AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport ProteinsAcetylcholineCholine O-AcetyltransferaseMembrane Transport ProteinsVesicular Biogenic Amine Transport ProteinsVesicular Transport ProteinsCholinergic FibersAminesPiperidinesNeuromuscular Depolarizing AgentsCarrier ProteinsCholinergic NeuronsVesicular Monoamine Transport ProteinsNeuromuscular Junction DiseasesPC12 CellsReceptors, CholinergicFatty Acid Transport ProteinsSynaptophysinSynaptic VesiclesBiological TransportTetrabenazineEncyclopedias as TopicBiogenic MonoaminesNervous System DiseasesMonoamine Oxidase
BiogenicTransporterNeurotransmittersVMATsPresynapticDopamineVesiclesConformational changeEncodesGeneticSystemsDamageStudiesConsistsModelDrugsHistamineVesicleMembrane ProteinsPlasma membraneCatecholaminesGlutamateSubunitExtracellularIonsTransmembraneTransportersSynaptic vesiclesKinaseNucleicMolecularBileStimulationKineticsAminoStorageNeuronsResultsLargeFunctionActivityChemical
Biogenic4
  • Biogenic amine systems are damaged by amphetamine abuse and in Parkinson's disease. (stanford.edu)
  • Here we have taken advantage of the Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model system to investigate genetic modifiers of biogenic amine toxicity. (stanford.edu)
  • NSY-1 is in the highly conserved p38 MAP kinase pathway, which plays a crucial role in C. elegans innate immunity, suggesting that this pathway may play a role in biogenic amine toxicity system damage due to amphetamines and in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in higher organisms. (stanford.edu)
  • The release of biogenic amines from large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) depends on localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2 to LDCVs. (bvsalud.org)
Transporter8
  • The vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) is a transport protein integrated into the membranes of synaptic vesicles of presynaptic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first H+ efflux generates a transporter conformation associated with a high-affinity amine-binding site in the cytosolic phase, and the second H+ efflux is coupled with a second large conformational change that leads to amine transport from the cytosolic side into the vesicle, reducing amine-binding affinity. (wikipedia.org)
  • To identify new aminergic drugs in vivo, we used a mutation in the Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter (dVMAT) as a sensitized genetic background and performed a suppressor screen. (bvsalud.org)
  • We have used adenoviral-mediated transfection to increase expression of the brain vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2 and presynaptic amperometric recordings to characterize the effects on quantal release. (bvsalud.org)
  • In PC12 cells, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) localizes preferentially to synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs), whereas the closely related vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) localize preferentially to large dense core vesicles (LDCVs). (bvsalud.org)
  • The dopamine transporter ( DAT ) also ( sodium-dependent dopamine transporter ) is a membrane-spanning protein coded for in the human by the SLC6A3 gene , (also known as DAT1 ), that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol . (cloudfront.net)
  • In the most widely accepted model for monoamine transporter function, sodium ions must bind to the extracellular domain of the transporter before dopamine can bind. (cloudfront.net)
  • Studies using electrophysiology and radioactive-labeled dopamine have confirmed that the dopamine transporter is similar to other monoamine transporters in that one molecule of neurotransmitter can be transported across the membrane with one or two sodium ions. (cloudfront.net)
Neurotransmitters3
  • It transports monoamine neurotransmitters - such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine - into the vesicles, which release the neurotransmitters into synapses as chemical messages to postsynaptic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vesicle packing requires a large energy source to store large quantities of neurotransmitters into a small vesicular space at high concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vesicular transport proteins package classical neurotransmitters for regulated exocytotic release, and localize to at least two distinct types of secretory vesicles. (bvsalud.org)
VMATs3
  • VMATs utilize a proton gradient generated by V-ATPases in vesicle membranes to power monoamine import. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many drugs that target VMATs act as inhibitors and alter the kinetics of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • VMATs use the same transport mechanism for all types of monoamines, and transport them from the cytosol into high-concentration storage vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Presynaptic1
  • To determine which drugs might specifically potentiate neurotransmitter release, we performed an additional secondary screen for drugs that require presynaptic amine storage to rescue larval locomotion. (bvsalud.org)
Dopamine4
  • Evidence for the associations between DAT and dopamine related disorders has come from a type of genetic polymorphism , known as a variable number tandem repeat , in the SLC6A3 gene, which influences the amount of protein expressed. (cloudfront.net)
  • DAT is an integral membrane protein that removes dopamine from the synaptic cleft and deposits it into surrounding cells, thus terminating the signal of the neurotransmitter. (cloudfront.net)
  • DAT function requires the sequential binding and co-transport of two Na + ions and one Cl − ion with the dopamine substrate. (cloudfront.net)
  • Once dopamine binds, the protein undergoes a conformational change, which allows both sodium and dopamine to unbind on the intracellular side of the membrane. (cloudfront.net)
Vesicles1
  • Transport vesicles are released into the space between neurons, called the synaptic cleft, where they convey a chemical message to the next neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Conformational change1
  • Studies indicate that the amino acid residue His419, located on the domain between TMDs X and XI of rat VMAT1, plays a role in energy coupling to the amine transport by assisting the first proton-dependent conformational change. (wikipedia.org)
Encodes2
  • chb-3 encodes a novel protein, with a zf-MYND motif and ankyrin repeats, that is highly conserved from worm to human. (stanford.edu)
  • The gene that encodes the DAT protein is located on chromosome 5 , consists of 15 coding exons , and is roughly 64 kbp long. (cloudfront.net)
Genetic1
  • A decade later, molecular genetic tools have improved methods for protein identification. (wikipedia.org)
Systems1
  • In the 1970s, scientists like Arvid Carlsson recognized the need to understand how transport systems and ion gradients work in different organisms in order to explore new treatment options such as reserpine (RES). (wikipedia.org)
Damage1
  • Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
Studies1
  • These studies have also shown that transport rate and direction is totally dependent on the sodium gradient. (cloudfront.net)
Consists1
  • Previous analyses suggest that lack of normal cilia causes the small-body phenotype through the activation of a signaling pathway which consists of the EGL-4 cGMP-dependent protein kinase and the GCY-12 receptor-type guanylyl cyclase. (stanford.edu)
Model1
  • The current model of VMAT function proposes that the efflux of two protons (H+) against the H+ gradient is coupled with influx of one monoamine. (wikipedia.org)
Drugs1
  • We fed dVMAT mutant larvae â ¼ 1000 known drugs and quantitated rescue (suppression) of an amine-dependent locomotor deficit in the larva. (bvsalud.org)
Histamine1
  • It transports monoamine neurotransmitters - such as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine - into the vesicles, which release the neurotransmitters into synapses as chemical messages to postsynaptic neurons. (wikipedia.org)
Vesicle6
  • VMATs utilize a proton gradient generated by V-ATPases in vesicle membranes to power monoamine import. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vesicle packing requires a large energy source to store large quantities of neurotransmitters into a small vesicular space at high concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first H+ efflux generates a transporter conformation associated with a high-affinity amine-binding site in the cytosolic phase, and the second H+ efflux is coupled with a second large conformational change that leads to amine transport from the cytosolic side into the vesicle, reducing amine-binding affinity. (wikipedia.org)
  • We detected a vesicle-like expression pattern of the SLC10A4 protein in the neuronal cell lines SH-SY5Y and CAD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of L-type calcium channels, calcium release from intracellular stores and vesicle transport towards the plasma membrane couple excitation and exocytosis from small clear or large dense core vesicles in release sites lacking postsynaptic counterparts. (frontiersin.org)
  • Techniques that allow the detection of transport at a single-vesicle resolution have been developed, and single-molecule studies have started to reveal single transporter kinetics, which will expand our understanding of how transport across the membrane is facilitated at protein level. (bvsalud.org)
Membrane Proteins1
  • The list includes both integral-membrane proteins and GPI-linked proteins. (nih.gov)
Plasma membrane1
  • When the C-terminus of SLC10A4 was replaced by the homologous sequence of NTCP, the SLC10A4-NTCP chimeric protein revealed clear plasma membrane expression in CAD and HEK293 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Catecholamines2
  • Catecholamines are molecules that have a catechol nucleus consisting of benzene with two hydroxyl side groups and a side-chain amine. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines. (absoluteastronomy.com)
Glutamate1
  • The catalog of these molecules includes low molecular weight transmitters such as monoamines, acetylcholine, glutamate, gama-aminobutiric acid (GABA), adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP), and a list of peptides including substance P, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and oxytocin. (frontiersin.org)
Subunit1
  • HN - 2022 FX - Quality of Health Care MH - AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases UI - D000091162 MN - D8.811.913.696.620.682.700.74 MN - D12.776.476.563.74 MS - Protein Serine-threonine kinases that phosphorylate the 63-kDa subunit of AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES. (nih.gov)
Extracellular1
  • Extracellular and organization of tissue-specific proteins and polysaccharides. (nih.gov)
Ions1
  • later structural work, particularly for the prokaryotic homologs GltPh and GltTk, revealed that this methionine is involved in the coordination of one of the three Na+ ions that are co-transported with the substrate. (bvsalud.org)
Transmembrane1
  • Both isoforms are transmembrane proteins with 12 transmembrane domains (TMDs). (wikipedia.org)
Transporters3
  • It has been unclear, however, whether this intriguing methionine influences the thermodynamics of the transport reaction, i.e., its substrate:ion stoichiometry, or whether it simply fosters a specific kinetics in the binding reaction, which, while influential for the turnover rate, do not fundamentally explain the ion-coupling mechanism of this class of transporters. (bvsalud.org)
  • The reconstitution of these secondary active transporters into liposomes has shed light on their molecular transport mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • The two classes of sodium-coupled neurotransmitter transporters, the neurotransmitter: sodium symporters and the excitatory amino acid transporters, have vastly different molecular structures, but complementary proteoliposome studies have sought to unravel their ion-dependence and transport kinetics. (bvsalud.org)
Synaptic vesicles1
  • The SLC10A4 protein was detected in synaptic vesicles of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system, suggesting a transport function for any kind of neurotransmitter. (biomedcentral.com)
Kinase1
  • This action results in reactivation of AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE activity and downstream signaling aimed at decreased metabolism. (nih.gov)
Nucleic1
  • Condensates separation from the surrounding CYTOPLASM or nucleoplasm or by the concentration of proteins and nucleic acids into droplets as they aggregate on static cellular structures such as CELL MEMBRANES. (nih.gov)
Molecular1
  • A decade later, molecular genetic tools have improved methods for protein identification. (wikipedia.org)
Bile1
  • These carriers maintain the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids by sodium-dependent bile acid reabsorption in the gut via ASBT and sodium-dependent bile acid transport into hepatocytes via NTCP [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Stimulation1
  • We also performed whole-brain imaging after aversive footshock stimulation in activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein (Arc)-dVenus D1RKD mice, which were crossbred from Arc-dVenus transgenic mice and D1RKD mice, to examine the distribution of Arc-controlled dVenus expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during aversive memory formation. (niigata-u.ac.jp)
Kinetics1
  • Many drugs that target VMATs act as inhibitors and alter the kinetics of the protein. (wikipedia.org)
Amino2
  • Studies indicate that the amino acid residue His419, located on the domain between TMDs X and XI of rat VMAT1, plays a role in energy coupling to the amine transport by assisting the first proton-dependent conformational change. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, reconstitution experiments have been used on both protein classes to investigate the role of e.g. the lipid environment, of posttranslational modifications, and of specific amino acid residues in transport. (bvsalud.org)
Storage1
  • VMATs use the same transport mechanism for all types of monoamines, and transport them from the cytosol into high-concentration storage vesicles. (wikipedia.org)
Neurons1
  • Transport vesicles are released into the space between neurons, called the synaptic cleft, where they convey a chemical message to the next neuron. (wikipedia.org)
Results1
  • These residues are conserved to the seen magnitude of a protective plasma of synapse dimers that often build the requirements of RNA Polymerase II and phosphorylated time of accounts for transcriptional activation Results in fatty IL7 proteins like variant cleavage, family, etc. (evakoch.com)
Large1
  • HN - 2022 BX - Adolescent Motherhood BX - Teen Mothers BX - Teenage Mothers FX - Pregnancy in Adolescence MH - ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 UI - D000089982 MN - D8.811.277.40.330.300.400.100.50 MN - D12.776.157.325.515.100.550 MN - D12.776.476.338.400.100.50 MS - A member of GTP-binding protein of the large ras superfamily involved in regulation of membrane trafficking by modulating ENDOCYTOSIS and ACTIN CYTOSKELETON remodeling. (nih.gov)
Function1
  • The current model of VMAT function proposes that the efflux of two protons (H+) against the H+ gradient is coupled with influx of one monoamine. (wikipedia.org)
Activity1
  • But this chimera also did not show any transport activity, even when the N-terminal domain of SLC10A4 was deleted by mutagenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemical1