• There have also been studies of arsenic metabolism suggesting that methylation of inorganic arsenic may be a toxification, rather than a detoxification pathway and that trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites, particularly monomethylarsonous acid (MMA III) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA III), are "unusually capable of interacting with cellular targets such as proteins and DNA" [Kitchin 2001]. (cdc.gov)
  • Le, X. C. Unstable Trivalent Arsenic Metabolites, Monomethylarsonous Acid And Dimethylarsinous Acid . (ubc.ca)
  • Approximately 50% of excreted arsenic in human urine is dimethylated and 25% is monomethylated, with the remainder being inorganic [Buchet et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Zheng, B. S. Determination Of Monomethylarsonous Acid, A Key Arsenic Methylation Intermediate, In Human Urine . (ubc.ca)
  • Dermal absorption is generally negligible, although toxic systemic effects have resulted from rare occupational accidents where either arsenic trichloride or arsenic acid was splashed on workers' skin. (cdc.gov)
  • Diagnosis is by testing the urine, blood, or hair. (wikipedia.org)
  • Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) feature intensities were identified from neonatal blood spots from California newborn Genetic Disease Screening Program. (bvsalud.org)
  • Arsenite is then oxidatively methylated to the monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) with subsequent excretion primarily in the urine (NRC, 2001). (cdc.gov)
  • and dimethylarsinic acid, DMA 5+ ). (mdpi.com)
  • Arsenic is metabolized through a series of reactions in which arsenite (As III ) is first methylated to form monomethylarsonic acid (MMA V ). MMA V can be reduced to monomethylarsonous acid (MMA III ), which subsequently undergoes a second methylation, generating dimethylarsinic acid (DMA V ) (Challenger 1945). (medscape.com)
  • A further methylation reaction modifies MMA III to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA V) [9]. (scirp.org)
  • A novel pathway for arsenic elimination: human multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) mediates cellular export of dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) and the diglutathione conjugate of monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII). (bvsalud.org)
  • Human cells methylate arsenic to monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)), dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). Although the liver is the predominant site for arsenic methylation , elimination occurs mostly in urine . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the latter two groups, MMA(III) was 11 and 7% of the urinary arsenic while the monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) was 14 and 13%, respectively. (nih.gov)
  • Determination of monomethylarsonous acid, a key arsenic methylation intermediate, in human urine. (nih.gov)
  • There have also been studies of arsenic metabolism suggesting that methylation of inorganic arsenic may be a toxification, rather than a detoxification pathway and that trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites, particularly monomethylarsonous acid (MMA III) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA III), are "unusually capable of interacting with cellular targets such as proteins and DNA" [Kitchin 2001]. (cdc.gov)
  • Patterns of methylated arsenic species in urine are similar between siblings and between siblings and parents, which suggests that arsenic methylation is genetically linked [Chung et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Creatinine concentrations in urine are a robust predictor of As methylation patterns. (medscape.com)
  • We studied 415 individuals from Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia by measuring arsenic metabolites in urine using liquid chromatography with hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-HG-ICPMS). (nih.gov)
  • Compared to inorganic forms, the methylated metabolites are less genotoxic [4] and are excreted more quickly in urine [5,6]. (scirp.org)
  • Occurrence of monomethylarsonous acid in urine of humans exposed to inorganic arsenic. (nih.gov)
  • Monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) has been detected for the first time in the urine of some humans exposed to inorganic arsenic in their drinking water. (nih.gov)
  • Approximately 50% of excreted arsenic in human urine is dimethylated and 25% is monomethylated, with the remainder being inorganic [Buchet et al. (cdc.gov)
  • AS3MT knockout mice treated with arsenate retain a significantly greater body burden of As, and excrete less As in urine, than wild-type mice (Hughes et al. (medscape.com)
  • In the last century, lead hydrogen arsenate, copper arsenates, sodium arsenite, cacodylic acid, and monosodium methyl arsenate were used as pesticides but contemporary uses are restricted. (cdc.gov)
  • Arsenic is excreted in the urine primarily through the kidneys. (cdc.gov)
  • 12. Arsenic speciation in urine from acute promyelocytic leukemia patients undergoing arsenic trioxide treatment. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Monomethylarsonous acid binds to Cys-104α and Cys-112β of hemoglobin in acute promyelocytic leukemia patients treated with arsenic trioxide. (nih.gov)
  • In the liver, arsenic is methylated into monomethylarsenic acid (MMA V), which can be further reduced to monomethyl arsonous acid (MMA III). (scirp.org)
  • MMA(III) was not found in urine of any members of the group with the lowest level of As exposure. (nih.gov)
  • 2010). Individuals with a higher percentage of MMA III+V in urine (%uMMA) and a lower percentage of DMA in urine (%uDMA) have increased odds of bladder cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, and skin lesions (Steinmaus et al. (medscape.com)