• When a defined protein/peptide (or combinations thereof) control and define the synthesis of an inorganic nanoparticle, the result is a cloneable NanoParticle (cNP). (rsc.org)
  • Solid support material[edit] In contrast to organic solid-phase synthesis and peptide synthesis, the synthesis of oligonucleotides proceeds best on non-swellable or low-swellable solid supports. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Creation of new technology platforms for oligo synthesis, peptide synthesis, advanced ADC, PEGylation of biopharmaceuticals. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • We provide solid phase peptide synthesis to customers from the biomedical, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. (tcgls.com)
  • The aim of this chapter is to review some applications of synthetic peptides providing a brief knowledge about peptide synthesis. (intechopen.com)
  • In the first part, information about the peptide synthesis was given in a very simple and readable format under the title of solid-phase peptide synthesis including a brief history, solid supports, linkers, protecting groups, and analysis method sections. (intechopen.com)
  • During her M.S., she focused on the development of fluorescent amino acids and peptide synthesis. (rsc.org)
  • Aptamers (from the Latin aptus ("- fit") and Greek meros ("-part") that are oligonucleotides (since other aptamers can be peptide molecules) are created usually from a large random sequence pool and used mainly for research and clinical applications (e.g. as macromolecular drugs). (biologyonline.com)
  • Synthesis of exact polymers, including oligonucleotide therapeutics, peptides, PEGs and Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC). (qmul.ac.uk)
  • In 2018 with colleague Dr Piers Gaffney AGL founded Exactmer Limited, based in Dagenham East, London and dedicated to the production of exact polymer molecules including oligonucleotides, peptides and synthetic polymers such as PEG, using Nanostar Sieving technology. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • The synthesis and applications of the peptides are gaining increasing popularity as a result of the developments in biotechnology and bioengineering areas and for a number of research purposes including cancer diagnosis and treatment, antibiotic drug development, epitope mapping, production of antibodies, and vaccine design. (intechopen.com)
  • The synthesis of the peptides may provide sufficient material to enable further studies and to determine the structure-activity relationships or may provide discovery of new analogues with improved properties [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • The major limitation of the phosphodiester method consisted in the formation of pyrophosphate oligomers and oligonucleotides branched at the internucleosidic phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was shown that by employing these sulfonamide RNA (SaRNA) monomers, it was possible to synthesize oligomers in solution. (burleylabs.co.uk)
  • Z-Phe-Ala-diazomethylketone binds directly to A β42 monomers and small oligomers. (medchemexpress.com)
  • Oligomers are produced synthetically through solid-phase chemical synthesis for use in PCR (polymerase chain reaction, where the oligosaccharide used is referred to as the primer ), DNA sequencing, DNA microarrays, Southern blots, ASO analysis, FISH (florescent in situ hybridization), molecular probing, and library construction. (biologyonline.com)
  • Thirty years later, this work inspired, independently, two research groups to adopt the H-phosphonate chemistry to the solid-phase synthesis using nucleoside H-phosphonate monoesters 7 as building blocks and pivaloyl chloride, 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (TPS-Cl), and other compounds as activators. (wikipedia.org)
  • A phosphoramidite respective to the 3′-terminal nucleoside residue is coupled to the universal solid support in the first synthetic cycle of oligonucleotide chain assembly using the standard protocols. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • The activated phosphoramidite in 1.5 - 20-fold excess over the support-bound material is then brought in contact with the starting solid support (first coupling) or a support-bound oligonucleotide precursor (following couplings) whose 5′-hydroxy group reacts with the activated phosphoramidite moiety of the incoming nucleoside phosphoramidite to form a phosphite triester linkage. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Our team has extensive experience in synthesis of Nucleoside Derivatives. (tcgls.com)
  • Synthesis of Nucleoside derivatives- Nucleosides and their derivatives have found applications in biotechnology, biology and medicine. (tcgls.com)
  • Allows for incorporation of a halogenated nucleoside into oligonucleotides for crystallographic studies and crosslinking studies of protein-DNA and RNA-DNA complexes. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Typically, synthetic oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15-25 bases in length. (wikipedia.org)
  • An exemplary method involves detection of single molecules of fluorescent labels released from a nucleic acid during synthesis of an oligonucleotide. (justia.com)
  • Phosphoramidite chemistry/synthesis eliminates errors in oligonucleotide synthesis, especially for molecules featuring shorter base pairs. (drcric.com)
  • Aptamers are single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides that fold up into a distinctive 3D structure capable of binding with high affinity and specificity to small molecules up to entire organisms, with nanomolar range dissociation constants. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The first oligonucleotide aptamer was isolated to bind with small molecules [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • One strategy to improve cellular uptake of therapeutic oligonucleotides is to conjugate them with non-toxic, lipophilic molecules. (genelink.com)
  • We welcome important research in all areas of organic synthesis, including studies on small organic molecules and biomolecules, and studies that report purely synthetic work without biological data. (rsc.org)
  • For larger molecules such as oligonucleotides, however, the resulting molar specific activity after carbon-14 (62.4 mCi/mmol) labeling might be insufficient for a quantitative determination by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). (springeropen.com)
  • Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules. (biologyonline.com)
  • A synthetic, specially- designed oligonucleotide with the ability to recognize and bind a protein ligand molecule or molecules with high affinity and specificity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • To obtain the desired oligonucleotide, the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product (see Synthetic cycle below). (wikipedia.org)
  • The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized. (wikipedia.org)
  • Special solid supports are used for the attachment of desired functional or reporter groups at the 3'-terminus of synthetic oligonucleotides. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Defined monomer sequence synthetic polymers. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • We envisage that the 5'-stearyl group will become a favored lipophilic carrier for experimentation with synthetic oligonucleotides. (genelink.com)
  • We welcome research that shows new or significantly improved protocols or methodologies in total synthesis, synthetic methodology or physical and theoretical organic chemistry as well as research that shows a significant advance in the organic chemistry or molecular design aspects of chemical biology, catalysis, supramolecular and macromolecular chemistry, theoretical chemistry, mechanism-oriented physical organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry or natural products. (rsc.org)
  • Examples of methods utilizing such non-radioactive detection methods include DNA sequencing, oligonucleotide probe methods, detection of polymerase-chain-reaction products, immunoassays, and the like. (justia.com)
  • Chemical modifications of aptamer oligonucleotides are needed mainly to enhance their resistance to nuclease degradation and lowering their renal filtration. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • We offer the Nap-dU CE-Phosphoramidite (NACN5-001) which can be used to incorporate functional diversity into oligonucleotides for aptamer research. (biosearchtech.com)
  • His research interests are oligonucleotide therapeutics and antibiotic development. (rsc.org)
  • 30] Once a phosphoramidite has been coupled to the solid support-bound oligonucleotide and the phosphite moieties have been converted to the P(V) species, the presence of the phosphate protection is not mandatory for the successful conducting of further coupling reactions. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Gene synthesis companies typically use phosphoramidite synthesis to generate target oligonucleotides up to 200 base pairs in the 3' to 5' directionality. (drcric.com)
  • As highlighted above, phosphoramidite chemistry is the primary technique employed in in vitro gene synthesis. (drcric.com)
  • Phosphoramidite chemistry utilization entails using nucleotides or DNA monomers to grow an oligonucleotide chain in the 3' to 5' directionality. (drcric.com)
  • Phosphoramidite used to incorporate a bromo-modified deoxyguanosine internally or at the 5' end of an oligonucleotide. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Phosphoramidite used to incorporate a O6-methyl-modified deoxyguanosine into an oligonucleotide. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Phosphoramidite used to incorporate a 8-oxo-modified deoxyguanosine into an oligonucleotide. (biosearchtech.com)
  • Chitin, a polymer formed by monomers of ²-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine and second most biopolymer occurring on the planet after cellulose, is degraded by enzymes called chitinases (EC 3.2.2.14) that cleave the chitin chain at sites in a random manner. (fapesp.br)
  • Sequence optimization occurs via oligonucleotide elongation to enhance specificity and thermodynamic temperature realization. (drcric.com)
  • As highlighted above, specificity is key to successful oligonucleotide synthesis. (drcric.com)
  • Increasing the affinity and specificity of an oligonucleotide has been more difficult to achieve since this necessitates modifying the natural bases which are already almost perfectly set up for optimal hydrogen bonding. (glenresearch.com)
  • Indeed, ASGPR is the ideal target for delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides to the liver since it combines tissue specificity, high expression levels and rapid internalization and turnover. (genelink.com)
  • The reaction of compounds 1 and 2 to form H-phosphonate diester 3 is an H-phosphonate coupling in solution while that of compounds 4 and 5 to give 6 is a phosphotriester coupling (see phosphotriester synthesis below). (wikipedia.org)
  • Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides capable of folding into complex 3D structures, enabling them to bind to a large variety of targets ranging from small ions to an entire organism. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Nucleic acid-based aptamers were first described in 1990, where the first aptamers were in vitro selected using a random library of single-stranded oligonucleotides sequences [ 1 ] by a selection procedure known as systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • An emerging application of Oligonucleotide synthesis is the re-creation of viruses from sequence alone - either harmless, such as Phi_X_174, or dangerous such as the 1917 influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2. (wikipedia.org)
  • The absence of physical dividers between the sites occupied by individual oligonucleotides, a very limited space on the surface of the microarray (one oligonucleotide sequence occupies a square 25×25 μm)[107] and the requirement of high fidelity of oligonucleotide synthesis dictate the use of site-selective 5′-deprotection techniques. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Ideally, the oligonucleotides used in a gene sequence must have similar thermodynamic properties and be target-specific to facilitate accurate sequence optimization. (drcric.com)
  • Consequently, gene synthesis companies use integrated algorithms to decipher the ideal oligos for a specified gene sequence. (drcric.com)
  • Oligonucleotide design goes hand-in-hand with a sequence analysis to determine how to break down the sequence into synthesizable fragments. (drcric.com)
  • In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesised to match a regionwhere a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (oligonucleotide probes). (biologyonline.com)
  • Using viral RNA, Stephenson and Zamecnik ( 1978 ) demonstrated in 1978 that translation of proteins could be efficiently inhibited in vitro by competitive hybridization with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). (springeropen.com)
  • Amyloid fibrils are protein polymers comprising identical monomer units (homopolymers). (medscape.com)
  • Each phosphate group connects the sugar rings of two adjacent nucleotide monomers. (biologyonline.com)
  • They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites, and for the synthesis of artificial genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chemistry is sometimes complex and base composition analysis of the final oligonucleotide is required to verify structure. (glenresearch.com)
  • The journal for organic synthesis, supramolecular chemistry, chemical biology and more. (rsc.org)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
  • The present invention relates generally to the synthesis of fluorescent compounds that are analogues of cyanine dyes. (justia.com)
  • After the completion of the coupling reaction, a small percentage of the solid support-bound 5′-OH groups (0.1 to 1%) remains unreacted and needs to be permanently blocked from further chain elongation to prevent the formation of oligonucleotides with an internal base deletion commonly referred to as (n-1) shortmers. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • The technique begins with phosphoramidites or modified nucleotides attached to polymeric support to facilitate elongation via sequential addition, adding new nucleotides to the chain to form an oligonucleotide. (drcric.com)
  • In a more recent, more convenient, and more widely used method, the synthesis starts with the universal support where a non-nucleosidic linker is attached to the solid support material (compounds 1 and 2). (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • On the other hand, 3AB presumably anchors 3B in intracellular membranes originated de novo during the early steps of RNA replication, where uridylylated 3B primes the synthesis of nascent viral RNAs ( 2 , 37 , 68 , 69 ). (asm.org)
  • The evolution of oligonucleotide synthesis saw four major methods of the formation of internucleosidic linkages and has been reviewed in the literature in great detail. (wikipedia.org)
  • Similar to cholesterol TEG, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is both lipophilic and non-toxic even at high doses so would be an excellent candidate as a lipophilic carrier for oligonucleotides. (genelink.com)
  • In the early 1950s, Alexander Todd's group pioneered H-phosphonate and phosphate triester methods of oligonucleotide synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The method is very convenient in that various types of phosphate modifications (phosphate/phosphorothioate/phosphoramidate) may be introduced to the same oligonucleotide for modulation of its properties. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not have this limitation, although it is most often carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oligos or oligonucleotides are the building blocks for numerous biotechnology processes, including chemical gene synthesis. (drcric.com)
  • SELEX starts by chemical synthesis of a library of random sequences of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Gene Link offers cholesteryl TEG, alpha-tocopherol and stearyl labelling of oligonucleotides and this strategy has proved to be useful for delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides to a broad distribution of targets. (genelink.com)
  • A more directed approach to the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides specifically to the liver has been to target the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) using a suitable glycoconjugate. (genelink.com)
  • The use of oligonucleotide glycoconjugates has led to significant advances in therapeutic delivery as evidenced by the work of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals which has developed multivalent N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) conjugated siRNAs that bind at nanomolar levels to ASGPR (1). (genelink.com)
  • Oligonucleotide which displays specific binding to a protein or other target, often selected by an iterative cycle of affinity- based enrichment. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The properties of a sulfonamide moiety replacement were evaluated by incorporation of a SaRNA-monomer into a DNA strand and performing thermal stability tests of the resulting DNA and RNA-double-strand hybrids. (burleylabs.co.uk)
  • Once incorporated into an oligonucleotide, these modifiers represent the various products in the biochemical pathway of dC modification. (biosearchtech.com)
  • The convertible dU monomer can be used to introduce a variety of modifications at the convertible position, including N, O and S modifications. (glenresearch.com)
  • The apurinic sites thus formed are readily cleaved in the course of the final deprotection of the oligonucleotide under the basic conditions (see below) to give two shorter oligonucleotides thus reducing the yield of the full-length product. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Convertible F-dC is by far the simplest approach to the preparation of oligonucleotides containing F-dC - normal ammonium hydroxide treatment effects the conversion to F-dC. (glenresearch.com)
  • The method, initially developed for the solution-phase synthesis, was also implemented on low-cross-linked "popcorn" polystyrene,[26] and later on controlled pore glass (CPG, see "Solid support material" below), which initiated a massive research effort in solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotides and eventually led to the automation of the oligonucleotide chain assembly. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • As a result of studies conducted in our research group on chitin synthesis and considering the lack of information on chitinase ants, we propose, in this project, the production of different chimeric proteins (containing chitinase catalytic domain and modules for binding in chitin) and the study of its catalytic function against chitin and analysis of the products through HPLC and mass spectrometry. (fapesp.br)
  • While working at the University of Edinburgh , Brown founded Oswel Research Products (the name 'Oswel' came from " Oligonucleotide synthesis " and " Wellcome Trust "), a company which was dedicated to automated DNA synthesis. (wikimili.com)
  • Chemically modified antimiR oligonucleotides sequester the mature miRNA in competition with cellular target mRNAs leading to functional inhibition of the miRNA and derepression of the direct targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Synthesis of 5-(1-propynyl)-2'-deoxy-Uridine (pdU) and 5-(1-propynyl)-2'-deoxyCytidine (pdC) monomers for oligonucleotide synthesis demonstrated1 that both substitutions enhanced duplex stability while triplex binding was improved by substitution of pdU but destabilized by pdC. (glenresearch.com)
  • More recently, high-throughput oligonucleotide synthesis where the solid support is contained in the wells of multi-well plates (most often, 96 or 384 wells per plate) became a method of choice for parallel synthesis of oligonucleotides on small scale. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Solid supports[edit] In solid-phase synthesis, an oligonucleotide being assembled is covalently bound, via its 3′-terminal hydroxy group, to a solid support material and remains attached to it over the entire course of the chain assembly. (3dresearchspecs.com)
  • Convertible dA has been used to prepare oligonucleotides containing multiple points for attachment to solid supports. (glenresearch.com)
  • Bz-dA Succinate is a DNA Succinate, which is used for the derivatization of controlled pore glass, polystyrene or other supports to use in solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis. (huarensh.com)
  • Surprisingly, telomerase reconstitutions yielded heterogeneous DNA-bound TERT monomer and dimer complexes in relative amounts that varied with assembly and purification method. (elifesciences.org)
  • Oligonucleotides are predominantly hydrophilic species and require help in permeating cell membranes. (genelink.com)
  • A β -IN-7 with 50 μM stabilize A β monomers in the small oligomeric species and prolong the nucleation process. (medchemexpress.com)
  • Overall, this work defines human telomerase DNA binding and synthesis properties at single-molecule level and establishes conserved telomerase subunit architecture from single-celled organisms to humans. (elifesciences.org)
  • The DEC-205 monomer forms a compact structure comprising two intercalated rings of C-type lectin-like domains, where the N-terminal cysteine-rich and fibronectin domains reside at the central intersection. (uci.edu)