• Calmodulin (CaM) is recognized as a major calcium (Ca2+) sensor and orchestrator of regulatory events through its interaction with a diverse group of cellular proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because CaM can bind with high affinity to a relatively small alpha-helical region of many proteins, success in clearly defining the essential elements of CaM binding motifs seems feasible and should provide a means of identifying CaM binding proteins. (embl.de)
  • Three recognition motifs for CaM interaction are discussed in the context of experimental investigations of a variety of CaM target proteins. (embl.de)
  • Although considerable sequence diversity is observed among the different binding regions, these three classes of recognition motifs exist for many of the known CaM binding proteins. (embl.de)
  • Calmodulin is an important multifunctional molecule that regulates the activities of a large number of proteins in the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Calcium binding induces conformational transitions in calmodulin that make it specifically active to particular target proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To date, three major classes of Ca 2+ -binding proteins, including calcium dependent protein kinases (CDPK), calmodulins (CaM) and CaM-like proteins (CaML) and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBL), have been characterized in higher plants [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this paper, we describe an extension of DeepView/Swiss-PdbViewer through which structural motifs may be defined and searched for in large protein structure databases, and we show that common structural motifs involved in stabilizing protein folds are present in evolutionarily and structurally unrelated proteins, also in deeply buried locations which are not obviously related to protein function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The possibility to define custom motifs and search for their occurrence in other proteins permits the identification of recurrent arrangements of residues that could have structural implications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main reason for our interest in general ( i.e. , sequentially non-contiguous) structural motifs, is the crucial role played by side-chains in the correct packing of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins (CBPs), such as calmodulin (CaM) or those belonging to the S100 protein family (S100s) undergo conformational changes upon increasing intracellular Ca2+, facilitating interactions with protein targets and inducing important biological responses. (umaryland.edu)
  • A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This gene belongs to the IQ motif-containing family of proteins. (antibodypedia.com)
  • The IQ motif serves as a binding site for different EF-hand proteins such as calmodulin. (antibodypedia.com)
  • The term 'motif' is also describes a consensus sequence of amino acids, i.e. a partial sequence common to a number of different proteins, which may or may not adopt similar conformations in the different proteins. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • Unlike HTH proteins, the actual DNA-binding motif of the HLH proteins is a stretch of about 13 "basic" amino acids adjacent to the HLH whose main role is in protein dimerization. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • 140 mouse brain proteins identified by Ca2+-calmodulin affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. (lu.se)
  • We describe the proteomic characterization of mouse brain Ca2+-calmodulin-binding proteins that were purified using calmodulin affinity chromatography. (lu.se)
  • A total of 140 putative Ca2+-calmodulin-binding proteins were identified of which 87 proteins contained calmodulin-binding motifs. (lu.se)
  • Among the 87 proteins that contained calmodulin-binding motifs, 48 proteins have not previously been shown to interact with calmodulin and 39 proteins were known calmodulin-binding proteins. (lu.se)
  • The secondary structure predictions of this peptide suggest a potential to form an a- helix which is also consistent with proteins known calmodulin- binding domains. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • Calmodulin binding proteins are shown in green text. (utoronto.ca)
  • CaMBOT: Profiling and Characterizing Calmodulin Binding Proteins. (utoronto.ca)
  • The prooncoprotein EWS binds calmodulin and is phosphorylated by protein kinase C through an IQ domain. (embl.de)
  • A protein called calmodulin, that binds calcium ions, has an important role in the first of these pathways. (elifesciences.org)
  • We show that the C-terminal tail of Dfi1p binds to calmodulin in vitro, and mutations that affect this region affect both calmodulin binding in vitro and invasive filamentation when incorporated into the full length Dfi1p protein. (tufts.edu)
  • Ca2+/calmodulin binds to and modulates P/Q-type calcium channels. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Calmodulin is an essential Ca2+-binding protein that binds to a variety of targets that carry out critical signaling functions. (lu.se)
  • found that synaptotagmin 7 and calmodulin bind to each other to form a complex, which suggests that the calcium-dependent replenishment pathway is regulated by this complex. (elifesciences.org)
  • We propose that conformational changes in Dfi1p in response to environmental conditions encountered during growth allow the protein to bind calmodulin and initiate a signaling cascade that activates Cek1p. (tufts.edu)
  • The molecule may utilize the IQ domain to bind calmodulin. (neuromics.com)
  • It was also investigated in silico whether TRPM4_CT can bind either Calmodulin (CaM) or S100A1. (cas.cz)
  • Side-chain interactions link the two light chains in tandem to adjacent segments of the heavy chain bearing the IQ-sequence motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • The full-length sequence of DAPK1 has 1,430 residues ( Farag and Roh, 2019 ), which consists of the catalytic domain (CD), the autoregulatory domain (ARD), eight ankyrin repeats, two P-loop motifs, the cytoskeletal binding domain, the death domain, and the serine-rich C-terminal tail. (frontiersin.org)
  • Today, recognition and classification of sequence motifs and protein folds is a mature field, thanks to the availability of numerous comprehensive and easy to use software packages and web-based services. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequence analysis reveals that the protein possesses what could be a carboxy-terminal, calmodulin- binding domain, which is consistent with other glutamate decarboxylases. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • These analyses have been extended here to the three dimensional structures and the biophysical properties of the sequence segments of calmodulin EF-hands. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Moreover, the 3′ UTRs of Brd and of the m4 transcription unit of the Enhancer of split gene complex [E(spl)-C] exhibit an unusually high degree of sequence identity that includes not only Brd box sequences but also a second motif we refer to as the 'GY box' (GTCTTCC). (biologists.com)
  • The results of our analysis reduce the gap between current understanding of intracellular calmodulin function at the structural level and physiological calcium-dependent calmodulin target activation experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upsurge in intracellular calcium mineral activates calcium mineral/calmodulin-dependent kinases, which impact splicing and/or localization of many splicing elements. (antiviralbiologic.com)
  • In this study, we revealed that Homer3 was phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in Purkinje cells, and the phosphorylation reduces the affinity for Homer target molecules, resulting in change of the solubility. (jneurosci.org)
  • Rat GAP-43 is a 226 amino acid (aa) protein that contains an N-terminal lipid binding motif, an 11 aa IQ domain (IQ:Ile-Gln-X-Ser-etc) (aa 38 - 48), and a C-terminus with four potential serine phosphorylation sites. (neuromics.com)
  • These profiles might also provide insightful information on the calcium affinity of the EF-hand motifs and the nature of amino acid residues that constitute them. (iisc.ac.in)
  • They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nucleomorphin: A novel, acidic, nuclear calmodulin-binding protein from Dictyostelium that regulates nuclear number. (utoronto.ca)
  • We discuss structural features that produce this novel binding motif, including the role of the CaMBD peptide residues Arg-408, Val-409, and Phe-410, which work to provide rigidity to the otherwise flexible central CaM helix joining the N- and C-lobes, ultimately keeping these lobes apart and forcing "head-to-tail" dimerization to attain the requisite N- and C-lobe pairing for CaMBD binding. (rcsb.org)
  • This hydrophobic region provides an area for dimerization, allowing the motifs to "zip" together. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • The 30-amino acid peptide contains a TrpLysLys motif found in some calmodulin targets. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • The TRPM4_CT peptide contains several 1-10 motifs and thus it is possible to model its binding to Ca2+-CaM. (cas.cz)
  • Changes in activity-dependent calcium flux through voltage-gated calciumchannels (Ca(V)s) drive two self-regulatory calcium-dependent feedbackprocesses that require interaction between Ca(2+)/calmodulin (Ca(2+)/CaM)and a Ca(V) channel consensus isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) motif:calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI) and calcium-dependent facilitation(CDF). (embl.de)
  • Helix-turn-helix motif are involved in many processes that includes DNA repair, RNA metabolism, and protein-protein interaction . (vigyansarovar.com)
  • The activity of the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) is regulated by an autoinhibition mechanism wherein several domains from its catalytic A subunit, including the calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD), block access to its active site. (rcsb.org)
  • Here we report that EWS, a nuclear RNA-binding prooncoprotein, contains an IQ domain, is phosphorylated by protein kinase C, and interacts with calmodulin. (embl.de)
  • The isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) motif in the voltage gated calcium channel IQ domain interacts with hydrophobic pockets of Ca2+/calmodulin ( PUBMED:16299511 ). (embl.de)
  • Insights into voltage-gated calcium channel regulation from the structureof the CaV1.2 IQ domain-Ca2+/calmodulin complex. (embl.de)
  • The calmodulin-like domain contains EF-hands for Ca 2+ binding. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Example-appear in each structural domain of the signalling protein calmodulin and in the muscle protein troponin-C . (vigyansarovar.com)
  • Leucine zipper motifs are usually found as part of a DNA-binding domain in many transcription factors , and are therefore these motifs are involved in regulating gene expression . (vigyansarovar.com)
  • At-ACA8 encodes a plasma membrane-localized calcium-ATPAse of arabidopsis with a calmodulin-binding domain at the N terminus / M.C. Bonza, P. Morandini, L. Luoni, M. Geisler, M.G. Palmgren, M.I. De Michelis. (unimi.it)
  • Pericentrin was first identified as a mouse centrosomal protein and is now referred to as pericentrin A. A larger homologous protein in humans with a C-terminal calmodulin-binding domain was later identified as pericentrin B. Pericentrin has been shown to be one of the key components in ciliogenesis, but in vivo pericentrin products have remained ambiguous. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A CaM-Binding Domain or CaMBD (171EDVSRFIKGKLLQKQQKIYKDLERF195) containing both calcium-dependent-binding motifs and an IQ-like motif for calcium-independent binding has been experimentally validated. (utoronto.ca)
  • In this study, we adopt a structural systems biology approach and develop a mathematical model to investigate various types of cooperative calcium-calmodulin interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recognition of structural motifs, by comparison, is less well developed and much less frequently used, possibly due to a lack of easily accessible and easy to use software. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our purpose in this paper is to present the mechanisms and facilities whereby structural motifs can be defined and searched for using the freely available and well established modelling tool Swiss-PdbViewer [ 26 ], and to present illustrative examples of the types of information that can be obtained by doing so. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, the facilities for defining and searching for structural motifs now available in Swiss-PdbViewer include an interactive visual interface for defining structural motifs, and a machinery that is able to quickly search very large collections of structures for such motifs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Ca2+-binding site is a novel EF hand motif on the essential light chain and is stabilized by linkages involving the heavy chain and both light chains, accounting for the requirement of all three chains for Ca2+binding and regulation in the intact myosin molecule. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1. Köhler, D., Struchholz, S. and Bähler, M. (2005) 'The two IQ-motifs and Ca2+/calmodulin regulate the rat myosin 1d ATPase activity', FEBS Journal, 272(9), pp. 2189-2197. (bomiprot.org)
  • AJ249352) encodes a 1,074 amino acid protein with 10 putative transmembrane domains, which contains all of the characteristic motifs of Ca2+-transporting P-type Ca2+-ATPases. (unimi.it)
  • The term motif denotes a repeated figure or design and, in motif biology, the occurrence of a given class of motif in a set of unrelated biomolecules led to the appropriation of the term to refer to a recurrent pattern of nucleotides or amino acids that corresponds to an autonomous functional module. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Helix loop helix are eukaryotic homolog of the HTH motif and are characterized by two ampipathic α -helices (60-90 amino acids) connected by a loop (10-25 amino acids). (vigyansarovar.com)
  • the IQ motif as a consensus for Ca2+-independent binding and two related motifs for Ca2+-dependent binding, termed 1-14 and 1-5-10 based on the position of conserved hydrophobic residues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Short calmodulin-binding motif containing conserved Ile and Gln residues. (embl.de)
  • The motif comprises two α helices, E and F that flank a loop of 12 contiguous residues. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • These splicing elements can subsequently regulate splicing by binding to CaRREs or UAGG motifs within the pre-mRNA. (antiviralbiologic.com)
  • We found that Homer3, the predominant isoform in Purkinje cells, is phosphorylated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) both in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
  • We compare the predictions of our analysis with physiological dose-response curves taken from the literature, in order to provide a quantitative comparison of the effects of different mechanisms of cooperativity on calcium-calmodulin interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some plants, GDC is activated by the lowering of the cytoplasmic pH and the presence of calmodulin and Ca²+ A calmodulin-induced activation of may be due to the physiological factors and environmental stimuli acting in concert leading to the synthesis and accumulation of GABA. (ukzn.ac.za)
  • Later experiments, in which six different calmodulin-inhibitory drugs were tested on the Ca-activated K conductance of human RBCs, showed that all were potent inhibitors of this conductance and that their effect showed a correlation coefficient of 0.98 with that found on RBC Ca-ATPase, a membrane enzyme known to be activated by calmodulin ( Lackington and Orrego, 1981 ). (conicyt.cl)
  • A Ca2+-ATPase was purified from plasma membranes (PM) isolated from Arabidopsis cultured cells by calmodulin (CaM)-affinity chromatography. (unimi.it)
  • Upon binding of Ca2+ and calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) to CaMBD, the autoinhibitory domains dissociate from the catalytic groove, thus activating the enzyme. (rcsb.org)
  • Supersecondary structures or motifs, are simple and frequent combinations of the secondary structure with a specific geometric arrangement. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • We searched the PDB and selected representative structures representing various canonical binding motifs (1-5-10, 1-8-14, 1-10, 1-14, etc. (cas.cz)
  • These conclusions were, however, apparently contradicted by elegant experiments done on internally-perfused snail neurons, in which neither the injection of calmodulin, nor of the calmodulin-antagonist, trifluoperazine, were able to modify Ca-activated K currents ( Levitan and Levitan, 1986 ). (conicyt.cl)
  • The ease of motif acquisition simplifies access to basal housekeeping functions, facilitates the co-regulation of multiple biomolecules allowing them to respond in a coordinated manner to changes in the cell state, and supports the integration of multiple signals for combinatorial decision-making. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, motifs are indispensable for temporal, spatial, conditional and basal regulation at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss how co-operativity allows simple static motifs to perform the conditional regulation that underlies decision-making in higher eukaryotic biological systems. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we contrast the regulatory properties of protein motifs and the regulatory elements of DNA and (pre-)mRNAs, advocating that co-regulation, co-operativity, and motif-driven regulatory programs are common mechanisms that emerge from the use of simple, evolutionarily plastic regulatory modules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The precise mechanisms underlying calcium binding to calmodulin are still, however, quite poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Very recently, the sequencing of the genes that code for SK, IK and BK channels has allowed a definition of the mechanisms of channel gating and of the participation of calmodulin in it. (conicyt.cl)
  • We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The gene encoding NumA1 was isolated using the Calmodulin-Binding Overlay Technique (CaMBOT) and the protein was subsequently validated as a calcium-dependent calmodulin (CaM) binding protein (CaMBP). (utoronto.ca)
  • Unphosphorylated, calmodulin-bound GAP-43 is always associated with neurite retraction, while S41 phosphorylated GAP-43 stabilizes actin filaments and promotes growth cone extension. (neuromics.com)
  • Therefore, it can not be ruled out that the TRP re-entrant (TRPM4_CT) is bound to calmodulin by only one CaM lobe. (cas.cz)
  • There are two globular domains in CaM, each containing a pair of helix-loop-helix Ca 2+ -binding motifs called EF-hands (Figure 1A , Figure 1B ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, these recent studies apparently also support the lack of involvement of calmodulin in the gating of the BK channels studied in Helix neurons by Levitan and Levitan (1986) . (conicyt.cl)
  • The Ca 2+ -binding protein calmodulin (CaM) has also been implicated in SV replenishment, and we found that loss of syt 7 was phenocopied by a CaM antagonist. (elifesciences.org)
  • Dfi1p Binding to Calmodulin Promotes Filamentation and Cek1p Activation in Candida albicans. (tufts.edu)
  • The C-terminal tail of Dfi1p has a calmodulin binding motif, suggesting that Dfi1p binding to calmodulin may affect Cek1p activation and invasive filamentation. (tufts.edu)
  • Among them, B3 DNA-binding protein, Thiaminepyrophosphokinase and IQ calmodulin-binding motif protein were identified among multiple traits in the present and previous studies. (usda.gov)
  • Residue 6 of the loop must be a glycine because the side chain of any other residue would disturb the structure of the motif. (vigyansarovar.com)
  • A mechanism for tunable autoinhibition in the structure of a human Ca ~(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II holoenzyme [J].2011,146(5). (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Therefore, entire motif comprising the DNA-binding basic region and the HLH is termed bHLH . (vigyansarovar.com)
  • At the time, this seemed to tip the balance against a participation of calmodulin in these channels. (conicyt.cl)
  • Preassociation of calmodulin with voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels revealed by FRET in single living cells. (wanfangdata.com.cn)
  • Calmodulin bifurcates the local Ca2+ signal that modulates P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. (wanfangdata.com.cn)