Monocytes on tumor cells cells in vitro. Medical search. Frequent questions

Vpr stands for "Viral Protein R". Vpr, a 96 amino acid 14-kDa protein, plays an important role in regulating nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex, and is required for virus replication and enhanced gene expression from provirus in dividing or non-dividing cells such as T cells or macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Tumor-promoting functions of macrophages include angiogenesis, metastasis formation, and suppression of Th1-type immune responses. (aacrjournals.org)
Here, we show that successful treatment of cervical carcinoma in mouse models with synthetic long peptide (SLP) vaccines induced influx of cytokine-producing CD8 T cells that strongly altered the numbers and phenotype of intratumoral macrophages. (aacrjournals.org)
Strikingly, complete regressions of large established tumors depended on the tumor-infiltrating macrophages that were induced by this immunotherapy, because a small-molecule drug inhibitor targeting CSF-1R diminished the number of intratumoral macrophages and abrogated the complete remissions. (aacrjournals.org)
POGLUT2 was mainly expressed in stromal cells as verified by StromalScore, ESTIMATEScore, ImmuneScore, and Tumor purity, and POGLUT2 was positively correlated with cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment. (frontiersin.org)
This suggests that J774A.1 cells grown under these culture conditions would be useful for the investigation of non-estrogen-dependent mechanisms by which certain endocrine disruptors may affect their targets in macrophages. (cdc.gov)
A greater number of alveolar macrophages produced TNF-α compared to autologous monocytes in sarcoidosis but not in controls and, based on cell size, it was confirmed that this was the product of more mature macrophages and that the secretion of TNF-α by monocytes and macrophages was heterogeneous: not all monocytes and macrophages secrete TNF-α. (ersjournals.com)
No differences in the average levels of TNF-α secretion by peripheral blood monocytes or alveolar macrophages were observed. (ersjournals.com)
This study has demonstrated that a subset of mononuclear phagocytes, mature macrophages, are responsible for tumour necrosis factor secretion and this could have implications for targeted management in sarcoidosis in the future. (ersjournals.com)
The real-time analysis in GBM-on-a-Chip showed that mesenchymal GBM niche attracted low number of allogeneic CD154+CD8+ T-cells but abundant CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and expressed elevated PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoints and TGF-β1, IL-10, and CSF-1 cytokines compared to proneural GBM. (elifesciences.org)
The role of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and survival of GC patients are controversial. (researchsquare.com)
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) regulates monocytes/macrophages. (researchsquare.com)
While the IL34/MCSF/MCSFR axis is very important for regulating macrophage differentiation, the specific interplay between these cytokines, macrophages and tumour development is unclear. (researchsquare.com)
Following verification of a stem-like signature (upregulated expression of stemness markers, resistance to chemotherapy, increased spheroid formation, and tumorigenesis capabilities despite inoculation of a small number of cells), we analyzed the interaction of these cells with macrophages via direct and indirect coculture assays. (springer.com)
These studies suggest that there is a bi-directional crosstalk between macrophages and CSCs that promotes stemness renewal and tumor associated macrophage polarization. (springer.com)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key regulators of the complex interplay between cancer and the immune microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor cell-derived spondin 2 (SPON2) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that has complicated roles in recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils during inflammation. (biomedcentral.com)
Most macrophages have the tendency to polarize into an M2-like state in tumors with advanced stages [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The innate immune system is mainly composed of myeloid lineage cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Although tumor cells were first thought to drive the cellular events underpinning tumor angiogenesis and growth, considerable evidence has now emerged for the central role of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in this phenomenon [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition, SIRP-Fc-VVs readily infect tumor cells and induce phagocytosis by macrophages. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
These features may be responsible for the recruitment and activation of T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, characterizing the stromal component of this lymphoma, and may point towards innate immunity and a tumor tolerogenic immune response in T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma. (haematologica.org)
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) orchestrate PDAC malignancy, but their dynamics during disease progression remains poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Dimensionality reduction classified seven clusters within the myeloid cells wherein five subsets of macrophages were characterized by diverse cell states and functionality. (biomedcentral.com)
Remarkably, tissue-resident macrophages and inflammatory monocyte were identified as potential sources of TAMs. (biomedcentral.com)
Further, we uncovered several ligand-receptor pairs lining tumor cells and macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
The inflammatory process in patients with stable COPD is dominated by macrophages, CD8+ T‐lymphocytes and neutrophils, and to a lesser extent mast cells, in the bronchial submucosa and alveoli 5 . (ersjournals.com)
Published this week in Cell , the study used mass cytometry to characterize T cells and macrophages in samples from 73 ccRCC patients and five healthy matched kidney samples, identifying immune phenotypes associated with progression free-survival as well as potential biomarkers that could be useful for purposes including immunotherapy development. (genomeweb.com)
Then we used an antibody screen to determine which markers were most informative for distinguishing between the [different] macrophages that we were able to generate in vitro ," he said. (genomeweb.com)
In the present study, we demonstrate that infection of human antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages with IDLVs expressing influenza matrix M1 protein resulted in effective induction of in vitro expansion of M1-primed CD8(+) T cells, as evaluated by both pentamer staining and cytokine production. (duke.edu)
The dense subepithelial mononuclear infiltrate in oral lichen planus is composed of T cells and macrophages, and there are increased numbers of intraepithelial T cells. (medscape.com)

In cancer research, advancing a comprehensive understanding of the unique characteristics of individual tumor types and their microenvironment is of considerable importance for clinical translation. (nature.com)
Here we describe a multimodule integrated pipeline for the processing of freshly resected human brain tumor tissue and matched blood that enables analysis of the tumor microenvironment, with a particular focus on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). (nature.com)
This protocol will enable researchers to use this pipeline to address further research questions regarding the tumor microenvironment. (nature.com)
Immune infiltration and tumor microenvironment evaluations were assessed by ImmuneScore, ImmuCellAI, and TIMER databases. (frontiersin.org)
Increased levels of POGLUT2 could result in the dysregulated immune cell infiltration and tumor microenvironment and showed a significant regulatory effect on the progression of breast cancer through Notch-related signaling. (frontiersin.org)
To estimate the effect of the asthmatic microenvironment on the invasiveness of lung cancer cells, the present study compared the behavior of human non‑small cell lung cancer A549 cells exposed to the signals from human bronchial fibroblasts (HBFs) derived from non‑asthmatic donors (NA HBFs) and from asthmatic patients (AS HBFs). (spandidos-publications.com)
It further stabilizes the tumor microenvironment and potentially facilitates collective colonization of novel bronchial loci by cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
The inflammatory microenvironment surrounding a tumour is a complex ecology of immune cells interconnected with tumour cells. (researchsquare.com)
Additionally, characterization of the tumor microenvironment such as interactions with immune cells remain largely unknown. (springer.com)
Apart from CSCs, there are a myriad of factors and interactions between various cell types and the tumor microenvironment (TME) that ultimately affect CCA progression. (springer.com)
The current aim was to further characterize biological responses and mechanisms underpinning CXCL8-promoted progression of PTEN-depleted prostate cancer, focusing on characterizing the potential interplay between CXCL8 and other disease-promoting chemokines resident within the prostate tumor microenvironment. (oncotarget.com)
However, the mechanism by which SPON2 regulates the accumulation of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of CRC is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been shown to play an essential role in CRC progression and metastasis [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumors exhibit significant myeloid cell infiltrates, which are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
Finally, we will comment on the mechanisms regulating myeloid cell recruitment to the tumor microenvironment and on the potential of myeloid cells as new targets for cancer therapy. (hindawi.com)
Viral properties of OVs may well also be capable of engage the innate immune technique and thus influence the suppressive nature on the tumor microenvironment. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
The tumor cells of both lymphomas share several characteristics, while the cellular composition of their microenvironment is clearly different. (haematologica.org)
Results We observed that the microenvironment in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma is molecularly very similar to a lymph node characterized by follicular hyperplasia, while the microenvironment in T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma is clearly different. (haematologica.org)
Gene expression profiling of lymphomas clearly illustrated that apart from the characteristics of the tumor cells, the microenvironment of the tumor also defines the profile of the lymphoma, and, more importantly, plays a role in predicting the prognosis. (haematologica.org)
We demonstrated myeloid compartment was an interactive hub of tumor microenvironment (TME) essential for PDAC progression. (biomedcentral.com)
An immune cell in the tumor microenvironment that may be important for inhibiting the immune response against bladder cancer is the myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC). (iospress.com)

Using mutational analysis (biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence), prevention of cell cycle progression into mitosis was shown to be required for LTR-mediated viral expression. (wikipedia.org)
Fig. 6: Co-expression of CD80 suppressed PD-L1-positive sEV-induced immunosuppression and tumor progression in melanoma model. (nature.com)
In vitro and in vivo results showed that POGLUT2 knockdown could delay tumor growth and progression. (frontiersin.org)
During lung cancer progression, the connective tissue of bronchial walls provides the scaffold for developing tumors, forms tissue barriers against immune responses of the host and/or constitutes the routes for the invasion of cancer cells ( 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
To elucidate the links between their function and the progression of lung cancer, we compared the behavior of human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells exposed to the signals from monolayers of AS HBFs and from HBFs derived from non-asthmatic (NA) donors. (spandidos-publications.com)
Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, occurs at different stages during embryonic development, physiological processes such as wound healing and reproduction, and numerous diseases, including inflammation, tumor progression, and metastasis [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, during tumor progression, myeloid cells are implicated in promoting tumor angiogenesis, causing resistance against antiangiogenic therapies in cancer, and suppressing the immune response during cancer [ 3 - 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
Whether C. tropicalis participates in the progression of CRC and immunotherapy resistance through regulating the tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1 remains to be further elucidated. (jcancer.org)
This shows that C. tropicalis promotes CRC progression via controlling the expression of tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1. (jcancer.org)
C. tropicalis can down-regulate tumor cell-intrinsic PD-1 expression via enhancing tumor cells autophagy levels to promote CRC progression. (jcancer.org)
For those who are ineligible for cisplatin-based regimens or experience progression of disease, in 2016-2017 the United States Food and Drug Administration approved five monoclonal antibodies that achieve immune checkpoint blockade by targeting the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway. (iospress.com)
This upregulation was correlated with tumor progression. (molvis.org)

It was verified that co-expression of CD80 disrupted the binding of sEV PD-L1 to its receptor PD-1 on T cells and attenuated the immunosuppression mediated by sEV PD-L1 both in vitro and in vivo. (nature.com)
Incubation of tumor cells with T cell-derived IFNγ and TNFα recapitulated the chemokine profile observed in vivo , confirming the capacity of antitumor CD8 T cells to mediate macrophage infiltration of tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
Furthermore, POGLUT2 knockdown of breast cancer cells was established, followed by in vitro biological function assays and in vivo tumor growth study. (frontiersin.org)
When administrated in vivo, both intact and Fab of J43 are reported to enhance contact hypersensitivity and exacerbate acute GVHD similar to transfer of PD-1-deficient cells. (thermofisher.com)
In addition, to explore the in vivo relevance of targeting PGE2 to reduce MDSC-mediated suppression of NK cells, we established a murine model, where tumor cells were disabled from cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production. (scilifelab.se)
Furthermore, silencing COX-2 in murine 4T1 tumor cells reduced the accumulation of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) MDSCs in the spleen, resulting in concomitant improved in vivo clearance of NK-cell sensitive YAC-1 cells. (scilifelab.se)
Haplo-CAR T cells could effectively proliferate in vivo and had a clinically significant antitumor activity without serious side effects. (bmj.com)
Additional functional analyses demonstrated key roles of CXCR4 and CCL2 for cellular radiosensitivity, tumorigenicity and stem-like potential in vitro and in vivo. (tu-dresden.de)
Furthermore, blocking the SPON2/integrin β1/PYK2 axis impairs the transendothelial migration of monocytes and cancer-promoting functions of TAMs in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
Providing a direct link between in vitro and in vivo evaluation, Oncodesign Services' platform is dedicated to select compounds and move them forward into the best preclinical protocol. (oncodesign-services.com)
Data from in vitro , ex vivo and in vivo studies indicate two sorts of effect of oxidative stress relevant to COPD. (ersjournals.com)
Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that oxidative stress may cause alterations in essential components of the lung, contributing to pathological abnormalities and functional changes (table 2 ⇑ ) 6 , 7 . (ersjournals.com)
Advances in understanding the role of dendritic cells (DCs) as the major antigen (Ag)-presenting cell type of the immune system combined with the recent development of methods for the ex vivo expansion of human DCs have opened the possibility for the transfer of tumor Ags to DCs with a view toward tumor immunotherapy. (lookformedical.com)
LacZ recombinant FWPV (rFWPV) was found subsequently to infect human DCs that had been cultured ex vivo from peripheral blood monocytes. (lookformedical.com)
We conclude that host range-restricted FWPV can be used efficiently to transfer Ag genes to human DCs ex vivo and may have a role in the development of tumor immunotherapy protocols. (lookformedical.com)

We found that physiological and pharmacological levels of E2 (10(-12) M-10(-6) M) have no effect on the release of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). (cdc.gov)
Cigana C, Assael BM, Melotti P: Azithromycin selectively reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. (karger.com)

The PD-L1 on tumor cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) can suppress the proliferation and cytokine production of T cells. (nature.com)
b Tumor proliferation curves of subcutaneous xenografts in Hepa1-6-bearing C57BL/6 mice. (thermofisher.com)
The differentiation and proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are tightly regulated to meet demands for such myeloid cells both at steady state and under stressed conditions. (bvsalud.org)
Using three-dimensional time-lapse imaging on live reporter mice and taking advantages of the autofluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), we studied the spatiotemporal interaction between nonmyogenic cells and muscle stem/progenitor cells during MuSC activation and proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
MCL can be both indolent or aggressive, in either case it responds poorly to chemotherapy and consequently the aggressive form has a dismal prognosis assessed by incorporating Ki-67 proliferation index and Mantle Cell International Prognostic Index scores. (bmj.com)
CXCL12-induced migration of PC3 cells and CCL2-induced proliferation of prostate cancer cells were dependent upon intrinsic CXCL8 signaling within the prostate cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
Combined inhibition of both CXCL8 and CXCL12 signaling was more effective in inhibiting fibroblast-promoted cell motility while repression of CXCL8 attenuated CCL2-promoted proliferation of prostate cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
It is now known that new blood vessels originate from preexisting vessels by activation, proliferation and migration of endothelial cells through a process named "angiogenesis" [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Specific growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stimulate the proliferation and migration of naturally quiescent endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of new vessel structures during embryonic development and tumor growth [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mechanisms of action in CIA involved the reduction in proliferation of arthritic lymphocytes to antigen in vitro as well as reduced TNF-alpha release. (ox.ac.uk)
Notably, as in vitro experiments indicated, TAM-derived HBEGF promoted proliferation and invasion of the pancreatic cancer cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
G-MDSC are also referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC, which differ from conventional neutrophils via expression of lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), which inhibits T cell proliferation [ 7, 8 ]. (iospress.com)
Open in a separate window Fig. 4 EVs shed by renal cancer cells inhibited monocyte-derived DC differentiation and their ability to stimulate T cell proliferation. (woofahs.com)

Elevated MCSF is correlated with invasion, metastasis and poor survival of tumour patients. (researchsquare.com)
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to the underlying reason for cancer initiation, metastasis, and relapse. (springer.com)
Breast cancer cells condition lymphatic endothelial cells within pre-metastatic niches to promote metastasis. (bnwax.com)
Our findings demonstrate that SPON2-driven M2-TAM infiltration plays an important role during CRC tumor growth and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Myeloid cells are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a critical role during growth and metastasis of malignant tumors. (hindawi.com)
Myeloid cells promote tumor growth by stimulating tumor angiogenesis, suppressing tumor immunity, and promoting metastasis to distinct sites. (hindawi.com)
This suggested that EPCs are able to differentiate into endothelial cells and that such cells are incorporated into sites of active angiogenesis including ischemia, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis in adult organisms [ 16 , 17 ]. (hindawi.com)

Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (interferon-α, interferon-inducible protein 10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-α [MIP-1α], MIP-1β, and IL-1β) were determined for serial serum samples. (cdc.gov)
Interferon-α, interferon-inducible protein 10, monokine induced by interferon-γ, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-8 were detected on day 11 of illness but levels decreased as the patient clinically improved ( Technical Appendix Figure 3, panel B). (cdc.gov)
MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein type 1 workplace. (cdc.gov)

Since some human immune cell subsets express PD-L1 on their surface, studies were undertaken to evaluate changes in the frequency of immune cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from cancer patients pre- vs post-treatment with Avelumab. (bmj.com)
Myelopoiesis is a process that produces myeloid cells including granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. (bvsalud.org)
Largely the product of mononuclear phagocyte activation, it is unclear whether TNF-α production at disease sites is a feature of all mononuclear phagocytes that accumulate there or whether it is secreted by a subset of these cells. (ersjournals.com)
Pathologically, at an early stage, there is an influx of mononuclear cells followed by lymphocytes. (ersjournals.com)
However, it is not clear whether TNF production in disease sites is a feature of all mononuclear cells that traffic there or whether it is a subset phenomenon. (ersjournals.com)
IL-34 was first identified by Lin et al in 2008, as a protein that is able to bind to CD14 + monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (researchsquare.com)
13 ] isolated mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood that were enriched for expression of the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34 [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Suppression of tumour necrosis factor production from mononuclear cells by a novel synthetic compound, CLX-090717. (ox.ac.uk)
T and Monocytes cells were purified from peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells from healthy donors. (woofahs.com)

The increased frequency of monocytes relative to CD4+ T cells in food-allergic children led the team to examine the monocytes' propensity for producing proinflammatory cytokines. (the-scientist.com)
The researchers found that after stimulation in vitro, monocytes from food-allergic children made higher levels of cytokines known to be involved in allergy, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), compared to the same cells from nonallergic children. (the-scientist.com)
The researchers were able to use these cytokines or purified CD14+ monocytes to skew Tregs toward an allergy-associated Th2 phenotype. (the-scientist.com)
Cord blood monocyte-derived inflammatory cytokines suppress IL-2 and induce nonclassic 'Th2-type' immunity associated with development of food allergy," Science Translational Medicine, doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad4322, 2016. (the-scientist.com)
SPON2 may indirectly induce M2-polarization through upregulating cytokines including IL10, CCL2 and CSF1 expression in tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Typically tumor cells secrete a complex milieu of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, some of which are pro-tumorogenic [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. (iospress.com)
The composition of this fluid is very variable in terms of both the quantity and type of cells present, and the soluble factors and cytokines present. (iospress.com)
Les numérations plaquettaire et leucocytaire ainsi que la concentration en cytokines (IL-2R, IL-8 et TNF-) ont été me- surées. (who.int)
1 ]. Interleukinc8 (ILc8) and tumour necroc ing PCs prepared from apheresis of single sis factor alfa (TNF-) are some of the donors or from pooled samples, is not still cytokines responsible for NHFR [ 2 ]. (who.int)
Activated CD8 + T cells (and possibly keratinocytes) may release cytokines that attract additional lymphocytes into the developing lesion. (medscape.com)

Fig. 5: Co-expression of CD80 on sEVs disrupted PD-L1-positive sEV-mediated PD-1 binding and T cell inhibition. (nature.com)
Nature communications 2022 - Prdm1 attenuates its effects on tumor growth inhibition through PD-L1-induced tumor immune evasion in immune-competent mice. (thermofisher.com)
Inhibition of tumor-derived prostaglandin-e2 blocks the induction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and recovers natural killer cell activity. (scilifelab.se)
Inhibition of TNF-alpha in monocytes was mediated partially through a nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent pathway, as judged by sustained levels of IkappaBalpha in cytosolic extracts and a reduced level of LPS-induced NF-kappaB activity in nuclear extracts. (ox.ac.uk)
Koontongkaew S, Monthanapisut P, Saensuk T: Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism decreases tumor cell invasion and matrix metalloproteinase expression. (karger.com)

Increased frequencies of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) correlate with poor prognosis in patients with cancers. (scilifelab.se)
SPON2 expression is positively correlated with M2-TAM infiltration in clinical CRC tumors and poor prognosis of CRC patients. (biomedcentral.com)
The diffuse nature of these tumors makes gross total resection impossible, which contributes greatly to the poor prognosis. (medlink.com)

PD-L1-positive sEVs in HNSCC patients had various cellular origins, including tumor cell, T cell, B cell, dendritic cell and monocyte/macrophage. (nature.com)

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) checkpoint immunotherapy efficacy remains unpredictable in glioblastoma (GBM) patients due to the genetic heterogeneity and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we report a microfluidics-based, patient-specific 'GBM-on-a-Chip' microphysiological system to dissect the heterogeneity of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and optimize anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for different GBM subtypes. (elifesciences.org)
2Oxford University, Oxford, England, UK Correspondence: Brian Champion ( [email protected] ) Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 2016, 4(Suppl 1):P309 Background Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are characterized by their capability to selectively infect and kill tumor cells. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
In the case of T cells, the researchers used a panel consisting largely of canonical T cell markers providing an overview of the T cell phenotype landscape and proteins known to be relevant to immunotherapy. (genomeweb.com)
On the T cell side, the study yielded several findings of potential significance to immunotherapy research and treatment in ccRCC, Bodenmiller noted. (genomeweb.com)
One key takeaway from the data, he said, was the fact that T cells "are heterogeneous in the expression of what people think of as the markers that should be targeted in immunotherapy. (genomeweb.com)
The study also identified a potential new marker for ccRCC immunotherapy, the protein CD38, which Chevrier said has been identified as a potential marker of T cell exhaustion in infectious disease, but has not been much discussed in the context of cancer. (genomeweb.com)

p53 is an important tumor suppressor which induces either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
Immune cells evaluated were PD-L1 positive and PD-L1 negative subsets of the following: CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), natural killer T cells (NKT), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC), conventional DC, and B cells. (bmj.com)
Furthermore, we describe a subset of myeloid cells with immunosuppressive activity (known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells). (hindawi.com)
This study shows that PD-1 is a tumor suppressor in CRC. (jcancer.org)
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are immune cells that dampen immune responses. (iospress.com)
The role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis is supported by many autoimmune features of oral lichen planus, including its chronicity, onset in adults, predilection for females, association with other autoimmune diseases, occasional tissue-type associations, depressed immune-suppressor activity in patients with oral lichen planus, and the presence of autocytotoxic T-cell clones in lichen planus lesions. (medscape.com)

Suppression of exosomal PD-L1 induces systemic anti-tumor immunity and memory. (nature.com)
CD40 stimulation of immune cells drives a Th1 anti-tumor response but CD40 stimulation on tumor cells can lead to enhanced tum. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
Pre-clinical evidence suggests that MDSC suppress anti-tumor immune responses. (iospress.com)

sEVs were isolated from different clinical samples of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients, the level and cellular origins of PD-L1-positive sEVs were assessed. (nature.com)
Fig. 3: Different clinical significance between tumor cell- and immunocyte-derived PD-L1-positive sEVs. (nature.com)
Several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical anti-cancer activities have been engineered as fully human IgG1 entities to also encompass their potential to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of human tumor cells. (bmj.com)
The clinical activity of Avelumab, observed in several tumor types in ongoing clinical studies such as NCT01772004 , has been and will be reported elsewhere. (bmj.com)
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a novel synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, CLX-090717, in several in vitro cell culture systems and murine CIA, an experimental model of RA. (ox.ac.uk)
METHODS: Peripheral blood monocytes purified by elutriation, and rheumatoid synovial cells isolated from clinical tissue were cultured with CLX-090717 and TNF-alpha release was measured. (ox.ac.uk)
13 Despite the similarities of their malignant cells, an important difference between the two lymphomas lies in their clinical presentation and prognosis. (haematologica.org)

PVAT regulates the function of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells in the aorta and represent a reservoir for various immune cells which may participate in aortic inflammation. (bvsalud.org)
Imatinib inhibits VEGF-independent angiogenesis by targeting neuropilin 1-dependent ABL1 activation in endothelial cells. (bnwax.com)
The inflammatory kinase MAP4K4 promotes reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus and enhances the invasiveness of infected endothelial cells. (bnwax.com)
Vasculogenesis is the coalescence of new blood vessels from individual endothelial cells or progenitor cells. (hindawi.com)
Upon culture in endothelial growth media, these cells expressed endothelial lineage markers, such as CD31, Tie2, and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and incorporated into blood vessels in ischemic tissues. (hindawi.com)
These cells were therefore described as bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). (hindawi.com)
Subsequent studies described a VEGFR2 and AC133 expressing subpopulation of these CD34 positive circulating cells that could form endothelial colonies in vitro [ 14 , 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
These toxins bind to globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), a glycolipid receptor molecule on the surface of endothelial cells in the gut, kidney, and, occasionally, other organs. (medscape.com)
Differential expression of Gb3 on glomerular capillaries compared with other endothelial cells may explain the predominance of renal injury. (medscape.com)
Damaged endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries release vasoactive and platelet-aggregating substances. (medscape.com)
The endothelial cells swell, and fibrin is deposited on the injured vessel walls. (medscape.com)
It may also invade and proliferate within heart and coronary artery endothelial cells, and, along with Streptococcus sanguis, it may also induce platelet aggregation associated with thrombus formation. (medscape.com)

In vitro migration assays, transendothelial migration assays (iTEM), and cell adhesion assays were used to investigate the effects of SPON2 on monocyte/macrophage migration. (biomedcentral.com)
Subcutaneous tumor formation and orthotopic implantation assays were performed in C57 BL/6 mice to confirm the effects of SPON2 on TAM infiltration in tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
Why use cell-based assays for your discovery programs? (oncodesign-services.com)
Cell-based assays in drug discovery offer numerous advantages. (oncodesign-services.com)
Phenotypic screens , a subset of cell-based assays, are instrumental in identifying compounds that exhibit the desired therapeutic effects on cells, enhancing their significance in guiding drug development decisions. (oncodesign-services.com)
Cell assays can address tumor cell function, immune cell function or interaction of both cell types in a 2D or 3D format using a large variety of readouts. (oncodesign-services.com)

Chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis have long been considered to induce phenotypic shifts in cancer cells, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which accounts for the formation of cancer invasive front. (spandidos-publications.com)
It is mainly expressed on mature cytotoxic T lymphocytes [ 7 , 8 ], and it can inhibit T cell function by binding with PD-L1 or PD-L2 ligand, which is mainly expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to induce immune tolerance and limit autoimmunity [ 9 ]. (jcancer.org)
To induce CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) along with neutralizing antibody and CD4+ T cell help, a live canarypox virus construct expressing gp120, transmembrane gp41, the gag and protease genes, and sequences containing CTL epitopes in nef and pol was given simultaneously with, or followed by, rgp120 SF2. (lookformedical.com)

Fig. 4: Examples of IF staining across different brain (tumor) tissues. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: Immune cell yield and activation in brain (tumor) tissues differs across tissue dissociation methods. (nature.com)
Increased levels of POGLUT2 were found in multiple types of cancer tissues and cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
Evidence reported to date suggests overlapping functions for these ligands and their constitutive expression on some normal tissues and upregulation on activated antigen-presenting cells. (thermofisher.com)
Traditionally, CSCs are identified through a combination of surface markers, however, there is a lack of consensus among the scientific community, especially as these combinations appear to be specific to the corresponding tissues and tumors. (springer.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

Background The aggressive form of Mantle cell non-hodgkin B cell lymphoma (MCL) has a dismal prognosis. (bmj.com)
MES GBM accounts for 30-50% of primary tumors and is associated with particularly poor response to therapy, while PN GBM is associated with a somewhat better prognosis. (elifesciences.org)

A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells were either left untreated or treated with 200 ng/mL recombinant human (rh) EGF (Catalog # 236-EG) for 5 minutes. (bnwax.com)
16-membered) on MUC5AC and MUC2 gene expression and secretion from human airway epithelial cells. (karger.com)
Confluent NCI-H292 human mucoepidermoid airways epithelial cells were pretreated with AZM or MDM for 2 h and then stimulated with 200 nmol/l phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 8 h. (karger.com)
The present study demonstrates that AZM and MDM suppress the synthesis of mucin and TNF-α from human airway epithelial cells. (karger.com)
Kim YD, Cho JS, Kim HS, Song SH: Effect of macrolide on the interleukin-1 β-mediated MUC2/5AC genes expression and mucin secretion in human airway epithelial cells. (karger.com)
Shimizu T, Shimizu S: Azithromycin inhibits mucus hypersecretion from airway epithelial cells. (karger.com)
FWPV was found to infect and express a lacZ marker gene in a number of mammalian cell lines of fibroblastic, epithelial, and hemopoietic lineage origins. (lookformedical.com)
The directed expression of SV40 T antigen has led to the development of several important transgenic models with spontaneous epithelial tumor formation. (molvis.org)
Current data suggest that oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which autocytotoxic CD8 + T cells trigger the apoptosis of oral epithelial cells. (medscape.com)

In vitro, binding of PGE2 to EP2 and EP4 receptors on monocytes activated the p38MAPK/ERK pathway and resulted in elevated secretion of TGFβ. (scilifelab.se)
In contrast, paracrine CXCL8 signaling induced expression and secretion of the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL12 from prostate stromal WPMY-1 fibroblasts and monocytic macrophage-like THP-1 cells. (oncotarget.com)

Quail, D. F. & Joyce, J. A. The microenvironmental landscape of brain tumors. (nature.com)
Pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas continue to be one of the most difficult types of brain tumors to treat in children, given their infiltrative nature and low probability of successful gross total resection. (medlink.com)
Recognizing that brain tumors contained heterogeneous cell populations, gliomas were classified based on the morphological appearance and presumed histogenesis of the predominant cell type. (medlink.com)

In this study, we first found that high concentrations of C. tropicalis promote tumor growth in cell cultures and xenografts. (jcancer.org)

To enhance PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab efficacy, we co-administered a CSF-1R inhibitor BLZ945 to ablate CD163+ M2-TAMs and strengthened CD154+CD8+ T-cell functionality and GBM apoptosis on-chip. (elifesciences.org)
It is a traditional view that TAMs are derived from the recruited monocytes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

a Representative subcutaneous tumors (left)/orthotopic transplantation tumors (right) collected from Hepa1-6-bearing C57BL/6 mice. (thermofisher.com)
We knocked out these genes in myeloid cells in mice, singly and together. (bvsalud.org)
In contrast, mice with myeloid cell deficiency of all three genes developed severe inflammation, with a median survival of 8 wk. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, blocking antibody against PD-1 promotes tumor growth both in SW480 cells and mice CRC xenografts in an adaptive immune-independent manner. (jcancer.org)
In mice, MDSC can be identified by species-specific cell surface markers (CD11b + Gr-1 + ) and may be further classified as monocytic (M-MDSC, Ly-6C hi ) or granulocytic (G-MDSC, Ly-6G + ) based on additional cell surface markers [ 6 ]. (iospress.com)
Unlike cancer arising in the human population, tumors in genetically engineered mouse models arise in mice with well defined genetic backgrounds where genetic variability can be minimized. (molvis.org)
Several reports have demonstrated that a single immunization with integration-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) delivering viral or tumor model antigens in mice was able to elicit broad and long-lasting specific immune responses in the absence of vector integration. (duke.edu)

A team of researchers from Australia and China has shown that a consequence of this increased monocyte activity could be a deficit of anti-inflammatory T regulatory cells (Tregs). (the-scientist.com)
This study examines the effects of 17-beta-estradiol (E2) on the release of inflammatory mediators by the J774A.1 mouse macrophage cell line. (cdc.gov)
These chronic inflammatory cells then organise spatially into the classic granulomatous response 1 - 5 . (ersjournals.com)
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a key early cytokine in a variety of chronic inflammatory responses, including fibrosing alveolitis and granulomatous disease 6 - 8 . (ersjournals.com)
Both reactive oxidant species from inhaled cigarette smoke and those endogenously formed by inflammatory cells constitute an increased intrapulmonary oxidant burden. (ersjournals.com)
Increased production of mediators, such as interleukin (IL)‐8, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and leukotriene B 4 , which both attract inflammatory cells and increase oxidant production by these cells, has been found. (ersjournals.com)
From a physiological standpoint, MDSC can be thought of as effectors of a homeostatic mechanism that regulate T cell-mediated inflammatory responses to pathogens [ 5 ]. (iospress.com)

Although MERS-CoV evades induction of innate immune responses by cell types, the virus elicits interferon responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vitro ( 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional producers of IFN-I in response to many viruses, including all of the herpesviruses tested. (mdpi.com)

Scientists who studied nearly 700 newborns for one year observed that monocytes found in umbilical cord blood of infants who had food allergies a year later were more active and proinflammatory than those in newborns without such allergies. (the-scientist.com)
At once, we observed higher chemokine CCL2 plasma concentrations and proinflammatory monocytes. (tu-dresden.de)
Using a macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 cells, the effect of midazolam on proinflammatory mediators and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was measured by Western blot. (asahq.org)

This concept has led to the proposal to simplify brain tumor classification to reflect the degree of anaplasia present by grading the tumors from grade I (benign) to grade IV (malignant). (medlink.com)
Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary malignant ocular tumor in human adults. (molvis.org)

[ 8 ] T cells in oral lichen planus contain mRNA for TNF and secrete TNF in vitro. (medscape.com)

Fig. 6: Cross-method validation of brain TIME and different isolation methods provide distinct advantages for the extraction of immune cells from brain tumor tissue. (nature.com)
Design and Methods We collected 33 cases of T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma and 56 cases of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma and performed microarray gene expression profiling on ten cases of each lymphoma, to obtain a better understanding of the lymphoma host response. (haematologica.org)

Proteome Profiler Mouse Angiogenesis Array Kit (Catalog # ARY015) Desmoglein 3 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating activator protein 1 and protein kinase C-dependent-Ezrin activation. (bnwax.com)
Blocking M2 polarization and Macrophage depletion inhibited the SPON2-induced tumors growth and invasion. (biomedcentral.com)

T-cell activation is generally self-limited as activated T cells express receptors such as PD-1 (also known as PDCD-1) that mediate inhibitory signals from the APC. (thermofisher.com)
The complement system as understood today is a multimolecular system composed of more than 32 proteins and consisting of serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors that bind to complement fragments. (medscape.com)
The complement system consists of 7 serum and 9 membrane regulatory proteins, 1 serosal regulatory protein, and 8 cell membrane receptors that bind complement fragments. (medscape.com)
In addition, we proved that colon cancer cell lines express PD-1 receptors. (jcancer.org)
The T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma signature is hallmarked by up-regulation of CCL8, interferon-γ, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase, VSIG4 and Toll-like receptors. (haematologica.org)

A recent study has revealed that inflammation, in addition to the established concepts or mechanisms of dysregulated myelopoiesis, triggers long-term epigenetic memory in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. (bvsalud.org)
Here we will summarize current knowledge on immune mechanisms regulating adipocyte activation and the crosstalk between myeloid cells and adipocytes in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bvsalud.org)
Local inflammation induces the differentiation of bronchial fibroblasts into α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive myofibroblasts and increases their longevity ( 5 ) through paracrine (for example TGFβ-dependent) and cell adhesion-dependent mechanisms ( 3 , 6 , 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
These observations stimulated an intensive search for the mechanisms regulating tumor angiogenesis. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing tumor-macrophage interactions is critical. (biomedcentral.com)
This offers significant advantages for studying tumor pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis caused by a single initiating oncogenic event introduced through the mouse germ line. (molvis.org)

Suppression of NK-cell activity by PGE2-treated monocytes was compared with that of freshly isolated CD14(+)HLA-DR(low/-) monocytic MDSCs (moMDSC) from patients with melanoma. (scilifelab.se)
SD of CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, CD1a, 4 integrin, CD54, 5 integrin, CD14, CD83 and CD40 by monocyte-derived DCs differentiated in the presence or in absence (CTL DC) of CD105+ EVs (CD105+ EV Mo) or CD105- EVs (CD105- EV Mo). (woofahs.com)

Therefore, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) were analyzed in patients with metastatic PCa (n = 24) during radiotherapy with CellSearch, multicolor flow cytometry and imaging cytometry. (tu-dresden.de)
Understanding the components of the TME and their interplay with tumor cells is helpful for developing new strategies against metastatic CRC. (biomedcentral.com)

Nature Cell Biology. (wikipedia.org)
At Oncodesign Services, we employe a wide range of molecular biology tools, such as CRISPR-based techniques , fusion reporter gene design, a broad selection of expression vectors, etc., to craft the optimal cell-based assay tailored to your specific requirements. (oncodesign-services.com)
However, with advancements in tumor biology genetics, it is now known that histopathology alone cannot provide prognostic value to the diagnosis. (medlink.com)
However, these are indirect measurements, so we sought to determine if analysis of aspects of the tumor biology and the immunological response to the tumour is reflected in the tumor-associated fluid and if these could add extra valuable information. (iospress.com)

Results The outcomes acquired demonstrate that both Compact disc105+ CSCs and Compact disc105- TCs impaired the differentiation procedure for DCs from monocytes. (woofahs.com)

Vpr also induces G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in proliferating cells, which can result in immune dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor is an immune checkpoint molecule that induces immune tolerance and mediates the immune escape of tumor cells. (jcancer.org)

However, a CD4+ T-cell cytokine called interleukin 2 (IL-2) prevented the effect, allowing Tregs to maintain their phenotype. (the-scientist.com)

However, how tumor cells affect TAM accumulation and their pro-tumoral phenotype in invasive CRC has not yet been well established. (biomedcentral.com)
Procedures We've been evaluating the impact of EnAd on innate immune responses employing in vitro immature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) as a model suppressive phenotype APC. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
In an effort to have an understanding of the functional implications downstream of those interactions, T cell activation and phenotype was assessed employing an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction strategy. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
The information supports EnAd as a fantastic candidate OV for steering the response of T cells activated within the tumor towards a Th1 phenotype for enhanced effector responses. (squalene-epoxidase.com)

The aggressive T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma and the indolent nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma are both characterized by a paucity of tumor cells embedded in an overwhelming background. (haematologica.org)
By quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction we verified that these 20 selected cases were representative of the entire population of T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphomas. (haematologica.org)
Conclusions The gene expression profile of T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma, in comparison with that of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, shows features suggestive of a distinct tolerogenic host immune response that may play a key role in the aggressive behavior of this lymphoma, and that may serve as a potential target for future therapy. (haematologica.org)
1 Initial studies demonstrated that a particular subgroup of T-cell-rich B-cell lymphomas mirror nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (NLPHL) and are characterized by a T-cell and histiocyte-rich stroma. (haematologica.org)
Introduction tions of T-cell derived IL-2R are increased in mixed lymphocyte cultures. (who.int)

For example, in co-culture experiments, CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling but not CCL2/CCR2 signaling supported fibroblast-mediated migration of PC3 cells while CXCL12/CXCR4 and CCL2/CCR2 signaling underpinned monocyte-enhanced migration of PC3 cells. (oncotarget.com)

In all cases there were no statistical differences pre- vs post-treatment in any immune cell subset, and at any time point analyzed, regardless of whether the immune subset expressed PD-L1 or not. (bmj.com)
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of the tumor population and reside at the apex of the hierarchy [ 9 ]. (springer.com)

These changes of the intratumoral myeloid composition coincided with macrophage recruitment by chemokines, including CCL2 and CCL5, and were completely dependent on a vaccine-induced influx of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. (aacrjournals.org)

To develop targeted therapies for MDSCs, we sought to investigate the molecular basis of PGE2-regulated accumulation of MDSCs and their functional consequence on natural killer (NK) cell activity. (scilifelab.se)
The effects of PGE2 in inducing phenotypic, signaling, and functional alternations on monocytes were analyzed in vitro. (scilifelab.se)
In vitro studies demonstrated functional co-operation of tumor-derived CXCL8 with stromal-derived chemokines. (oncotarget.com)
Scholars@Duke publication: Transduction of human antigen-presenting cells with integrase-defective lentiviral vector enables functional expansion of primed antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. (duke.edu)

The protocol maximizes the information yield from limited tissue and includes both the preservation of bulk tissue, which can be performed within 1 h following surgical resection, as well as tissue dissociation for an in-depth characterization of individual TIME cell populations, which typically takes several hours depending on tissue quantity and further downstream processing. (nature.com)

The recombinant viruses obtained were unstable, although the foreign genes were expressed efficiently in the mammalian cells infected with the viruses. (lookformedical.com)

Developed as a commercial technology by DVS Sciences, which Fluidigm purchased in 2014, mass cytometry combines the capabilities of flow cytometry and atomic mass spectrometry, allowing it to measure large numbers of proteins in single cells with high throughput. (genomeweb.com)

We conclude that tumor-derived CXCL8 signaling from PTEN-deficient tumor cells increases the sensitivity and responsiveness of CaP cells to stromal chemokines by concurrently upregulating receptor expression in cancer cells and inducing stromal chemokine synthesis. (oncotarget.com)

Monocytes are recruited to tumors by chemokines (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)

These data indicated that the interactions between lung cancer cells and HBFs in asthmatic bronchi may facilitate the colonization of lung tumors by fibroblasts. (spandidos-publications.com)

However, the contribution of asthmatic bronchial fibroblasts in systemic dissemination of lung cancer cells remains unaddressed. (spandidos-publications.com)

These infected human dendritic cells showed a slower rate of replication when deprived of the Vpr protein in HIV-1 cells. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen gene transfer to cultured human dendritic cells using recombinant avipoxvirus vectors. (lookformedical.com)

However, detailed analysis of MuSC-myeloid cell interaction is hindered by the lack of suitable live animal imaging technology. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we developed a dual-laser multimodal nonlinear optical microscope platform to study the dynamics of MuSCs and their interaction with nonmyogenic cells during muscle regeneration. (bvsalud.org)
CellPhoneDB algorithm was applied to infer macrophage-tumor interaction networks, whereas pseudotime trajectory for dissecting cell evolution and dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)

Skeletal muscle regeneration requires the highly coordinated cooperation of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) with other cellular components. (bvsalud.org)

Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. (nature.com)
After antigen recognition and activation, CD8 + cytotoxic T cells may trigger keratinocyte apoptosis. (medscape.com)

Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antig en-presenting cells (APC). (thermofisher.com)
Most T cells in the epithelium and adjacent to the damaged basal keratinocytes are activated CD8 + lymphocytes. (medscape.com)

Anatomy30

Organisms12

Diseases60

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment44

Phenomena and Processes50

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care3

Macrophages31

Microenvironment21

Progression12

Vivo15

Necrosis factor-alpha2

Proliferation13

Metastasis7

Chemoattractant3

Mononuclear9

Cytokines10

Inhibition5

Poor prognosis3

Dendritic cell1

Immunotherapy7

Suppressor6

Anti-tumor3

Clinical7

Endothelial12

Assays6

Induce3

Tissues6

Prognosis2

Epithelial9

Secretion2

Brain tumors3

Promote tumor growth1

TAMs2

Mice7

Inflammatory7

Plasmacytoid dendr2

Proinflammatory3

Malignant2

Secrete1

Methods2

Invasion2

Receptors5

Mechanisms6

CD142

Metastatic2

Biology4

Differentiation1

Induces2

Interleukin1

Phenotype4

Lymphocyte5

CXCR4 and CCL21

Subset2

CCL21

Functional4

Characterization1

Genes1

Proteins1

Chemokine1

Chemokines1

Interactions1

Fibroblasts1

Human dendritic cells2

Interaction3

Cellular1

Apoptosis2

Lymphocytes2