microscopy as well as electron microscopy revealed that the receptor was located intracellularly, visualized as a ring around the nucleus of the infected insect cells. (mpg.de)
  • Here, we show that all muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-M5) are expressed in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. (univr.it)
  • Wild-type and mutant hM1 receptors were transiently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and the amount of plasma membrane-expressed receptor was determined by use of intact, whole-cell [3H]N-methylscopolamine binding assays. (okstate.edu)
  • The third intracellular loop is particularly variable, showing only 2.7% identity between receptor, compared with an average of 66% identity found in the conserved transmembrane domains. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • Positive cooperativity induced by alcuronium appears to be specific for the m2 (cardiac) subtype of muscarinic receptors. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Publications] A. Mizushima: 'The H-L subgroup of guinea-pig cardiac M_2 receptors (M_2 ) regulates formation of inositol phosphates. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Bladder sections were stained with Masson's trichrome for SM content and immunofluorescence staining for nerve terminals expressing vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). (lu.se)
  • Characterization of receptors in a native system is a crucial issue. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although these receptors have been described in human, bovine and rat cerebral microvascular tissue, a subtype functional characterization in mouse brain endothelium is lacking. (univr.it)
  • Anticholinergic agents inhibit the binding of acetylcholine to the cholinergic receptor, thereby suppressing involuntary bladder contraction of any etiology. (medscape.com)
  • Organophosphate Poisoning and Carbamate Poisoning Organophosphates and carbamates are common insecticide ingredients that inhibit cholinesterase activity, causing acute muscarinic manifestations (eg, salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nerve agents inhibit both muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pyrethroid resistance mechanisms can be divided into 2 groups: metabolic (alterations in the expression levels of activities of detoxification enzymes) and target site (nonsilent point mutations within structural receptor genes, e.g., knockdown resistance [ kdr ] mutations) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • When the bladder becomes full, the stretch receptors of the detrusor muscle send a signal to the pons, which in turn notifies the brain. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the possibility that olivocochlear bundles may use acetylcholine as an inhibitory transmitter, we examined the cochlea of the guinea pig for cholinergic receptor binding sites. (northwestern.edu)
  • Guinea-pig tracheal tissue was exposed to hypochlorous-acid (7790923) (HOCl) or hydrogen -peroxide (7722841) (H2O2) in an effort to determine whether there would be any effect on the responsiveness of airway muscle to acetylcholine (ACh), potassium- chloride (KCl), or substrate-P in the presence or absence of phosphoramidon. (cdc.gov)
  • Although a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the processes underlying receptor endocytosis, including the critical role of receptor kinases and arrestin, comparatively little is known about the processes determining the postendocytic fate of GPCRs. (abdn.ac.uk)