Monoclonal antibodies hiv envelope protein gp120. Medical search. Frequent questions

The high affinity binding site for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein gp120 resides within the amino-terminal domain (D1) of CD4. (jenner.ac.uk)
The major target of the neutralizing antibody response to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the outer envelope glycoprotein, gp120. (ox.ac.uk)
While it has been well established that the viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a molecular target of CV-N, the detailed mechanism of action is of further interest. (ox.ac.uk)
Each viral spike is definitely a trimeric heterodimer comprising the external glycoprotein gp120 and the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41, with about 70C79 trimers within the virion surface [5]. (ecolowood.com)
Hence, molecular characterization of its epitope, which corresponds to a conserved cluster of oligomannoses on the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120, is a high priority in HIV vaccine design. (boku.ac.at)
Ibalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody to CD4, the cell surface receptor for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (gp120), which is used to treat patients with multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection. (nih.gov)
Mapping the regions of the CD4 molecule that the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 recognised showed a common recognition site for HIV-1, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency viruses 6 , indicating an ancient interaction between primate lentiviruses and CD4. (nature.com)

We describe two groups of CD4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognize distinct epitopes associated with these regions in D1. (jenner.ac.uk)
This shield masks conserved protein epitopes and facilitates virus spread via binding to glycan receptors on susceptible host cells. (unibo.it)
Antibodies specific for diverse epitopes of the simian immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (SIV Env) have been isolated from rhesus macaques to provide physiologically relevant reagents for investigating antibody-mediated protection in this species as a nonhuman primate model for HIV/AIDS. (bvsalud.org)
With increasing interest in the contribution of Fc-mediated effector functions to protective immunity, we selected thirty antibodies representing different classes of SIV Env epitopes for a comparison of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), binding to Env on the surface of infected cells and neutralization of viral infectivity. (bvsalud.org)
Antibodies to the CD4-binding site and CD4-inducible epitopes were identified with especially potent ADCC against all four viruses. (bvsalud.org)
We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
Another design strategy was developed using gammaretroviruses backbone where 2 domains were substituted with HIV epitopes in the N-terminal part of the ectodomain and the membrane proximal external region (MPER) respectively. (europa.eu)
Mapping studies with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to defined epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein indicated that CV-N binds to gp120 in a manner that does not occlude or alter the CD4 binding site or V3 loop or other domains on gp120 recognized by defined MAbs and does not interfere with soluble CD4-induced conformational changes in gp120. (ox.ac.uk)
Of all viral proteins, only gp120 and gp41 have epitopes for antibody acknowledgement. (ecolowood.com)
A very exciting project on broadly neutralizing antibodies with influenza virus has revealed novel epitopes that are of great value for structure-assisted vaccine development. (scripps.edu)
Monoclonal antibody 2909 belongs to a class of potently neutralizing antibodies that recognize quaternary epitopes on HIV-1. (jzhulab.org)

We propose that the initial binding of CD4 to gp120 induces conformational changes in gp120 leading to subsequent interactions of the FG loop with other regions in gp120 or with the fusogenic gp41 potion of the envelope gp160 glycoprotein. (jenner.ac.uk)
The overall objective of EuroNeut-41 was to design a vaccine that raises antibodies able to prevent HIV cell fusion by blocking the virus fusion protein gp41 in its pre-fusogenic conformation. (europa.eu)
Other specific initiatives were conducted such as evaluation of the sublingual route for immunization, investigation of the Principal Immunodominant Domain (PID) of gp41, and direct HIV inhibition with an Ag family which demonstrated in vitro antiviral activities comparable to the antiretroviral drug T20 (Fuzeon). (europa.eu)
We use the HIV envelope protein (gp120/gp41) as a model system. (stanford.edu)
Keywords: HIV-1, gp120, gp41, bNAbs, Broadly neutralizing antibodies Intro A distinctive hallmark of modern-day medicine in the last decade has been the increasing use of monoclonal antibodies offering targeted therapeutic effects for a range of disorders. (ecolowood.com)
The glycoproteins gp120 and gp41, which are encoded from the env gene, are called Env proteins and translate to a full-length gp160 polyprotein, followed by trimerization and cleavage by a furin-like protease inside a Golgi compartment. (ecolowood.com)
The crystallography on individual gp120 and gp41 parts, as well as with the context of trimeric gp120/gp41, has been obtained in recent years, alongside mapping of gp120 CD4 and co-receptor binding sites [6]. (ecolowood.com)
The binding towards the co-receptor causes a conformational switch from the viral envelope protein and permits small envelope subunit gp41 to become inserted in to the sponsor membrane. (bioinbrief.com)
That is accompanied by condensation of two helical areas within gp41, leading to formation of the six helix package, facilitating close get in touch with from the viral and sponsor membranes and accompanied by fusion from the viral envelope using the cell membrane. (bioinbrief.com)
Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
We have also determined structures of almost all of the rare, broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope proteins, gp120 and gp41, in order to elucidate the sites of vulnerability that can be used for HIV-1 vaccine design. (scripps.edu)
One human monoclonal antibody directed against gp41 (IAM 2F5) inhibited entry of all the viruses studied, irrespective of their phenotype, and directly proportional to its affinity to monomeric HIV-1 gp160. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Following a structural change in another viral protein ( gp41 ), HIV inserts a fusion peptide into the host cell that allows the outer membrane of the virus to fuse with the cell membrane . (wikidoc.org)

and monoclonal recombinant antibodies are also currently being pursued for prevention of HIV-1 infection in large Phase IIb clinical trials (NTC02716675 and NCT02568215). (frontiersin.org)
HIV-1 has now been classified into 9 unique subtypes and their recombinant forms [3]. (ecolowood.com)
So that they can enhance the em in vivo /em pharmacokinetic properties a prototypic recombinant antibody-FI fusion proteins was generated, where two T-2635 fusion inhibitors had been covalently from the C-terminal ends of both heavy chains of the monoclonal antibody against the insulin-like development factor-I receptor (IGF-IR). (bioinbrief.com)
Here, we have mimicked this interaction by using an artificial membrane containing synthetic Galcer and recombinant HIV-1 Env proteins to identify antibodies that would block the HIV-1 Env-Galcer interaction. (duke.edu)
Efficient neutralization of primary isolates of HIV-1 by a recombinant human monoclonal antibody. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Ibalizumab (eye' ba liz' ue mab) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to CD4, the cell surface receptor for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120). (nih.gov)
Recombinant proteins are often metabolized in the cells on which they act but are also metabolized in the liver, largely to small peptides and amino acids which may be reused to synthesize proteins and are unlikely to be toxic or immunogenic. (nih.gov)
We report that the variable domains of recombinant HIV-1 Env immunogens activate a large number of B cell clones that give rise to many non-neutralizing antibodies, and that removing the variable domains from the immunogen reduces the number of activated B cell lineages and leads to the development of autologous neutralizing antibodies, a step towards bNAb-production. (plos.org)

One cluster of mAbs, which bind at or near the high affinity gp120 binding site, blocked gp120 binding to CD4 and, as expected, also blocked HIV infection of CD4+ cells and virus-induced syncytium formation. (jenner.ac.uk)
This reduction in binding to oligomeric gp120 was determined mostly by a slower relative rate of association, although the dissociation rate also had some influence on relative variation in mAb affinity. (ox.ac.uk)
Their high binding specificity and affinity make them comparable to antibodies, but they are superior regarding a longer shelf life, simple production and chemical modification, in addition to low toxicity and immunogenicity. (encyclopedia.pub)
We found that both antibodies recognized mouse RANK with high affinity, while RANK-02 and R12-31 recognized human RANK with high and lower affinities, respectively. (cnrs.fr)
More recent approaches involve the strategy of blocking the binding of IgG to FcRn by delivering antibodies that bind with high affinity to this receptor through their Fc region or variable regions. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-specific single B cell sorting and expression-cloning from immunoglobulin humanized rats: a rapid and versatile method for the generation of high affinity and discriminative human monoclonal antibodies. (omniab.com)
The susceptibility of the envelope glycoprotein chimeric viruses to neutralization or enhancement of infectivity proved to be primarily determined by the configuration of the V3 loop, and the affinity of the antibodies to monomeric HIV-1 gp160 molecules, proved to be of quantitative importance only. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The monoclonal antibody was purified from tissue culture supernatant or ascites by affinity chromatography. (bdbiosciences.com)
Not long after the identification of CD4 as the high affinity cellular receptor for HIV, the cDNA encoding CD4 was cloned by Paul Maddon and Dan Littman then working with Richard Axel at Columbia University. (nature.com)

I describe the development of neoglycoconjugates displaying clustered HIV-1 related oligomannose carbohydrates and their immunogenic properties. (unibo.it)

Human serum usually contains natural IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies, generated independently of any exposure to foreign antigens or vaccines or elicited in the course of infectious or autoimmune diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
B-1 cells are found in peritoneal and pleural cavities where they provide first-line defence through antibodies able to bind polysaccharide antigens and repeated motifs that are typically found in microbial cell walls and macromolecules [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In other words, if the antigen-antibody reaction is compared to a "key-and-lock" model, natural antibodies found in human secretions act as "passe-partout" keys to offer a background protection against most pathogens, food antigens and microbes, before the antigen-specific response can develop [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Our major goal is to understand the interaction and neutralization of foreign antigens by the immune system through high-resolution x-ray structural studies of antibodies, Variable Lymphocyte Rectors (VLRs) and antigens in the humoral system, T-cell receptor complexes with MHC class I and class II in the cellular system, and through pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs, in the innate immune system. (scripps.edu)

The vaccines work by introducing an antigen into the body, which spurs the immune system to produce antibodies that guard against infection. (medindia.net)
But, these vaccine candidates did not stimulate the production of antibodies to the regions essential for virus attachment to host T cells, the process that initiates infection. (medindia.net)
In the new study, the researchers used a chemically-activated form of the HIV envelope protein gp120 to stimulate the production of mouse monoclonal antibodies that block infection of cultured human cells by genetically-diverse HIV strains from around the world. (medindia.net)
Paul said these same antibodies can be found in humans who remain free of AIDS despite long-term HIV infection. (medindia.net)
A region in domain 1 of CD4 distinct from the primary gp120 binding site is involved in HIV infection and virus-mediated fusion. (jenner.ac.uk)
These mAbs distinguish between the gp120 binding event and virus infection and virus-induced cell fusion. (jenner.ac.uk)
Yet, these mAbs strongly inhibited HIV infection of CD4+ cells and HIV-envelope/CD4-mediated syncytium formation. (jenner.ac.uk)
We conclude that the initial interaction between gp120 and CD4 is not sufficient for HIV infection and syncytium formation and that CD4 plays a critical role in the subsequent virus-cell and cell-cell membrane fusion events. (jenner.ac.uk)
Analysis of the immunogenic response within at-risk populations suggests an inverse correlation between high anti-GAS-PS antibody titres and GAS infection cases. (unibo.it)
Results: We found that HTLV-1 infection decreased the expression levels of PrPC and HTLV-1 Orf I encoded p12, an endoplasmic reticulum resident protein also known to affect post-transcriptionally cellular proteins such as MHC-class I and the IL-2 receptor. (bvsalud.org)
The 12G5 antibody shows partial inhibition of chemotaxis and calcium influx induced by SDF-1 (the natural ligand of CD184), blocks CD4-independent HIV-2 infection, and blocks CD4-dependent infection by some T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. (thermofisher.com)
GRFT can inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at picomolar concentrations, surpassing the ability of most anti-HIV agents. (mdpi.com)
CV-N-treated virions failed to infect cells as detected by p24 production and quantitative PCR for HIV-1 reverse transcription products, whereas treatment of the target cells did not block infection, confirming that CV-N acts at the level of the virus, not the target cell, to abort the initial infection process. (ox.ac.uk)
HIV-1 infection remains a major public health concern despite effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). (biomedcentral.com)
The virus enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in infection and continues to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). (biomedcentral.com)
The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. (hindawi.com)
The relationship of these STDs with HIV infection has been widely studied. (hindawi.com)
The relationship between STDs and HIV infection has been widely studied. (hindawi.com)
Natural anti-CCR5 antibodies can be decisive in preventing HIV infection in mucosal tissues and offer prompt and effective protection just at major sites of virus entry. (biomedcentral.com)
Long-term delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors holds promise for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. (natap.org)
Methods are provided for the treatment of a HIV infection. (justia.com)
The methods can include administering to a subject with an HIV infection a therapeutically effective amount of an agent that interferes with the interaction of gp120 and α4 integrin, such as a α4β1 or α4β7 integrin antagonist, thereby treating the HIV infection. (justia.com)
Methods are also provided to reduce HIV replication or infection. (justia.com)
The primary immunologic abnormality resulting from infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the progressive depletion and functional impairment of T lymphocytes expressing the CD4 cell surface glycoprotein. (justia.com)
Studies of HIV-1 infection of fractionated CD4 and CD8 T-cells from normal donors and AIDS patients have revealed that depletion of CD4 T-cells results from the ability of HIV-1 to selectively infect, replicate in, and ultimately destroy this T lymphocyte subset (Klatzmann et al. (justia.com)
Thus, a need remains for additional agents that can be used to study HIV infection in vitro, and is of use for treating or preventing HIV replication in vivo. (justia.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are currently under development to treat and prevent HIV-1 infection. (nature.com)
The beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Ibalizumab was approved for use in the United States in 2018 for therapy (in combination with other antiretroviral agents) of patients with multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection. (nih.gov)
We previously described development of a rapid test for recent infection (RTRI) that can diagnose HIV infection and detect HIV-1 recent infections in a single device. (cdc.gov)
The LAg-Avidity EIA was used to generate reference data on recent and long-term infection for HIV-1 positive specimens at a normalized optical density (ODn) cutoff of 2.0 corresponding to a mean duration of about 6 months. (cdc.gov)
ARRA's long-term line (LTL) classified 109 of 565 HIV-1 specimens as recent and 456 as long-term compared to 98 as recent and 467 as long-term (LT) by LAg-Avidity EIA (cutoff ODn=2.0), suggesting a mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) close to 6 months. (cdc.gov)
Cognitive disorder in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has long been recognized as an important and disabling aspect of the disease. (medscape.com)
[ 1 ] In addition to its effects on the cellular immune system, HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of the infection and causes several important CNS conditions over the course of the disease, such as HIV encephalopathy and HAND. (medscape.com)
In addition, patients are at risk for many other neurologic complications of HIV infection, including vacuolar myelopathy, peripheral neuropathies, and polymyositis, which can contribute to further disability. (medscape.com)
For other discussions of HIV infection, see HIV Disease , Pediatric HIV Infection , and Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection . (medscape.com)
HIV infection in the CNS can be detected and monitored by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load measurements. (medscape.com)
Thus far, there is no experimental or clinical evidence that any vaccine will be able to completely prevent HIV infection. (aerzteblatt.de)
In HIV infection, the loss of CD4+ cells prevents the rest of the immune system functioning in a coordinated way, and to this day, CD4 cell counts are used as an indicator of the course of disease. (nature.com)
The discovery that HIV docks onto cellular CD4 provided insight on the first step of infection of immune cells by HIV. (nature.com)
Moreover, a proportion of T-helper cells are not directly destroyed by HIV but suffer collateral damage during aberrant signalling between cells in the immune system generated by HIV infection. (nature.com)
Paradoxically, although the end result of HIV infection, AIDS, is immune suppression, the pathway leading to this eventual collapse involves over-activation of components of the immune system, especially in the gut. (nature.com)
The additional importance of CD4 in HIV infection placed the CD4 molecule on centre stage for immunology and AIDS studies. (nature.com)
Genetically engineered soluble forms of CD4 powerfully neutralised HIV infection and showed initial promise as potential drugs 8 , although it later became apparent that they performed weakly against the majority of HIV strains in infected people. (nature.com)
Another important outcome of these studies was the realisation that, while CD4 was necessary for infection, it was not sufficient to let HIV penetrate the cell surface. (nature.com)
We found that human CD4 expressed on mouse cell lines bound gp120, but did not make the cells susceptible to pseudotype infection 9 . (nature.com)
If CD4 cells become depleted, for example in untreated HIV infection, or following immune suppression prior to a transplant, the body is left vulnerable to a wide range of infections that it would otherwise have been able to fight. (wikidoc.org)
HIV infection leads to a progressive reduction in the number of T cells expressing CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
Medical professionals refer to the CD4 count to decide when to begin treatment during HIV infection, although recent medical guidelines have changed to recommend treatment at all CD4 counts as soon as HIV is diagnosed. (wikidoc.org)
The RV144 HIV-vaccine trial highlighted the importance of envelope-specific non-neutralizing antibody (nNAb) Fc-mediated functions as immune correlates of reduced risk of infection. (edctpalumninetwork.org)
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) display protective potentials against experimental animal infection and thus are believed to be a key component of an effective HIV vaccine. (plos.org)
Following HIV-1 infection, serum neutralizing antibody responses against the evolving autologous viral swarm are generated by the vast majority of infected subjects, usually within the first few months of infection [ 1 - 6 ]. (plos.org)
In 10-30% of infected subjects, antibodies capable of neutralizing not only the autologous virus but also heterologous viruses are generated, usually following several years of infection [ 2 , 5 , 7 - 13 ]. (plos.org)
Cognitive disorder in the setting of HIV infection was recognized a long time ago and was referred to with various names. (medscape.com)
[ 1 , 2 ] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of the infection and causes several important CNS conditions over the course of the disease, such as HIV encephalopathy and AIDS dementia complex. (medscape.com)
Other neurologic complications that arise from primary HIV infection include vacuolar myelopathy, peripheral neuropathies, and polymyositis. (medscape.com)
The mechanism by which HIV infection of the CNS leads to neurocognitive disorders is likely multifactorial and is the subject of intense research. (medscape.com)

The neonatal Fc receptor (also FcRn, IgG receptor FcRn large subunit p51, or Brambell receptor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCGRT gene. (wikipedia.org)
CD184 is a member of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family with seven membrane-spanning domains, and functions as a coreceptor for X4 HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells. (thermofisher.com)
CXCR4 has been proved to be the co-receptor for HIV-2's binding to CD4 through envelope glycoprotein gp 120 and promotes Env-mediated fusion of the virus. (thermofisher.com)
In other cases, CXCR4 can even function as the only receptor for HIV-2's binding to the CD4 host cells. (thermofisher.com)
Antiviral activities of antibodies may either be dependent only on interactions between the antibody and cognate antigen, as in binding and neutralization of an infectious virion, or instead may require interactions between antibody-antigen immune complexes and immunoproteins or Fc receptor expressing immune effector cells. (frontiersin.org)
These Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions provide a direct link between the innate and adaptive immune systems by combining the potent antiviral activity of innate effector cells with the diversity and specificity of the adaptive humoral response. (frontiersin.org)
The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. (frontiersin.org)
Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are important components of the immune response that provide mechanisms for clearance of infected host cells, immune complexes, or opsonized pathogens. (frontiersin.org)
Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions are also involved in activation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators ( 12 , 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Generation of a highly diverse panel of antagonistic chicken monoclonal antibodies against the GIP receptor. (omniab.com)
Since HIV-1 activates the type I interferon system, which signals via interferon-α receptor (IFNAR) 1 and 2, this study investigated the potential role of IFNAR1 in HIV-induced neurotoxicity. (biomedcentral.com)
Like additional Type 1 fusion proteins, these trimetric constructions undergo receptor- induced conformational changes to increase the exposure of the gp 41 ectodomain for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes ( Fig. 1 ). (ecolowood.com)
The strategy underlying these CD4 based therapies, i.e. blocking the interaction between gp120 and the CD4 receptor, encompasses advantages distinct from current HAART regimens. (justia.com)
UNLABELLED: Mucosal epithelial cell surface galactosylceramide (Galcer) has been postulated to be a receptor for HIV-1 envelope (Env) interactions with mucosal epithelial cells. (duke.edu)
IMPORTANCE: Galactosyl ceramide, a glycosphingolipid, has been postulated to be a receptor for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) interaction with mucosal epithelial cells. (duke.edu)
The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. (lookformedical.com)
Ibalizumab does not block the binding of gp120 to CD4 but rather inhibits the conformation changes in the CD4/gp120 complex that allows binding to a second cellular receptor, chemokine-receptor-4 (CXCR4), thus inhibiting HIV replication. (nih.gov)
A conserved HIV gp120 glycoprotein structure involved in chemokine receptor binding. (openwetware.org)
Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. (openwetware.org)
[12] The binding to CD4 creates a shift in the conformation of gp120 allowing HIV-1 to bind to a co-receptor expressed on the host cell. (wikidoc.org)

Griffithsin's antiviral activity stems from its ability to bind terminal mannoses present in high-mannose oligosaccharides and crosslink these glycans on the surface of the viral envelope glycoproteins. (mdpi.com)
With this review, we will attempt to summarize the latest data on bNAbs against HIV-1 in terms of their relationships with the sites of vulnerability on HIV-1 glycoproteins. (ecolowood.com)
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL Corporation OF HIV-1 SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS HIV-1 is definitely a spherical enveloped disease with a diameter of 140 nm. (ecolowood.com)
To study the mechanism underlying this phenomenon, a series of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from closely related primary virus isolates of different syncytium inducing phenotypes, together with chimeras of these proteins, were tested in an envelope transcomplementation assay for their sensitivity to either antibody mediated inhibition or enhancement of HIV-1 entry. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Structures of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins from laboratory-adapted and primary isolates. (openwetware.org)

A second cluster of mAbs, which recognize the CDR-3 like loop, did not block gp120 binding as demonstrated by their ability to form ternary complexes with CD4 and gp120. (jenner.ac.uk)
The spectrum of HIV-1 neutralization specificity is currently represented by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can be divided broadly into five groups. (ox.ac.uk)
We have studied the binding of these mAbs to functional oligomeric and soluble monomeric gp120 derived from the molecular clone of a cell line-adapted isolate of HIV-1, and compared these binding properties with virus neutralization. (ox.ac.uk)
Binding of all mAbs except those reactive with the V3 loop was much weaker to oligomeric than to monomeric gp120. (ox.ac.uk)
By single B-cell cloning and antibody amplification from a protected macaque, we derived a panel of mAbs that share genetic similarities with previously identified macaque and human bNAbs against the CD4-BS. (natap.org)
Several HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the gp120 first constant (C1) region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. (duke.edu)
Among the C1-specific MAbs that showed Galcer blocking, the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating CH38 IgG and its natural IgA isotype were the most potent blocking antibodies. (duke.edu)

Mutational and antibody epitope analyses have implicated the region encompassing residues 40-60 in D1 as the primary binding site for gp120. (jenner.ac.uk)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralization is determined by epitope exposure on the gp120 oligomer. (ox.ac.uk)
We therefore designed a single, viral-spike-apical, epitope-focused V2 loop immunogen to reveal individual vaccine-elicited immune factors that contribute to protection against HIV/SIV. (bvsalud.org)
Binding of CV-N to soluble gp120 or virions inhibited subsequent binding of the unique neutralizing MAb 2G12, which recognizes a glycosylation-dependent epitope. (ox.ac.uk)
Scholars@Duke publication: Vaccine-induced HIV-1 envelope gp120 constant region 1-specific antibodies expose a CD4-inducible epitope and block the interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with galactosylceramide. (duke.edu)
C1-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies that blocked Env binding to Galcer induced upregulation of the gp120 CD4-inducible (CD4i) epitope bound by MAb 17B, demonstrating that a conformational change in gp120 may be required for Galcer blocking. (duke.edu)
We have defined a broadly neutralizing epitope in all group 1 influenza subtypes and are working on other antibodies that recognize group 2 as well as those that cross all subtypes. (scripps.edu)
Structural definition of a conserved neutralization epitope on HIV-1 gp120. (openwetware.org)

The broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2G12 binds a cluster of high-mannose oligosaccharides on the gp120 subunit of HIV-1 Env protein. (unibo.it)
Cyanovirin-N binds to gp120 to interfere with CD4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding, fusion, and infectivity but does not affect the CD4 binding site on gp120 or soluble CD4-induced conformational changes in gp120. (ox.ac.uk)
The gp120 subunit binds to the CD4 receptors, triggering conformational rearrangements to unmask the coreceptor binding site originally hidden from the V3 and V1/V2 loops. (ecolowood.com)
In several examples, the α4 integrin antagonist is a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to a α4, β1 or β7 integrin subunit or a cyclic hexapeptide with the amino acid sequence of CWLDVC. (justia.com)
It is disclosed herein that the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 binds to α4β7 integrin on CD4+ T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T-cells. (justia.com)
The DCN46 antibody specifically binds to dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN or CD209), a type-II membrane protein of approximately 44 kDa with a mannose-binding C-type lectin domain. (bdbiosciences.com)
Its sequence is identical to the HIV-1 envelope gp120-binding C-type lectin, and reports suggest that DC-SIGN binds to HIV-1 gp120 and effectively transmits infectious HIV-1 to resting T lymphocytes expressing CD4 and chemokine receptors. (bdbiosciences.com)

In this review, we discuss the properties of Fc receptors, antibodies, and effector cells that influence ADCP. (frontiersin.org)
However, prior binding of 2G12 MAb to gp120 did not block subsequent binding by CV-N. These results help clarify the mechanism of action of CV-N and suggest that the compound may act in part by preventing essential interactions between the envelope glycoprotein and target cell receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
Engagement … HIV-1 infects cells through connection with CD4 and chemokine receptors via transmembrane domains, such as CCR5 or CXCR4. (ecolowood.com)
Moreover, these receptors are functional, as treatment of FRT tissue cells with ligands for TLR and NOD induces production of proinflammatory CXCL8 [ 13 ], and those receptors actively participate in immune response to pathogens, as Neisseria gonorrhea and HIV-1 [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Disruption of the HIV-1 Env interaction with such alternate receptors could be one strategy to prevent HIV-1 entry through the mucosal barrier. (duke.edu)
Studies on other pattern recognition receptors, include peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), TREM-1, Toll-like receptors (TLR) have revealed how unique pathogen-associated molecules are recognized by the immune system. (scripps.edu)

Instead of the classical types of vaccines such as live and inactivated viruses, several novel immunogens including protein subunit and DNA vaccines as well as viral and bacterial vectors are currently being examined. (aerzteblatt.de)

Mouse monoclonal to RUNX1 Because of the multi-step character from the HIV access, you can rationalize that merging a coreceptor inhibitor, like a CCR5 antibody, having a fusion peptide, such as for example enfuvirtide (ENF), into one molecule may be an beneficial method of prevent access of HIV towards the sponsor cells at multiple methods. (bioinbrief.com)
C) Cell surface staining for Env using anti-gp120 mouse monoclonal antibody BDI123 (Novus Biologicals) 48 h following transfection with the indicated constructs. (acp2018.org)

The most promising Ags were submitted to a more in-depth biophysical investigation of their structure and conformation stability, and for their capacity to interact with neutralising antibodies (Abs) and peptides. (europa.eu)
Our study revealed that a class of vaccine-induced human antibodies potently blocks HIV-1 Env-Galcer binding by perturbing the HIV-1 Env conformation. (duke.edu)

This proposed mechanism is consistent with the extensive activity profile of CV-N against numerous isolates of HIV-1 and other lentiviruses and supports the potential broad utility of this protein as a microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV. (ox.ac.uk)
Among the problems inherent to sCD4 was its inability to efficiently neutralize primary isolates of HIV. (justia.com)
Human antibody 2G12 neutralizes a broad range of HIV-1 isolates. (boku.ac.at)
Recently, we and others have shown that the interaction between envelope specific antibodies and primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates may result in either inhibition or enhancement of virus entry. (microbiologyresearch.org)

It has also been shown that conjugation of some drugs to the Fc region of IgG or serum albumin to generate fusion proteins significantly increases their half-life. (wikipedia.org)
Introduction Enveloped infections, such as for example HIV-1, use membrane destined fusion proteins to mediate connection and access into specific focus on sponsor cells. (bioinbrief.com)

Even though mechanisms by which the humoral response is definitely induced and managed remain elusive, new insight into broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) offers expanded our understanding of the antibody response. (ecolowood.com)
These antibodies were called broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) Dovitinib Dilactic acid [4]. (ecolowood.com)
This review summarizes current literature on bNAbs, which suggests new options for anti-HIV-1 vaccine design. (ecolowood.com)
Despite intensive research over the past four decades, an HIV-1 vaccine capable of inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and protection from heterologous tier-2 strains is still wanting. (natap.org)
Several bNAbs have been tested to date in HIV-1-infected individuals, including the CD4-binding, site-specific antibodies VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC07-523LS and N6-LS, the V3-glycan-specific antibody 10-1074 and the V2-apex-specific antibodies PGDM1400 and CAP256-VRC26.25 (refs. (nature.com)
In these studies, bNAb resistance emerged in nearly all treated participants who received monotherapy, but in two notable cases 4 the repeated administration of a combination of two bNAbs in the setting of viremia maintained viral suppression for 3 months without development of resistance to either antibody. (nature.com)
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) isolated from infected subjects display protective potential in animal models. (plos.org)
The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) is the sole viral target of bnAbs, but is also targeted by binding, non-neutralizing antibodies. (plos.org)
Env-based immunogens tested so far in various animal species and humans have elicited binding and autologous neutralizing antibodies but not bNAbs (with a few notable exceptions). (plos.org)
Our findings shed new light into how HIV-1 evades detection from B cells that can produce bNAbs and also provides information that is relevant for the design of optimal immunization strategies. (plos.org)

2005): Dissection of the carbohydrate specificity of the broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibody 2G12. (boku.ac.at)
A prior crystal structure of 2G12 in complex with Man(9)GIcNAc(2) highlighted the central importance of the 1311 arm in antibody binding. (boku.ac.at)
To characterize the specificity of 2G12 more precisely, we performed solution-phase ELISA, carbohydrate microarray analysis, and cocrystallized Fab 2G12 with four different oligomannose derivatives (Man(4), Man(5), Man(7), and Man(8)) that compete with gp120 for binding to 2G12. (boku.ac.at)
Our combined studies reveal that 2G12 is capable of binding both the D1 and D3 arms of the Man(9)GIcNAC(2) moiety, which would provide more flexibility to make the required multivalent interactions between the antibody and the gp120 oligomannose cluster than thought previously. (boku.ac.at)
These results have important consequences for the design of immunogens to elicit 2G12-like neutralizing antibodies as a component of an HIV vaccine. (boku.ac.at)

In the 90s, it was found that sera of HIV-1-infected individuals contained antibodies that could recognize and neutralize different subtypes of HIV-1. (ecolowood.com)

[1] In humans, the CD4 protein is encoded by the CD4 gene . (wikidoc.org)

Monoclonal antibodies directed against DC-SIGN have been generated, but their systemic characterization for interfering with binding of the HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 has often been omitted. (cnrs.fr)
KBI's robust protein characterization capabilities, including conformational and structural analyses via biophysical techniques and mass spectrometry, provide "fast insight" into a client's unique product, enabling a development strategy that accelerates timelines and reduces risk. (kbibiopharma.com)
The Roche CCR5 antibody and its own pre-clinical characterization have already been explained previously [14]. (bioinbrief.com)
mostly by employing serologic methodologies and monoclonal antibody isolation and characterization. (plos.org)

Virus neutralization correlated broadly with mAb binding to the oligomeric rather than to the monomeric form of gp120, and neutralization potency was related to the estimated association rate. (ox.ac.uk)
Thus, with the exception of the hypervariable V3 loop, regions of HIV-1 gp120 with the potential to induce a neutralization response are likely to be poorly presented for antibody recognition on the surface of cell line-adapted virions. (ox.ac.uk)
The incomplete correspondence between ADCC and neutralization shows that some antibody-Env interactions can uncouple these antiviral activities. (bvsalud.org)
Nevertheless, the overall correlation between neutralization and ADCC implies that most antibodies that are capable of binding to Env on the surface of virions to block infectivity are also capable of binding to Env on the surface of virus-infected cells to direct their elimination by ADCC. (bvsalud.org)
Prior to 1990, it was regarded as that antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV-1 in the sponsor was reduced and even abolished. (ecolowood.com)
PGT121 is a monoclonal antibody isolated in 2011 from an African donor infected with HIV-1 subtype A, whose sera had demonstrated superior neutralization breadth and potency in an observational cohort, and so was considered an 'elite neutralizer' 9 . (nature.com)
Transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 envelope proteins (Envs) from infected individuals that developed neutralization breadth are likely to possess inherent features desirable for vaccine immunogen design. (emory.edu)

Using a cell apoptosis assay based on stimulation of a RANK:Fas fusion protein, and a cellular NF-kappaB signaling assay, we showed that R12-31 was agonist for both species. (cnrs.fr)
Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammation and infectious agents can affect the expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in immune cells. (bvsalud.org)
Introduction: An efficacious HIV vaccine will need to elicit a complex package of innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses. (bvsalud.org)
We have previously shown that WT FIP1C is redistributed from the perinuclear ERC to the cellular periphery upon expression of HIV-1 Env with a full-length CT (13, 18). (acp2018.org)
We hypothesized that higher HIV-specific antibody titres and detection reflected corresponding increased antibody-dependent neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis (ADNP) and NK-cell-activated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activities. (edctpalumninetwork.org)

volume = {171}, number = {1879-0542 (Electronic)}, pages = {5--14}, abstract = {Antibodies play an important role in therapy and investigative biomedical research. (cnrs.fr)

The methods include contacting a cell with an effective amount of an agent that interferes with the interaction of gp120 and α4 integrin, such as a α4β1 or α4β7 integrin antagonist. (justia.com)

Among natural anti-CCR5 antibodies, IgG and IgA to the ECL1 domain have been shown to block HIV effectively and durably without causing harm to the host. (biomedcentral.com)

This prototype successfully eliminates nature's restrictions on the production of broadly-neutralizing antibodies to HIV by the immune system," he added. (medindia.net)
Discovery of O-Linked Carbohydrate on HIV-1 Envelope and Its Role in Shielding against One Category of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. (openwetware.org)
Some of the most potent broadly neutralizing antibodies being exploited for HIV vaccines, therapeutics and prevention target the CD4 recognition site on gp120 7 . (nature.com)

Soluble CD4 blocks the infectivity of diverse strains of HIV and SIV for T cells and monocytes but not for brain and muscle cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)

To study antibody modulation of HIV-1 Env-Galcer interactions, we used Galcer-containing liposomes to assess whether natural- and vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies can block HIV-1 Env binding to Galcer. (duke.edu)

We are studying the mechanism of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition by drugs and antibodies. (stanford.edu)
Furthermore, this process allowed us to 3544-24-9 IC50 explore the synergy of inhibition of HIV access. (bioinbrief.com)
Based on the observation that, in contrast to the inhibition of HIV-1 entry, antibody mediated enhancement was not temperature dependent and could not be mediated by F(ab) fragments, we concluded that the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are different and that antibody mediated enhancement of HIV-1 entry is largely if not exclusively mediated by HIV-1 glycoprotein cross-linking. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Potent Cas9 Inhibition in Bacterial and Human Cells by AcrIIC4 and AcrIIC5 Anti-CRISPR Proteins. (umassmed.edu)

Source of all serum proteins is from USDA inspected abattoirs located in the United States. (bdbiosciences.com)

ARRA's positive verification line (PVL) correctly classified 575 of 580 HIV-positive and 910 of 920 negative specimens resulting in a sensitivity of 99.1% (95% CI: 98.0-99.6) and specificity of 98.9% (95% CI: 98.1-99.4), respectively. (cdc.gov)

Scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery in the fight against HIV/AIDS with the successful resolution of the enigmatic immune-evading HIV protein complex. (medindia.net)
These engineered Fc fragments or antibodies are being used in clinical trials as treatments for antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases such as primary immune thrombocytopenia and skin blistering diseases (pemphigus), and the Fc-based inhibitor, efgartigimod, based on the 'Abdeg' technology was recently approved (as 'Vyvgart') for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis in December 2021. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are a key component of the human adaptive immune system, and the elicitation of antibodies has been correlated with vaccine efficacy in many diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
HIV primarily infects CD4 + cells of the immune system, such CD4 + T cells and monocytes/macrophages and microglia in the CNS [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Immune-activated, infiltrating macrophages and resident microglia can harbor HIV in the CNS and start producing neurotoxins, such as excitatory amino acids, arachidonic acid derivatives, free radicals, and pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Since the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts access of T and B cells to the brain, the burden of HIV control largely rests with local innate immune defense mechanisms [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has the ability to evade the adaptive immune response due to high mutation rates. (ecolowood.com)
The inclination of HIV-1 to rapidly accumulate mutations to escape sponsor immune reactions represents a major hurdle to the development of effective vaccines. (ecolowood.com)
Several functions have been proposed for natural antibodies, including a first-line role in the defense against infections, a scavenger-like activity to apoptosis by-products and a turn-off, regulative role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis [ 7 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A monocyte chemoattractant protein that has activity towards a broad variety of immune cell types. (lookformedical.com)
Thus, despite some diversity, members of this class share structural and functional similarities, with conserved features of the CDR H3 subdomain likely reflecting prevalent solutions by the human immune system for recognition of a quaternary site of HIV-1 vulnerability. (jzhulab.org)
Structural basis of immune evasion at the site of CD4 attachment on HIV-1 gp120. (openwetware.org)

Outcomes Antiviral activity of the bifunctional HIV-entry inhibitor The brief plasma half-life of ENF needs twice daily shots [17], this dosing hassle offers markedly limited the broader usage of ENF. (bioinbrief.com)
The antiviral strength of this create (IGF-IRmAb-FI) was identified in one cycle access assay 3544-24-9 IC50 using computer virus contaminants generated by pseudotyping the labstrain NL4-3 (env) using the envelope from the CCR5-tropic computer virus NL-Bal. (bioinbrief.com)
The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and antiviral activity in viremic HIV-infected adults not on ART. (nature.com)

Cyanovirin-N (CV-N), an 11-kDa protein isolated from the cyanobacterium Nostoc ellipsosporum, potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. (ox.ac.uk)

A research team from The University of Texas, including an Indian origin scientist, has come closer to creating a vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by creating an antigen that induces protective antibodies capable of neutralizing genetically diverse HIV strains. (medindia.net)
Moreover, so far, no anti-DC-SIGN monoclonal antibody has been described that recognizes its antigen after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. (cnrs.fr)
The initial answer turned out to be simple: both Klatzmann 3 and my colleagues 4 found that HIV docks onto the same cell surface antigen, CD4, that haematologists use to recognize this type of cell. (nature.com)

This observation indicated that a second, unknown human-specific component, or coreceptor, is required for HIV to traverse the cell membrane. (nature.com)

Previously-tested HIV vaccine candidates stimulated vigorous production of antibodies to the mutable segments of the virus envelope. (medindia.net)

Thus, sCD4 is not the therapeutic agent of choice for treating HIV. (justia.com)
These data suggest that further investigation of the potential of antibody-based therapeutic strategies for long-term suppression of HIV is warranted, including in individuals off ART and with low viral load. (nature.com)

Reference diagnostic data were generated using the Bio-Rad HIV-1-2-O EIA/Western blot algorithm with further serotyping performed using the Multispot HIV-1/2 assay. (cdc.gov)

Rhesus macaques were immunized with 8 sequential mRNA immunizations or mRNA followed by protein boosts with purified homologous SOSIP trimers over a period of one year. (natap.org)

The 1918 flu, which killed 20-40 million people worldwide, is being investigated through structural and binding studies of the 1918 viral proteins, such as the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase, as well as other the viral proteins. (scripps.edu)
I also directed the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (2000-2016) that pioneers new high throughput methodologies and technologies for protein production, structure determination and functional analysis in order to investigate the Expanding Protein Universe and the human gut microbiome and other high-value targets in the regulation of stem cells and T cells. (scripps.edu)
gp120: biologic aspects of structural features. (openwetware.org)
Structural basis of coreceptor recognition by HIV-1 envelope spike. (openwetware.org)
Cryo-EM structure of a CD4-bound open HIV-1 envelope trimer reveals structural rearrangements of the gp120 V1V2 loop. (openwetware.org)

ADCC correlated well with antibody binding to virus-infected cells. (bvsalud.org)

There are several drugs on the market that have Fc portions fused to the effector proteins in order to increase their half-lives through FcRn-mediated recycling. (wikipedia.org)

The study concerns two infectious diseases that represent a serious problem for the national healthcare programs: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections. (unibo.it)
This relates to the field of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), specifically to the use of α4 integrin antagonists for the treatment of HIV infections. (justia.com)
It's been more developed that R5-tropic infections are nearly specifically present through the severe illness with HIV-1 as well as the asymptomatic stage, whereas X4-tropic infections emerge in later on stages of HIV illness and are related to a far more dramatic Compact disc4 cell decrease and development towards Helps [5,6]. (bioinbrief.com)
In addition to HIV itself, other causes of neurologic complications in HIV-infected individuals include opportunistic infections, tumors, autoimmune conditions, and antiretroviral drugs. (medscape.com)

Two individuals with low baseline viral loads experienced ART-free viral suppression for ≥168 days following antibody infusion, and rebound viruses in these individuals demonstrated full or partial PGT121 sensitivity. (nature.com)
Much of our recent work is focused on HIV-1 and influenza viruses. (scripps.edu)

They identified antibodies that neutralized 100 percent of strains drawn from the major viral subtypes. (medindia.net)

In seroconverters from the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel trial, we previously reported significantly higher detection and titres of HIV-specific binding antibodies in the plasma and genital tract (GT) that distinguished the tenofovir from the placebo arm. (edctpalumninetwork.org)

The widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has dramatically improved the clinical course for many individuals infected with HIV (Berrey et al. (justia.com)
Many companies 3544-24-9 IC50 possess reported CCR5 monoclonal antibodies with pre-clinical and/or medical proof-of-concept research. (bioinbrief.com)
Clinical trials of ibalizumab in heavily treatment-experienced HIV-positive patients with multidrug resistance have shown that it decreased HIV RNA levels and resulted in full suppression in over half of patients. (nih.gov)
Basic and clinical research institutions in Germany are increasingly involved in HIV vaccine development. (aerzteblatt.de)

Isolation and Structure of an Antibody that Fully Neutralizes Isolate SIVmac239 Reveals Functional Similarity of SIV and HIV Glycan Shields. (openwetware.org)
Soon after the initial isolation of HIV, David Klatzmann and colleagues in Paris showed that HIV selectively grows in - and destroys - CD4+ cells in culture, thereby mimicking the loss of CD4+ cells seen in AIDS patient 2 . (nature.com)

Although anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses restricted mAb delivery, one monkey successfully maintained 50-150 μg/mL of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 for over 2 years. (natap.org)

Differential use of CCR5 versus CXCR4 by HIV-1. (biomedcentral.com)
Actually this observation, as well as perhaps not really the safety of antibodies in non-progressors led numerous companies to be thinking about developing CCR5 antibodies. (bioinbrief.com)
Scientific proof such a synergistic system continues to be shown em in vitro /em by drug-drug mixture research with CCR5 antibodies and ENF [15,16]. (bioinbrief.com)
Right here we describe some experiments utilizing a book HIV access inhibitor, comprising a CCR5 antibody that is covalently associated with a fusion peptide inhibitor. (bioinbrief.com)

The Campbell Foundation Awards Grant to UM Researchers Seeking to Develop Functional Cure for HIV-nov. 2020. (natap.org)

Since FcRn extends IgG half-life in the circulation, it can also confer long half-lives on these pathogenic antibodies and promote autoimmune disease. (wikipedia.org)
The pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-associated brain injury remain incompletely understood. (biomedcentral.com)
The pathogenic mechanism of HAND and HIV-associated dementia (HAD), the most severe neurological complication of HIV/AIDS, remains incompletely understood, and there is no specific treatment available [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The following product was used in this experiment: CD184 (CXCR4) Monoclonal Antibody (12G5), PE-Cyanine7, eBioscience™ from Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog # 25-9999-42, RRID AB_1659706. (thermofisher.com)
Description: The 12G5 monoclonal antibody reacts with human CD184 (CXCR4), also termed Fusin, LESTR, or HUMSTR. (thermofisher.com)

Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs. (hindawi.com)

It is estimated that over 15 million people are suffering from the disease and many more are harboring the dreaded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (medindia.net)
Modulation of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated entry by human antibodies. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Both the V2 and V3 regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 surface glycoprotein functionally interact with other envelope regions in syncytium formation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones chimeric for the envelope V3 domain differ in syncytium formation and replication capacity. (microbiologyresearch.org)
McManus M, Henderson J, Gautam A, Brody R, Weiss ER, Persaud D, Mick E, Luzuriaga K, Investigators P. Quantitative Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Antibodies Correlate With Plasma HIV-1 RNA and Cell-associated DNA Levels in Children on Antiretroviral Therapy. (umassmed.edu)

Anatomy12

Organisms11

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes25

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Glycoprotein gp1207

Epitopes11

Gp4113

Recombinant8

Affinity9

Displaying clustered HI1

Antigens4

Infection57

Receptor20

Glycoproteins5

MAbs7

Epitope8

Binds7

Receptors6

Subunit1

Mouse monoclonal2

Conformation2

Isolates4

Fusion proteins2

BnAbs10

2G125

Neutralize1

Humans1

Characterization4

Neutralization7

Cellular5

Abstract1

ANTAGONIST1

Anti-CCR5 antibodies1

Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies3

Soluble1

Interactions1

Inhibition4

Serum1

Specificity1

Immune12

Antiviral3

Potently1

Antigen3

Cell membrane1

Vaccine candidates1

Therapeutic2

Assay1

Rhesus macaques1

Structural5

ADCC1

Effector1

Infections4

Viruses2

Strains1

Titres1

Clinical4

Isolation2

Responses1

CCR54

20201

Pathogenic3

CXCR42

Immunity1

Human Immun5