PolysaccharidesDisaccharidesCarbohydratesCarbohydrateOligosaccharidesPolysaccharideSucroseHydrolysisMannoseTrioseAldoseStarchGalactoseSmallest monosaccharidesCannot be hydrolyzedKetoneFructose and glucoseAldohexoseSeven carbon atomsFermentableCarbonylRanging from bacteria to humansOligosaccharidePhosphateGlycosidic linkageGlucose and fructoseChiralAtomsCovalentRibosePNSBCarbonsLactoseTissuesMoleculeCompoundsOrganismsTrisaccharidesChemicalMoleculesSimpleTransporterPeptideProteinsEnzymeYeastsMonoAldehyde groupSpecificityGLYCOSYLATIONMolecularEnzymesSubstrateGlycoproteinsPlantsSuffixHydroxyl groups
Polysaccharides10
- Longer chains of monosaccharides (>2) are not regarded as sugars and are called oligosaccharides or polysaccharides. (wikipedia.org)
- and (4) polysaccharides, large polymers of simple sugars. (oregonstate.education)
- Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof. (lookformedical.com)
- Polysaccharides are the structural elements of the cell wall of bacteria and plants. (studiousguy.com)
- Polysaccharides have hundreds and even thousands of monosaccharide units linked covalently . (studiousguy.com)
- If a large number (hundreds or thousands) of sugars are involved, the resulting polymers are macromolecules called polysaccharides. (ulalalab.com)
- Polysaccharides is macromolecules consisting of multiple otherwise a large number of effortless sugar. (ulalalab.com)
- Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides also serve as markers on the surface away from tissue, to tackle essential positions during the cell identification plus the relationships anywhere between tissue during the buildings of multicellular bacteria. (ulalalab.com)
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units, with important functions in the body including energy storage, structural support, and immune response. (lookformedical.com)
- The breakdown of polysaccharides in food like glycogen and starch inside the intestinal tract through hydrolysis, rather than phosphorolysis, will not result in any energy gain Sugar phosphates cannot be transferred into the cells of the intestine, but they must first be dephosphorylated and converted to sugar free. (microbiologynote.com)
Disaccharides4
- Disaccharides- with two monosaccharide units. (studiousguy.com)
- Oligosaccarides yielding 2 monosaccharides are known as disaccharides, those yielding three are known as trisaccarides and so on. (yourzdoctor.com)
- Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. (lookformedical.com)
- Disaccharides have to be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to entering cells. (microbiologynote.com)
Carbohydrates8
- Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. (wikipedia.org)
- In the plant cell, carbohydrates could be present in the cell content as sugar or starch, or they could be associated with the cell wall structure (e.g., cellulose). (oregonstate.education)
- One method of classifying carbohydrates is based on the number of carbon atoms per each molecule of a carbohydrate and on the number of molecules of sugar in the compound. (oregonstate.education)
- Glucose is the form of carbohydrates found in circulating blood (blood sugar) and is the primary carbohydrate used by the body for energy production. (oregonstate.education)
- Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis . (lookformedical.com)
- Carbohydrates are nothing but aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups. (studiousguy.com)
- Carbohydrates are also called saccharides derived from Greek word sakcharon meaning sugar and are classified into three groups. (yourzdoctor.com)
- The simplest forms of carbohydrates are monosaccharides because they cannot be digested into smaller carbs. (javatpoint.com)
Carbohydrate6
- Glucose (Glc), a monosaccharide (or simple sugar ), is an important carbohydrate in biology . (wikidoc.org)
- A polysaccharide (PS) is a carbohydrate that was primarily produced by bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and streptomycetes. (springeropen.com)
- Based on the number of carbon atoms, a carbohydrate can be classified as triose (3 C), tetrose (4 C), pentose (5 C), and hexose (6 C). The suffix " ose " at the end of a biochemical name flags the molecule as a "sugar. (oregonstate.education)
- Monosaccharides are the simplest forms of carbohydrate. (oregonstate.education)
- Describe the molecular structure of alph-glucose as an example of a monosaccharide carbohydrate. (studymode.com)
- The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Oligosaccharides1
- Oligosaccharides are polymers with two to ten monosaccharide units. (studiousguy.com)
Polysaccharide2
- A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. (lookformedical.com)
- A disaccharide comprises two linked monosaccharides and is the most basic type of polysaccharide. (javatpoint.com)
Sucrose5
- White sugar is a refined form of sucrose. (wikipedia.org)
- Sucrose is especially concentrated in sugarcane and sugar beet, making them ideal for efficient commercial extraction to make refined sugar. (wikipedia.org)
- Fructose, or "fruit sugar," is found in ripened fruits and honey and is also formed by digestion of disaccharide sucrose. (oregonstate.education)
- The important disaccharide is sucrose (cane sugar) which on hydrolysis give glucose and fructose, both are reducing sugars. (yourzdoctor.com)
- and sucrose, and the monosaccharides fructose and mannose and galactose. (microbiologynote.com)
Hydrolysis2
- Pretreatment which alters structure and compositions of lignocellulosic feedstock and makes it more feasible for enzymatic hydrolysis becomes essential in the cellulosic sugar utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
- Sugar that yield two to ten monosaccharides on hydrolysis are called or oligosaccarides. (yourzdoctor.com)
Mannose1
Triose1
- 3- carbon monosaccharides are called triose sugars. (studymode.com)
Aldose5
- Simple sugars are also subdivided into aldose, a sugar that contains an aldehyde structure, or ketose, a sugar that contains a ketone group. (oregonstate.education)
- Both glucose and fructose have the same molecular formula C6H12O6 and are hexoses (6 C). But glucose is an aldose (also called aldohexose) and fructose is a ketose, or a ketohexose. (oregonstate.education)
- if the carbonyl group is aldehyde in nature, the monosaccharide is called aldose . (studiousguy.com)
- The most important hexose is Glucose which is an aldose sugar. (yourzdoctor.com)
- In the case of an aldehyde carbonyl group, the monosaccharide is an aldose, and in the case of a ketone carbonyl group, it is a ketose. (javatpoint.com)
Starch1
- A cheap source of sugar is corn syrup, industrially produced by converting corn starch into sugars, such as maltose, fructose and glucose. (wikipedia.org)
Galactose2
- The three hexoses that are nutritionally and metabolically important are glucose, fructose, and galactose (see Figure 3.1). (oregonstate.education)
- Galactose is a naturally occurring monosaccharide that forms the disaccharide lactose when combined with glucose (another monosaccharide) 6 . (drugbank.com)
Smallest monosaccharides2
- The smallest monosaccharides or trioses (n=3) are dihydroxyacetone , D- and L- glyceraldehyde . (studiousguy.com)
- Dihydroxyacetone and the D- and L-glyceraldehydes are the smallest monosaccharides, with n=3. (javatpoint.com)
Cannot be hydrolyzed2
- A. Monosaccharides are often referred to as simple sugars (e.g., glucose) and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler compounds. (oregonstate.education)
- Monosaccharides are the simplest They cannot be hydrolyzed further into hydroxyl aldehyde and ketone unit. (studiousguy.com)
Ketone3
- If the carbonyl group is ketone , then the monosaccharide is called ketose . (studiousguy.com)
- Similarly, fructose is a ' ketohexose' containing a six-carbon monosaccharide and a ketone group. (studiousguy.com)
- All the carbon atoms in monosaccharide have a hydroxyl group except one which either has an aldehyde group or are ketone group. (yourzdoctor.com)
Fructose and glucose1
- Its monosaccharides include fructose and glucose. (javatpoint.com)
Aldohexose4
- Two stereoisomers of the aldohexose sugars are known as glucose, only one of which ( D -glucose) is biologically active. (wikidoc.org)
- Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) contains six carbon atoms one of which is part of an aldehyde group and is therefore referred to as an aldohexose . (wikidoc.org)
- Aldohexose sugars have 4 chiral centers giving 2 4 = 16 stereoisomers . (wikidoc.org)
- The monosaccharide glucose can hence be referred to as ' aldohexose' . (studiousguy.com)
Seven carbon atoms1
- In nature monosaccharides with three to seven carbon atoms are present. (yourzdoctor.com)
Fermentable2
- A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (lookformedical.com)
- Plant biomass is considered as an abundant renewable resource that can be transformed into fermentable sugars for biofuel production. (biomedcentral.com)
Carbonyl4
- Acids derived from monosaccharides by the oxidation of the terminal (-CH2OH) group farthest removed from the carbonyl group to a (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)
- This implies that it is a six-carbon monosaccharide with carbonyl group which is aldehyde in nature. (studiousguy.com)
- The location of the carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms present, and the chiral handedness of a monosaccharide are the three features used to categorize them. (javatpoint.com)
- This is controlled by the direction of the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl group. (javatpoint.com)
Ranging from bacteria to humans2
- Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a subclass of glycolipids that are found in cell membranes of various organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. (springer.com)
- N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine 6-Phosphate exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (ymdb.ca)
Oligosaccharide1
- If only a few sugars are joined together, the resulting polymer is called an oligosaccharide. (ulalalab.com)
Phosphate5
- A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. (lookformedical.com)
- The proximal region, called "inner core", contains Kdo, heptoses and negative charges usually derived from phosphate groups. (scirp.org)
- A group of enzymes that catalyze an intramolecular transfer of a phosphate group. (lookformedical.com)
- It has been shown in some cases that the enzyme has a functional phosphate group, which can act as the donor. (lookformedical.com)
- 4) glycosidic linkage, which connects to Iast the two sugar residues on a non-reducing end, creating glucose 1-phosphate as well as the polymer, which is one that is a glucose unit smaller. (microbiologynote.com)
Glycosidic linkage1
- They are made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a covalent connection called a glycosidic linkage that is produced by a dehydration reaction, which results in the loss of a hydroxyl group from one monosaccharide as well as an atom of hydrogen from the other. (javatpoint.com)
Glucose and fructose1
Chiral1
- Glyceraldehyde with C-2 atom is chiral or asymmetric in nature, henceforth, there are two stereoisomers of this sugar. (studiousguy.com)
Atoms4
- Monosaccharides can be subdivided based on the number of carbon (C) atoms. (oregonstate.education)
- the smallest monosaccharide is the one with three carbon atoms, known as trioses . (studiousguy.com)
- The simplest lipids try fatty acids, and this consist of long hydrocarbon chains, normally with sixteen otherwise 18 carbon atoms, which have a great carboxyl group (COO - ) at the one to stop (Contour dos.5). (ulalalab.com)
- Containing the exception of the first and final carbons, all carbon atoms with hydroxyl groups (-OH) are asymmetric, making them stereo centers with two potential configurations apiece (R or S). This asymmetry allows for several isomers for each given monosaccharide formula. (javatpoint.com)
Covalent1
- In solution, the glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form (in equilibrium), the latter being the result of a covalent bond between the aldehyde C atom and the C-5 hydroxyl group to form a six-membered cyclic hemiacetal . (wikidoc.org)
Ribose1
- Among these, pentoses (e.g., ribose in ribonucleic acid (RNA)) and hexoses (e.g., glucose, or blood sugar) are the most common sugars in animal tissues. (oregonstate.education)
PNSB2
- Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a purple non-sulfide bacterium (PNSB), and some strains have been proven to promote plant growth. (bvsalud.org)
- Purple non sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are group of microbes which produce H 2 photoheterotrophically under a variety of anaerobic environmental conditions in presence of light and at expense of broad range of substrates [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Carbons4
- The following list shows the prefixes for numbers of carbons in a sugar. (oregonstate.education)
- Glucose with four or higher carbons can also be cyclize to make groups, which exist in two option forms (a whole lot more. (ulalalab.com)
- Monosaccharides can be joined together by dehydration reactions, in which H 2 O is removed and the sugars are linked by a glycosidic bond between two of their carbons (Shape dos.step 3). (ulalalab.com)
- The suffix "-side" denotes participation in the glycosidic bond by the anomeric carbons of both monosaccharides. (javatpoint.com)
Lactose1
- Lactose is the only sugar that cannot be extracted from plants. (wikipedia.org)
Tissues4
- Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants. (wikipedia.org)
- Most monosaccharides in animal tissues are of 5 C and 6 C sugars. (oregonstate.education)
- Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated. (lookformedical.com)
- Our body's cells, organs, and tissues use this sugar as energy. (javatpoint.com)
Molecule3
- A condensation reaction joins to monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide molecule. (studymode.com)
- Mutase is the general term used to describe enzymes that facilitate an exchange of functional groups one location to another within an identical molecule . (microbiologynote.com)
- A typical Fischer projection states that a molecule is a D sugar if the hydroxyl group is located on the right and an L sugar if it is not. (javatpoint.com)
Compounds4
- GLYCOSYLATION of other compounds with these amino sugars results in AMINOGLYCOSIDES. (lookformedical.com)
- Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. (lookformedical.com)
- These are organic compounds containing a sugar linked to a chain through N-acyl group. (ymdb.ca)
- Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
Organisms3
- However, available data revealed important differences between the LPSs of these two groups of organisms, both in term of structure and biological activity. (scirp.org)
- The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. (doctorinternet.com)
- In the majority of organisms, other hexoses than glucose are able to undergo glycolysis following transformation into the phosphorylated form. (microbiologynote.com)
Trisaccharides1
- Trisaccharides- with three monosaccharide units. (studiousguy.com)
Chemical4
- Some other chemical substances, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol and sugar alcohols, may have a sweet taste but are not classified as sugar. (wikipedia.org)
- The cellulosic and hemicellulose substrate can be hydrolyzed into monomeric sugars by chemical and/or biological methods. (biomedcentral.com)
- The aldehydic functional group is reactive and, as such, an invaluable chemical multi-tool to make all sorts of products. (tuwien.ac.at)
- Unmodified monosaccharides have the typical chemical formula of (C-H2O)n, including "carbon hydrate" in their structure. (javatpoint.com)
Molecules2
- To obtain fluorescent Gb 3 derivatives, either fatty acid labelled Gb 3 molecules or head group labelled ones were synthesized. (springer.com)
- Monosaccharides are crucial fuel molecules and the foundation of nucleic acids. (javatpoint.com)
Simple4
- In the body, compound sugars are hydrolysed into simple sugars. (wikipedia.org)
- Honey and fruits are abundant natural sources of simple sugars. (wikipedia.org)
- and simple MONOSACCHARIDES . (lookformedical.com)
- These are simple sugars, are sweet in taste, easily soluble in water and cannot be hydrolysed into simpler sugars. (yourzdoctor.com)
Transporter2
Peptide1
- 1) EntS diglycosylates EC peptide (enterocin 96) in vitro with two hexoses at Ser33 residue. (proglycprot.org)
Proteins3
- In addition, analysis of the coordinate expression patterns indicated that transport proteins and hypothetical proteins may play a role in bacteria processing lignocellulose. (biomedcentral.com)
- The EcoCyc database describes 532 transport reactions, 480 transporters, and 97 proteins involved in sugar transport. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Among them, 97 proteins are involved in sugar transport ( Table 1 ). (encyclopedia.pub)
Enzyme1
- In the herbivores, it is digested because of microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts and protozoa) in their digestive tract which secret enzyme cellulase for its digestion. (yourzdoctor.com)
Yeasts2
- From a botanical point of view, yeasts are recognized to be a heterogeneous group. (biologydiscussion.com)
- Those yeasts in which a perfect (sexual) stage is not known are grouped together in the subdivision Deuteromycotina. (biologydiscussion.com)
Mono3
- The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of mono sugars revealed that EPS was composed of manouronic acid, glucuronic acid, xylose, and fructose at a molar ratio of 1.0:0.5:1.0:2.0, respectively. (springeropen.com)
- Monosaccharides is derived from Greek word, mono means one and saccharide means sweet. (yourzdoctor.com)
- The term "mono" illustrates the presence of a single sugar unit. (javatpoint.com)
Aldehyde group1
- The sugar with aldehyde group is called Aldo sugar and with the keto group as keto sugar. (yourzdoctor.com)
Specificity1
- Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
GLYCOSYLATION1
- A genetically heterogeneous group of heritable disorders resulting from defects in protein N-glycosylation. (lookformedical.com)
Molecular1
- They are usually branched and tasteless, are formed by several monosaccharides units linked by glycocidic bonds, they have higher molecular weight and are only sparingly soluble in water. (yourzdoctor.com)
Enzymes1
- These results demonstrate that the corn stover-adapted microbial consortium EMSD5 harbors a variety of lignocellulolytic anaerobic bacteria and degradative enzymes, especially those implicated in hemicellulose decomposition. (biomedcentral.com)
Substrate2
- The 47.5% and 64.2% higher hydrogen volume than the DLH and NDLH substrates, respectively appeared as a function of significantly higher monomeric sugar contents of the enzymatically hydrolyzed substrate and lesser/zero amounts of toxic derivatives including pH reducing agents. (biomedcentral.com)
- Conversion to monomeric sugars of the cellulosic substrate is the first step in such processes. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycoproteins2
- A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins , sulfatides and cerebrosides. (lookformedical.com)
- Fucose is a monosaccharide that is commonly found in the cell walls of bacteria and is involved in the formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids. (lookformedical.com)
Plants1
- These findings imply that, depending on the PNSB's growing conditions, it may interact with various soil bacteria and facilitate their infiltration into plants. (bvsalud.org)
Suffix1
- The name comes from the Greek word glykys ( γλυκύς ), which means "sweet", plus the suffix "-ose" which denotes a sugar . (wikidoc.org)
Hydroxyl groups1
- With two or more hydroxyl groups, they are aldehydes or ketones. (javatpoint.com)