OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesHealth Care
RubellaMumpsRubella virusRubella VaccineMumps virusMumps VaccineHemagglutination Inhibition TestsRubella Syndrome, CongenitalAntibodies, ViralMeasles-Mumps-Rubella VaccineImmunityImmunity, InnateImmunity, CellularMeaslesParotitisVaccinationMeasles VaccineVaccines, CombinedAdaptive ImmunityImmunoglobulin MMass VaccinationImmunoglobulin GMeasles virusSeroepidemiologic StudiesPregnancy Complications, InfectiousImmunity, MucosalChickenpox VaccineImmunization ScheduleDisease Outbreaks
VaccinationCongenital rubellaShowing immunity to measlesDosesTiterVaccinesInfectionTitersVaricella-zosteImmunizationMeasles mumpsAntibodiesHerdTetanusReceive MMR vaccineImmuneAdultsIncidenceCell-mediatedVirusesViralInfectionsIncubation periodDiseasesEncephalitis1989OccurRubivirusMeningococcalEvidenceInfantsEpidemic2020RashInfectious diseaseContagiousParticular pathogenOutbreakSerumClinical featuresVirusOccursSingle doseCases
Vaccination23
  • citation needed] Adaptive immunity can be acquired either 'naturally' (by infection) or 'artificially' (through deliberate actions such as vaccination). (wikipedia.org)
  • This conclusion was based on a systematic review of published studies on the duration of immunity following a single dose of YF vaccine, and on data that suggest vaccine failures are extremely rare and do not increase in frequency with time since vaccination [Gotuzzo 2013]. (cdc.gov)
  • Documentation of waning immunity in a population with high vaccination coverage and low probability of boosting due to exposure to wild virus will have implications on future vaccination policy in the US. (cdc.gov)
  • By 1972, the ACIP recommendations were changed to indicate that mumps vaccination was particularly important for the initially targeted teenage and adult age groups. (medscape.com)
  • In 1980, further recommendations called for mumps vaccination of susceptible children, adolescents, and adults, unless it was medically contraindicated. (medscape.com)
  • Following these comprehensive recommendations and enactment of state laws requiring mumps vaccination for school entry and attendance, the reported incidence of mumps steadily declined. (medscape.com)
  • Proof of immunity and of proof of vaccination. (wsu.edu)
  • Proof of immunity by titer may be accepted in lieu of proof of vaccination. (wsu.edu)
  • Before the rubella vaccination became available in 1969, epidemics occurred every 6-9 years and pandemics every 10-20 years. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] The CDC estimates 95% vaccination coverage among school-aged children and 91% immunity in the population. (medscape.com)
  • A recent case control study, presuming it to be a random variation, found a correlation between early rubella vaccination (before age 10) and later development of multiple sclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • The rubella vaccination is given to only about half the world's population. (medscape.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ En 2001, le programme de vaccination antirougeoleuse en Arabie saoudite est passé à deux doses du vaccin antirougeoleux-antiourlien-antirubéoleux, la première à 12 mois et la seconde à 6 ans. (who.int)
  • Le programme de vaccination antirougeoleuse en deux doses peut induire une protection optimale à l'entrée à l'école primaire lorsqu'une forte couverture vaccinale est assurée. (who.int)
  • The first point to make is that cross-reactive T cells were never thought to be the main cause of the herd immunity threshold (HIT) [2] being lower for COVID-19 than the oft-quoted {1 - 1/R0} level, which generally applies for vaccination. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Immunity can be gained by pathogen infection or from vaccination. (docbrown.info)
  • Varicella vaccination (VAR): Evidence of immunity: U.S.-born before 1980 (except for pregnant persons and health care personnel, documentation of 2 doses varicella-containing vaccine at least 4 weeks apart, diagnosis or verification of history of varicella or herpes zoster by a health care provider, laboratory evidence of immunity or disease. (lamission.edu)
  • 3] Individuals from Columbia, the Dominican Republic, and Central America, where vaccination programs were just starting, were often susceptible to rubella. (medscape.com)
  • This end of endemic rubella was achieved by the high percentage of vaccination in the population. (medscape.com)
  • Infection usually confers lifelong immunity, but reinfection is occasionally detected serologically after the natural disease or a vaccination upon reexposure to the virus and rarely results in clinical disease. (medscape.com)
  • The Ministry of Health (MoH) response included event investigation through institutional and community retrospective case searches for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) during 2018-2020 and a bivalent oral polio/measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination campaign in September 2019. (cdc.gov)
  • What you find if you do is that the frequency of memory B and T cells for measles and rubella was actually much greater than the frequency of memory B and T cells following mumps vaccination. (medscape.com)
  • Some have raised the question of whether this could be due to serology, or that the Jeryl Lynn strain is different enough from the current circulating mumps strains-the so-called G-type strains- that there's been sufficient drift of that strain so that vaccination doesn't protect. (medscape.com)
Congenital rubella13
  • This statement summarizes the goals and current strategies for measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) elimination and for mumps reduction in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • U.S. Public Health Service year 2000 objectives include eliminating measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome, and reducing mumps incidence to less than 500 reported cases per year. (cdc.gov)
  • Defects that occur with congenital rubella syndrome can be treated. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Congenital rubella syndrome is associated with clinically significant congenital malformations. (medscape.com)
  • In the last decade, the rate has been less than 10 cases of congenital rubella syndrome per year. (medscape.com)
  • From 2000 to 2012, rising numbers of WHO member states began using rubella-containing vaccines (RCVs) in their immunization program and began reporting rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) surveillance data. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital rubella syndrome remains a major problem in some areas. (medscape.com)
  • In Russia, for instance, congenital rubella syndrome causes 15% of all birth defects. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] About 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome are estimated to occur each year in low- and middle-income countries. (medscape.com)
  • This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (cdc.gov)
  • The most important complication of rubella is congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (medscape.com)
  • 2] Of concern was the high incidence of rubella in unvaccinated Hispanic immigrants and congenital rubella syndrome in their offspring. (medscape.com)
  • In one study, 44% of congenital rubella syndrome cases were in Hispanic infants. (medscape.com)
Showing immunity to measles1
Doses6
  • it is short-lived, requiring booster doses for continued immunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The student is responsible for demonstrating compliance by documentation of 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine or blood test (serology) showing immunity to hepatitis B virus (or infection). (jscc.edu)
  • ABSTRACT In 2001, the measles immunization schedule in Saudi Arabia was changed to 2 measles, mumps and rubella vaccine doses at 12 months and at 6 years. (who.int)
  • Given immunity to the initial course of vaccines wanes over time, booster doses are important. (inverse.com)
  • Teenagers and adults without evidence of measles immunity should have documentation of two doses of MMR vaccine separated by at least 28 days. (cdc.gov)
  • At least one of the following is considered evidence of measles immunity for international travelers: 1) birth before 1957, 2) documented administration of two doses of live measles virus vaccine (MMR, MMRV, or other measles-containing vaccine), or 3) laboratory (serologic) proof of immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease. (cdc.gov)
Titer5
Vaccines6
  • The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE), the principal advisory group to the World Health Organization (WHO) for vaccines and immunization, concluded in April 2013 that a single dose of YF vaccine is sufficient to confer sustained immunity and lifelong protection against YF disease, and a booster dose of the vaccine is not needed [WHO 2013]. (cdc.gov)
  • The first rubella vaccines were licensed in 1969. (cdc.gov)
  • Documented laboratory evidence of immunity to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella or Hepatitis B may be submitted in place of above vaccines. (stockton.edu)
  • Ensure that all patients without other evidence of immunity, especially those planning international travel, are up to date on MMR vaccine and other recommended vaccines before their international travel. (cdc.gov)
  • I really think what you're seeing is just fading immunity from what is, frankly, the weaker of the three vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • Right now, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has created a mumps vaccine working group to investigate whether or not they want to give a third dose of the MMR vaccine at the 11- to 13-year-old platform, along with tetanus / diphtheria / pertussis , meningococcus, and human papillomavirus vaccines. (medscape.com)
Infection10
  • Rubella, also known as the German measles, is an infection in which there is a rash on the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Children and adults who were never vaccinated against rubella may also get this infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rubella is most often a mild infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • After an infection, people have immunity to the disease for the rest of their lives. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mumps infection may present with primarily respiratory symptoms or may be asymptomatic. (health.mil)
  • Rubella, also called German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by rubella virus . (health.mil)
  • Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. (cdc.gov)
  • T RM cell immunity 'blitzes' viral replication in the URT leading to the elimination of all infected cells within a day of the initial infection, at the portal of entry. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Rubella infection during pregnancy can have severe consequences for the fetus such as miscarriage or severe birth defects. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Studies on children at the New York Willowbrook State School in 1963, shortly after the isolation of the rubella virus, have shown that the disease is spread by nasal droplet infection and has an incubation period of 14-19 days, with onset of a rash usually on the 15th day. (medscape.com)
Titers1
Varicella-zoste1
  • 1. Smits GP, van Gageldonk PG, Schouls LM, van der Klis FR, Berbers GA. Development of a bead- based multiplex immunoassay for simultaneous quantitative detection of IgG serum antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster virus. (cdc.gov)
Immunization7
  • These revised recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on measles, mumps, and rubella prevention supersede recommendations published in 1989 and 1990. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1993, the Childhood Immunization Initiative established goals of eliminating indigenous transmission of measles and rubella in the United States by 1996. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunity may occur naturally or be produced by prior exposure or immunization. (wikipedia.org)
  • The monovalent live, attenuated mumps vaccine was licensed in the United States in December 1967, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that its use be considered for children nearing puberty, for adolescents, and for adults. (medscape.com)
  • as such, the ACIP believed that mumps immunization should not compromise the effectiveness of established immunization public health programs. (medscape.com)
  • Rubella is now rare because of widespread compliance with childhood immunization programs. (medscape.com)
  • Proof of immunization or immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella must be provided prior to registration. (lsus.edu)
Measles mumps24
Antibodies2
  • Active immunity is acquired through the exposure to a pathogen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Wampole Mumps IgG ELISA test system is designed to detect IgG class antibodies to Mumps virus in human sera. (cdc.gov)
Herd6
  • This figure is well below the 95% standard that is believed to provide 'herd immunity. (medic8.com)
  • An interesting new paper by Marc Lipsitch and co-authors, "Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2", has recently been published. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • They argue that key potential impacts of cross- reactive T cell memory are already incorporated into epidemiological models based on data of transmission dynamics, particularly with regard to their implications for herd immunity. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • I believe that they are mistaken on the herd immunity point, as I will show in this article. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • This type of protection is known as 'community immunity' or 'herd immunity. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thus, it is important to ensure that a high percentage of the population remains vaccinated so as to maintain the herd immunity. (medscape.com)
Tetanus1
  • Tetanus immunity among women aged 15 to 39 years in Cambodia: a national population-based serosurvey, 2012. (cdc.gov)
Receive MMR vaccine1
  • CDC recommends that all U.S. residents older than age 6 months who will travel internationally, without evidence of immunity, receive MMR vaccine prior to departure. (cdc.gov)
Immune4
  • Innate immunity is present in all metazoans, immune responses: inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Adaptive or acquired immunity is the active component of the host immune response, mediated by antigen-specific lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the decline in immunity can be more pronounced in the elderly and those with weakened immune systems, all age groups are affected. (inverse.com)
  • This makes the person immune to future infections by the microorganism ie gives the individual immunity from further attacks - the overall process is referred to as immunisation . (docbrown.info)
Adults5
  • Complications of mump infections are more likely to be serious when adults are infected. (health.mil)
  • However, as the pandemic has worn on and reports of breakthrough infections made national headlines , the FDA and CDC recommended a shot to boost immunity among all adults six to eight months after their second shot of Pfizer or Moderna's vaccine, or two months after the first shot of Johnson & Johnson. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • Mumps is more serious in adults. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Before the live rubella vaccine, epidemics of the disease were seen in young children (most common), adolescents, and young adults every 5-9 years in winter and early spring. (medscape.com)
  • Rubella primarily affects young children, but adolescents and young adults are also affected. (medscape.com)
Incidence4
  • Over the next decade (1988-1998), the incidence of mumps decreased among all age groups. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] The live-attenuated virus vaccine has decreased the incidence of rubella significantly, thereby decreasing congenital disease. (medscape.com)
  • According to Statistical Handbook on Infectious Disease regarding historical trends of rubella in the United States, the incidence has significantly decreased since that time. (medscape.com)
  • And any notable reduction in immunity will provide opportunities for increased virus transmission, and ultimately be reflected in an increased incidence of serious illness, hospitalization, and death. (inverse.com)
Cell-mediated1
Viruses3
  • This family of viruses includes measles, Nipah virus, mumps, Newcastle disease and canine distemper. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Even though the mumps virus, Rubulavirus, shares similar morphologic features to human parainfluenza viruses (known as hPIVs, as part of the Paramyxovirus genus), no cross-immunity between these viruses is known. (medscape.com)
  • Because of the morbidity of measles and rubella, the World Health Organization (WHO) maintains a worldwide Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (LabNet) to monitor the behavior of the viruses. (medscape.com)
Viral5
  • Mumps is an acute viral illness caused by an enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the genus Rubulavirus , in the family Paramyxoviridae . (health.mil)
  • Mumps is an acute, self-limited, systemic viral illness characterized by the swelling of one or more of the salivary glands, typically the parotid glands. (medscape.com)
  • The mumps virus does share various epidemiologic characteristics with other well-known viral pediatric diseases, such as measles (RNA virus, of the genus Morbillivirus , in the Paramyxoviridae family) and rubella (RNA virus, of the genus Rubivirus , in the Togaviridae family). (medscape.com)
  • They point out that if pre-existing CD4 + T RM cell immunity was so extreme as to preclude significant viral replication, seroconversion (that is, a de novo antibody response to SARS- CoV-2) would not occur. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Rubella is usually a mild viral illness involving the skin, the lymph nodes, and, less commonly, the joints. (medscape.com)
Infections1
  • Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases recently told the New York Times that immunity is "waning to the point where you're seeing more and more people getting breakthrough infections, and more and more of those people who are getting breakthrough infections are winding up in the hospital… boosters will be an essential part of the protection. (smithsonianmag.com)
Incubation period2
  • The incubation period of mumps averages 16-18 days, with a range of about 2-4 weeks. (health.mil)
  • The average incubation period of rubella is 14 days, with a range of 12 to 23 days. (cdc.gov)
Diseases2
  • Guidelines from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (CDC/NIH/IDSA) emphasize early HIV detection and the supervised administration of ART to maintain cellular immunity before reaching advanced stages of disease. (medscape.com)
  • Immunity (the ability of the body to defend itself against diseases caused by. (msdmanuals.com)
Encephalitis1
  • Very rarely, mumps can cause encephalitis and permanent neurological damage. (health.mil)
19891
  • [ 4 ] In 1989, the ACIP recommended that a second dose of mumps-containing vaccine be given to children age 4-6 years (at time of entry to kindergarten or first grade) and designated MMR as the vaccine of choice. (medscape.com)
Occur1
  • Although mumps cases occur at any time of year, an increase in case number is noted during late winter and early spring. (medscape.com)
Rubivirus2
  • Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, in the family Matonaviridae. (cdc.gov)
  • Rubella is an RNA virus classified as a Rubivirus in the Togaviridae family. (medscape.com)
Meningococcal1
  • Documentation of immunity means evidence of at least one dose of meningococcal conjugates vaccine at age 16 or older. (lrsc.edu)
Evidence3
  • Evidence from multiple studies demonstrates that YF vaccine immunity persists for many decades and might provide life-long protection" [CDC 2010]. (cdc.gov)
  • Health care workers are vaccinated or have laboratory tests done to check for evidence of immunity. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If women have no evidence of immunity, those who are not pregnant should be vaccinated, and pregnant women should be vaccinated promptly after the pregnancy is completed. (msdmanuals.com)
Infants1
  • Some 43% of infants had received a RCV dose in 2012, a 96% increase from the 22% of infants who had been vaccinated against rubella in 2000. (medscape.com)
Epidemic1
  • That was the biggest mumps epidemic we've had in a long time, and it included 19 university-based outbreaks. (medscape.com)
20201
Rash3
  • A person with rubella may spread the disease to others from 1 week before the rash begins, until 1 to 2 weeks after the rash disappears. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The rubella rash is maculopapular and occurs 14 to 17 days after exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Appearance of the rash corresponds with the appearance of the rubella-specific antibody. (medscape.com)
Infectious disease1
  • In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease. (wikipedia.org)
Contagious1
  • Yet, with community immunity, even they will get some protection because the spread of a contagious disease is contained. (medlineplus.gov)
Particular pathogen1
  • Unlike the innate immunity, the acquired immunity is highly specific to a particular pathogen, including the development of immunological memory. (wikipedia.org)
Outbreak1
  • The Gurvantes district in Omnogovi Province reported a suspected mumps outbreak to the Mongolia Ministry of Health in March 2011. (who.int)
Serum1
  • Active immunotherapy may have begun with Mithridates VI of Pontus (120-63 BC) who, to induce active immunity for snake venom, recommended using a method similar to modern toxoid serum therapy, by drinking the blood of animals which fed on venomous snakes. (wikipedia.org)
Clinical features1
  • However, clinical features of mumps usually include unilateral or bilateral, parotitis, with single or multiple salivary glands affected. (health.mil)
Virus6
  • Rubella is caused by a virus that is spread through the air or by close contact. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Immunity means that your body has built a defense to the rubella virus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Humans are the only natural hosts for mumps virus, which is usually spread by respiratory droplets, saliva, or contact with contaminated fomites. (health.mil)
  • Humans are the only natural hosts of rubella virus, which is transmitted through person-to-person contact or droplets shed from the respiratory secretions of infected people. (health.mil)
  • Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. (cdc.gov)
  • Mumps - One dose of live mumps virus vaccine, or any vaccine combination containing live mumps virus vaccine on or after the student's first birthday. (stockton.edu)
Occurs1
Single dose1
  • However, in 1986 and 1987, large outbreaks of mumps occurred among under-immunized cohorts of people born between 1967 and 1977, as based on a single-dose mumps vaccine regimen. (medscape.com)
Cases12
  • Subsequently, the goals of the initiative were extended to include reducing the number of reported mumps cases to less than or equal to 1600 by 1996. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1995, fewer cases of measles, rubella, and mumps have been reported than at any time since nationwide disease reporting began, and elimination of indigenous transmission appears feasible. (cdc.gov)
  • Complications of mumps can include meningitis (in up to 15% of cases), orchitis, and deafness. (health.mil)
  • In 1977-1981, 20,395 cases of rubella were reported in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • In 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that, since 2001, fewer than 25 cases of rubella have occurred each year in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 94,030 rubella cases were reported to WHO in 2012 from 174 member states, an 86% decrease from the 670,894 cases reported in 2000 from 102 member states. (medscape.com)
  • The World Health Organization standard case definition was used to define mumps cases. (who.int)
  • Since the rubella vaccine, the number of rubella cases has decreased significantly. (medscape.com)
  • This does not mean that the threat of rubella is over, as the remainder of the world is not rubella-free, and, with the mobility of the world population, cases of rubella may still enter the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Last year in the United States, there were 5642 cases of mumps . (medscape.com)
  • What we noticed, however, was that 10 years after dose 1, there started to be an increase in the frequency of cases of mumps. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, we're now seeing cases again of mumps 10 years after dose 2-which is to say, in late adolescence and young adulthood. (medscape.com)