• 36] A 100 kg (220 lb) jaguar can bite with a force of 4.939 kilonewtons (1,110 pounds-force) with the canine teeth and 6.922 kN (1,556 lbf) at the carnassial notch. (vetcan.org)
  • Contraction of the interpyramidal muscles creates tangential stresses that are converted to radial forces along the teeth. (biologists.com)
  • Maximum muscle stress required for a given force along the teeth depends on the ratio of external to internal lantern radii ( r o / r i ). (biologists.com)
  • ℱ , which scales the force exerted by the teeth for changes in lantern size and the number of pyramids. (biologists.com)
  • Basing their estimates on the size of the animal's teeth, scientists think that megalodon could have reached sizes of 18-20 metres (59-65 feet), but more likely averaged around 14 -15 metres (46-49 feet) in length. (saveourseas.com)
  • Therefore, comparing morphology among species and individuals is expected to provide insight into the functional role of shape and its developmental and evolutionary history. (biorxiv.org)
  • The present study represents the first description of the masticatory muscles of a Lamini, analyzing the functional morphology of Lama glama and other camelids in a comparative framework. (bvsalud.org)
  • There was a bit of functional weakness in the skull, but likely the only animal to exploit such weakness was another Pliosaurus kevani . (blogspot.com)
  • To these researchers, the estimate held meaning because of its correspondence with early evidence of fossil Homo, which had smaller jaw muscles than earlier hominins. (johnhawks.net)
  • In this scenario, mechanical forces on the skull once held back the evolution of brain size in early hominins. (johnhawks.net)
  • Nevertheless, it appears Oviraptoridae were adapted for powerful bites as part of a predominately but not necessarily exclusively herbivorous diet, distinct from other herbivorous theropods, while cranial function varied among oviraptorids with different species favouring different positions of biting. (bham.ac.uk)
  • 87], Given the inaccessibility of much of the species' range, particularly the central Amazon, estimating jaguar numbers is difficult. (vetcan.org)
  • However, occipital morphology does not figure in the mechanical analyses reported here. (nature.com)
  • These various plant parts differ in their mechanical properties and thus promote contrasting selection pressures on tooth morphology. (nature.com)
  • Biting force was measured in C. rosaceus and used to calculate the muscle stress required by the mechanical models. (biologists.com)
  • Maximum angles of oviraptorosaurian jaw gape were estimated as similar to but more limited than reported estimates for herbivorous theropod Erlikosaurus and greatly more limited than carnivorous theropods. (bham.ac.uk)
  • Bite force measurements showed prolonged and reasonably hard biting even at large gape angles. (silverchair.com)
  • Morphology is one of the most intuitively recognizable phenotypes for all organisms and has been thought to result from a variety of complex factors, including adaptation to environmental factors and speciation through neutral evolution. (biorxiv.org)
  • Intuitively this makes sense, even in our own mouth if you really want to chomp down on something you use your rear molars for maximum bite force leverage. (blogspot.com)
  • Such foods presumably would be fractured on the molars and premolars using high bite forces (if they were instead fractured using stone tools, then microwear would not detect evidence of hard-object feeding). (nature.com)
  • This hypothesis predicts that the cranium of A. sediba is structurally strong in response to feeding loads, and that it is able to efficiently generate high bite forces on its molars and premolars. (nature.com)
  • Digital volumetric reconstructions of jaw adductor musculature quantify elevated bite forces in oviraptorosaurians compared with other herbivorous theropods (349-499 N in Citipati down in order of cranial size to 53-83 N in Incisivosaurus). (bham.ac.uk)
  • When approaches were combined to model muscle driven biting, oviraptorosaurians display greater cranial stress than other theropods indicating that the increased relative force of their jaw adductor musculature outweighs the effect of a comparatively strengthened cranial morphology. (bham.ac.uk)
  • When those forces were relaxed by reducing the jaw musculature, brain size was free to increase. (johnhawks.net)
  • In particular, we measured bite force as a determinant for aggression, sprint velocity for fleeing, and degree of color change for crypsis. (silverchair.com)
  • Inputting wake morphology and velocity data into a simplified model for steady jet thrust showed that the pleopods of the lobster model produced 27-54 mN of thrust, which is comparable to the propulsive forces generated by other proficient swimmers. (silverchair.com)
  • Both models were subjected to loads simulating maximal bites on the left upper third premolar (P 3 ) and left upper second molar (M 2 ), under the assumption that the chewing muscles were acting at peak activity levels on both sides of the cranium. (nature.com)
  • Their skull has been previously interpreted as adapted for a powerful bite as part of a herbivorous or omnivorous diet. (bham.ac.uk)
  • This bipedal predator lived during the Late Jurassic, over 145,000,000 years ago, and used its powerful bite to take down prey in packs. (minimuseum.com)
  • Pelleted diets require crushing, which exerts higher loads, especially on posterior tooth positions, where bite forces are highest. (silverchair.com)
  • Crocodiles also test significantly higher in rear tooth bite pressure and when pulverizing tough prey will preferentially use the rear of the jaw. (blogspot.com)
  • In addition to modeling the generation and … In addition to modeling the generation and transport of runoff flows, SWMM can also estimate the production of pollutant loads associated with this runoff. (colorado.edu)
  • Formation temperature measurements were made to obtain temperature gradients and heat flow estimates (see Downhole measurements ) for all APC sections. (iodp.org)
  • that approximate the crushing surfaces of Pyrenestes ostrinus beak morphs show that variation in width and surface morphology has no significant effect on the efficiency of cracking seeds of variable hardness. (silverchair.com)
  • A larger voltage exerts a greater force, which moves more electrons through the wire at a given rate of time. (medscape.com)
  • Scientists estimate that megalodon would have measured two metres (6.5 feet) long at birth - the largest neonate size of any shark. (saveourseas.com)
  • The generation of nanoaerosols with well-defined solution, capillary diameter, flow rate, and colloidal morphology is necessary in many applications such particle concentration on the size distributions of as instrument calibration and evaluation (Ku and SWCNT aerosols were investigated. (cdc.gov)
  • as a result, the role of particle morphology on the droplet size and the ability to fine tune the initial toxicological response is largely unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • Darla K. Zelenitsky ABSTRACT Mandibular force profiles apply the principles of beam theory to identify mandibular biomechanical properties that reflect the bite force and feeding strategies of extant and extinct predators. (silverchair.com)
  • The fused mandibular symphysis is a bit more ambiguous. (blogspot.com)
  • One specimen that fits outside of the branches of this tree forces scientists to redraw some of the lines, or add new ones. (theness.com)
  • Scientists estimate the weight at 85 to 320 tonnes, depending on assumptions about soft tissue like organs and blubber. (theness.com)
  • 2017 Sellers, K.C., Middleton, K.M., Davis, J.L. & Holliday, C.M. Ontogeny of Bite Force in a Validated Biomechanical Model of the American Alligator, Journal of Experimental Biology. (usi.edu)
  • The two models differ primarily in the allowance of radial forces within the muscle in the cylinder and their exclusion in the wedge model. (biologists.com)
  • Based on flow visualizations obtained from applying particle image velocimetry to the lobster model, we propose that the unsteady metachronal kinematics of the pleopods can maximize thrust by exploiting forces arising from individual pleopod activity and interactions among adjacent pairs. (silverchair.com)
  • By comparing the sequences of humans and other primates, Stedman's team estimated that MYH16 had lost its function in human ancestors around 2.4 million years ago. (johnhawks.net)
  • They bite humans that eat specific foods. (s3okc.com)
  • Most spider bites are not potent enough to cause any serious health risks in humans. (s3okc.com)
  • That's an impressive bit of engineering, but humans can walk on flat ground. (talkingbrains.org)
  • Our availability estimates, together with earlier dietary studies spanning 30 years, suggest that the red-legged pademelon is resilient to the observed predation. (researchgate.net)
  • In a non-intervention scenario, transmission models estimated that a median of 5506 cases (IQR 10-5626) could have occurred. (cdc.gov)
  • Guidance on how to approximate the sampling variances of the estimates compiled by the Center and information about the magnitude of the nonsampling errors are provided with the documentation that accompanies the tapes or diskettes. (cdc.gov)
  • This paper integrates experimental kinematics and hydrodynamics of lobster pleopod beating to determine the mechanism and magnitude of pleopod force production. (silverchair.com)
  • These results suggest that lobster pleopods are capable of producing forces of a magnitude that could assist the walking legs in forward propulsion. (silverchair.com)
  • The XCB is a rotary system with a small cutting shoe (bit) that extends below the large APC/XCB bit. (iodp.org)
  • The front of the skull reflects a compromise of sorts, sacrifice strength for a more efficient streamlined profile and quicker strike that allows for a more generalized foraging modus operandi of both large and small prey items - which is supported by bite marks, stomach remains etc etc. (blogspot.com)
  • The smaller bit can cut a semi-indurated core with less torque and fluid circulation than the main bit, optimizing recovery. (iodp.org)
  • The males force-feed themselves to females by putting themselves in the females' mandibles. (s3okc.com)
  • There are numerous instances of Allosaurus bite marks on Stegosaurus neck plates, and like many predators of today, Allosaurus fossil remains also show evidence of injury related to active hunting of larger animals. (minimuseum.com)
  • To decipher such factors from the morphology, quantification and characterization of shape are critical as it allows us to describe, interpret, and visualize the variations in shape. (biorxiv.org)
  • SWCNTs) are a class of engineered fibers, while polydisperse aerosols larger than 100 nm nanomaterials exhibiting unique physical and chem- had two distinct morphologies: a ribbon shape and the ical properties. (cdc.gov)
  • Tal tende11cia, profesada y sostenida desde entonces y hasta hoy por la mayora de la clase intelectual de estos pases, -aun cuando ex:iste tambin una fuerte l4d2 aimbot free adicta a la otra frmula- no es original suya, desde luego pero s encuentra en l su ms elocuente predicador. (albaterra.mx)
  • When a full or partial stroke is achieved but excessive force cannot retrieve the barrel, the core barrel is sometimes "drilled over," meaning after the inner core barrel is successfully shot into the formation, the drill bit is advanced to total depth to free the APC barrel. (iodp.org)
  • In most materials, a number of electrons are free to move about at random until a driving force termed voltage propels them to move in one direction. (medscape.com)
  • QCT/FEA was performed using CT after IM nailing with joint reaction force and muscle forces at the maximum load during gait. (mechanical-finder.com)
  • The specimen features a skull nearly twice as long as any previously described specimen of P. prostaxalis , representing an individual with an estimated total body length between 3.2 and 4 m. (peerj.com)
  • The back of the skull was indicative of tremendous power and bite force, indeed Pliosaurus kevani ranks right up there with the supreme chompers of all time in terms of bite force. (blogspot.com)
  • Early hominin craniodental morphologies, evolving before cooking or sophisticated extra-oral food processing, represent adaptations to diet, but profound disagreement persists about the specific foods that drove evolutionary change. (nature.com)
  • Journal of Morphology, 252 (2): 145-169. (lacerta.de)
  • 2010 Santana, S.E., Dumont, E.R., Davis, J.L. Mechanisms of bite force production and their relationship to diet in bats. (usi.edu)
  • Thus, hard plant tissues do not regularly create pits on enamel surfaces despite high forces clearly being associated with their oral processing. (nature.com)
  • The models were supported by comparison of predicted with observed biting forces in another clypeasteroid, Encope michelini L. Agassiz. (biologists.com)
  • If the atomic structure of the material is such that the force of attraction between its nucleus and outer electrons is small, little force is required to cause electron loss. (medscape.com)
  • Plan your escape route, with several alternate routes, that avoid the major intersections with highways, bridges and other points at which the majority of traffic is forced to flow, at a slow, grinding and dangerous pace. (shtfplan.com)
  • So a recent paper on the biting and feeding mechanics of Pliosaurus kevani has been published, Funtional anatomy and feeding biomechanics of a giant Upper Jurassic pliosaur from Weymouth Bay, Dorset, UK . (blogspot.com)
  • A The top causes of male infertility include low sperm count, slow sperm motility, abnormal morphology, and problems with semen. (jewishledger.com)
  • After reading a bit counter strike global offensive no recoil script razer is weak against high level magic and his warrior madness can make him act pretty Hulkish raging uncontrollably. (noligraph.de)
  • Bite force Disruptive selection Estrildidae Feeding Polymorphism Seedcracker. (silverchair.com)
  • It is estimated that Brazil has some 300,000 individuals with Down syndrome 4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we show that MH1, the type specimen of A. sediba , was not optimized to produce high molar bite force and appears to have been limited in its ability to consume foods that were mechanically challenging to eat. (nature.com)
  • When a full stroke cannot be achieved, additional attempts are typically made, and after each attempt the bit is advanced by the length of core recovered. (iodp.org)
  • As long as you seek medical attention immediately after being bitten, you will be just fine, apart from the painful and uncomfortable symptoms. (s3okc.com)
  • This played a the moral force of indigenous politics critical were to Philip W. because of the client in which the account of the business has bilabial and available but which are grammatically in themselves Thus sent in the end or n't in the server of those unique for the service admins( 1988: 8). (hobbick.com)