Molecules antibodies to botulinum toxins botulinum antitoxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Other systems for classifying or identifying toxins include: By organism generating the toxin By organism susceptible to the toxin By secretion system used to release the toxin (for example, toxic effectors of type VI secretion system) By tissue target type susceptible to the toxin (neurotoxins affect the nervous system, cardiotoxins affect the heart, etc. (wikipedia.org)
Clostridium botulinum secretes botulinum neurotoxins or BoNTs of varying serotypes. (biologydictionary.net)
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely potent toxins that are capable of causing death or respiratory failure leading to long-term intensive care. (cdc.gov)
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are protein toxins produced by 50,000 daltons. (cdc.gov)
Botulinum neurotoxins are a varied group of protein toxins that share similar structures and modes of activity. (bvsalud.org)
Botulinum neurotoxins are metalloproteases that block peripheral motor and autonomic nerves, leading to death when respiratory muscles are affected. (biomedcentral.com)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Botulinum neurotoxins are among the most potent toxins known. (jneurosci.org)
GigaGen, a biotech company, secures an $11.8M contract expansion with the US Department of Defense to develop synthetic human antibody treatments for botulinum neurotoxins. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Botulism is a life-threatening food-borne disease that causes neuroparalysis from the consumption of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). (microbenotes.com)

Botulinum toxin , or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox ), is a highly potent neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. (wikipedia.org)
Clostridium botulinum is a species of the Clostridium genus that produces and secretes the powerful neurotoxin called botulinum toxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in low-oxygen environments. (biologydictionary.net)
We now know much more about Clostridium botulinum thanks to whole-genome sequencing. (biologydictionary.net)
This science has led us to divide Clostridium bacteria into two human groups - proteolytic C. botulinum (Group I) and non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Group II). (biologydictionary.net)
Group II is a psychrotroph - a cold-tolerant bacteria that can grow at low temperatures, although the best growth conditions are around 20°C. Group II Clostridium botulinum will grow at 3°C and continue to multiply at temperatures of up to 30°C. Group II spores are not as heat resistant as Group I. Group II secretes serotypes B, E, and F of the botulinum neurotoxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Group III Clostridium botulinum is responsible for avian or nonhuman botulism outbreaks in wild and domestic animals, especially herbivores like cattle, horses, and sheep. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum toxin is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. (biologydictionary.net)
In World War II, US soldiers were immunized with an antitoxin before arriving in France due to fears of the German army using Clostridium botulinum as a biological weapon. (biologydictionary.net)
The heavy chain is responsible for both receptor some species of the genus Clostridium, in particular, Clostridium binding via its C-terminal (CT) binding domain [4,5] (HC) and botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii, and C. argentinense. (cdc.gov)
Botulism is an acute severe neuroparalytic disease caused by bacterial exotoxins produced by distinct strains of Clostridium , mainly Clostridium botulinum . (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium botulinum causes intoxication i.e, disease occurs either from ingesting preformed BoNTs in foods or production of BoNTs in the intestine. (microbenotes.com)
In the case of wound botulism, the organism colonizes in the infected part like wound, abscess, pus where the Clostridium spores germinate and produce toxins. (microbenotes.com)
In addition, polyclonal antibodies from hyperimmunized sheep, horses and rabbits are used as antidotes against envenomization (snake and spider venom), certain bacterial toxins (such as Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin), digitalis toxicity, as well as to cause immune suppression in organ transplant recipients to prevent rejection ( 3 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

In recent years, there has been a renaissance in the use of antibodies for therapy: 10 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are currently licensed and dozens are in the developmental pipeline ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
However, the use of equine and murine antisera as antilymphocyte or antithymocyte globulins and murine monoclonal antibodies for immunomodulation and cancer treatment has created a new group of medications that may cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
[ 14 ] However, ATG, as well as other immunosuppressive foreign proteins, such as chimeric monoclonal antibodies that consist of murine-derived antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and human-derived crystallizable fragment (Fc) portions of antibodies, have been reported to be sufficiently immunogenic to cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
In this work, we evaluated a panel of 16 anti-BoNT/A monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for their ability to inhibit the in vitro activity of BoNT/A1, /A2, and /A3 complex as well as the recombinant LC of A1. (cdc.gov)
Polyclonal antibodies generated in immunized animals and monoclonal antibodies generated in the laboratory are increasingly employed in the treatment of diverse animal and human diseases. (veteriankey.com)
Complementary analysis to engineer and develop high-affinity, monoclonal neutralizing antibodies can be being executed [11]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Passive immunization using a polyclonal or a high-affinity monoclonal antibody may offer adjunctive value to antibiotic therapy. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Given the unique characteristic of high antigen-specificity of Monoclonal Antibodies or MAb(s) (which I touched upon briefly in the previous post ), it is expected that the practice of antibody therapeutics would embrace this technology. (inscientioveritas.org)

[18] The toxin causes the disease botulism . (wikipedia.org)
Classic serum sickness is now rarely seen because the use of foreign proteins is limited to antitoxins such as those used to treat botulism, diphtheria, rabies , and snake, scorpion, and spider venom. (medscape.com)
In the cases of botulism, diphtheria and tetanus, the main objective of immunotherapy is to neutralize toxins, but also to opsonize the bacteria, promoting complement-dependent bacteriolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Passive immunization only persisted for use in toxin-mediated diseases such as tetanus and botulism, virus diseases such as rabies, and in snake envenomation ( Table 12.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
Significant assets [8,9] have already been specialized in the largescale creation of heptavalent botulism antitoxin [10]. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Botulism is a rare disease but has a high fatality rate even a small amount of toxin can kill millions. (microbenotes.com)
Botulinum toxins Type A, B and E are associated with food-borne botulism in humans. (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum spores contaminating honey and syrup which are the major source of infant botulism. (microbenotes.com)
In infant botulism, babies under 1 year are mostly affected being a poorly developed gut microflora where the toxins are formed in the intestine. (microbenotes.com)
chemical injury study of disease neutrophils Botulinum antitoxin produced in a horse and given to a human suffering from botulism food poisoning is an example of? (workflowdigital.com)

An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum bacteria are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli found primarily in food items, freshwater sources, and the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
These bacteria produce different botulinum toxin serotypes (C or D) and are non-proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
While it had formerly not been identified in humans or animals but as a soil-based bacteria, a famous report listing five unexpected sudden deaths due to the presence of type G toxin shows that this group may eventually be categorized as a human serotype. (biologydictionary.net)
The nomenclature surrounding these toxins and associated bacteria has been evolving as new isolations and discoveries have arisen, resulting in challenges in diagnostic reporting, epidemiology and food safety studies, and in the application of therapeutic products. (bvsalud.org)
Examples of toxins of interest include those from plants (Ricin) and bacteria (Staphylococcal enterotoxins, botulinum). (globalbiodefense.com)
Such alternatives include small molecules and antibodies against toxins that the lethal bacteria secrete. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
The organosulfur compounds of garlic exhibit a range of antibacterial properties such as bactericidal, antibiofilm, antitoxin, and anti-quorum sensing activity against a wide range of bacteria including multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. (frontiersin.org)
In recombinant DNA technology, DNA molecules are manipulated using naturally occurring enzymes derived mainly from bacteria and viruses. (pressbooks.pub)
Bacteria survive in an array of environments, so they are constantly exposed to a wide variety of toxic molecules. (thesciencebreaker.org)

Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host-pathogen interface. (wikipedia.org)
Proteolytic toxins break down the proteins of some of these glycoproteins. (biologydictionary.net)
Herein, we used immunochemical methods to predict the quality of horse F(ab') 2 anti-botulinum AB, anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies immunoglobulins, in terms of amount of proteins and protein aggregates. (biomedcentral.com)
The BoNTs are extracellular proteins produced by C. botulinum that weighs around 150kDa. (microbenotes.com)
Fasciculin 2 and toxin alpha proteins belong to the same structural family of three-fingered snake toxins. (shengsci.com)

Seven different botulinum toxins, named from A to G serotypes, have been described according to their antigenic properties. (biomedcentral.com)

Botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) is an effective treatment for several movement disorders, including spasticity and dystonia. (jneurosci.org)
Substantial experimental and clinical evidence indicates that not all botulinum neurotoxin Type A (BoNT/A) effects can be explained solely by the local action (i.e., silencing of the neuromuscular junction). (jneurosci.org)

Botulinum toxins are among the most potent toxins known to science. (wikipedia.org)

Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins , and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies . (mdwiki.org)

F, /G and the closely related tetanus toxin all cleave synaptobrevin a likely agent for bioterrorism [3]. (cdc.gov)

Outside of these temperatures, Group I C. botulinum forms spores. (biologydictionary.net)
Iraq admitted to producing 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum neurotoxin in the 1990s, and even small terrorism groups have been able to grow botulinum from spores found in the soil. (biologydictionary.net)
C. botulinum is anaerobic, spore former, gram-positive bacterium and its spores are widely distributed in the environment from the soil to sewage, mud, lakes, sediments of sea and oceans and are also found in the intestine of land and aquatic animals. (microbenotes.com)
C. botulinum is strict anaerobes and can resist high temperatures where they form spores and when consumed produce toxins in the intestine and cause intoxication. (microbenotes.com)

Thus serum from an immunized animal contains antibodies. (veteriankey.com)
IVIG is a polyclonal antibody preparation derived from healthy donors (whose blood contains antibodies recognizing diphtheria toxin, measles and polio virus at the minimum, as a result of direct exposure, or vaccination) ( 2 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

It was demonstrated that blood serum containing antibodies to bacterial toxins such as those from tetanus or diphtheria could be transferred from an immune animal to a susceptible individual and so confer protection ( Fig. 12.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
The creation of recombinant DNA molecules is possible due to the use of naturally occurring restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes), bacterial enzymes produced as a protection mechanism to cut and destroy foreign cytoplasmic DNA that is most commonly a result of bacteriophage infection. (pressbooks.pub)
To be able to survive in different environments, bacterial cells must be able to actively protect themselves from toxins. (thesciencebreaker.org)

[29] Intoxication can occur naturally as a result of either wound or intestinal infection or by ingesting formed toxin in food. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment includes serotype-specific antitoxins, which must be administered early in the course of the intoxication. (cdc.gov)
(a) Molecular steps of intoxication by the native C2 toxin. (microbenotes.com)

Non-proteolytic toxins act upon the carbohydrate part (glucose or maltose, for example) of the glycoprotein. (biologydictionary.net)
It produces type G botulinum toxin that is proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
All seven toxins are categorized into four groups based on proteolytic and non-proteolytic activity: Group I, II, III and IV. (microbenotes.com)

If it is injected into an animal of the donor species then the injected antibodies will simply be removed through normal catabolic processes. (veteriankey.com)
Because this 3-stage model had not been made to reproduce temporal adjustments in paralysis with different toxin concentrations, a fresh BoNT/A types and price (to a free of charge species that's with the capacity of binding. (exposed-skin-care.net)

Lam, K. - H. , Perry, K. , Shoemaker, C. B. , and Jin, R. (2020) Two VHH Antibodies Neutralize Botulinum Neurotoxin E1 by Blocking Its Membrane Translocation in Host Cells . (cornell.edu)

This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
Shortly after the administration of the foreign protein, the host mounts a specific antibody response to clear the foreign substance. (medscape.com)

These retain their antigenic specificity and can be used to produce antitoxins and, in the case of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, are used as vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
Within 5 years, antibacterial serum therapy fell into disuse, leaving only a niche area for those conditions that were not amenable to antibiotic treatment, namely, venoms, toxins (such as diphtheria and tetanus), and viral infections (such as, hepatitis A and polio) ( 1 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

We have previously reported the effectiveness of antibody-capture to purify and concentrate BoNTs from complex matrices, such as clinical samples. (cdc.gov)

The only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. (cdc.gov)
Unlike vaccines, which require time to induce protective immunity and depend on the host's ability to mount an immune response, passive antibody can theoretically confer protection regardless of the immune status of the host. (cdc.gov)
Passive antibody therapy has substantial advantages over antimicrobial agents and other measures for postexposure prophylaxis, including low toxicity and high specific activity. (cdc.gov)
The only currently available intervention that could provide a state of immediate immunity is passive immunization with protective antibody. (cdc.gov)
Passive antibody therapy was widely used in the pre-antibiotic era but was largely abandoned with the advent of antimicrobial chemotherapy ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
In such cases, antitoxin, anti-serum containing antibodies, can sometimes be injected to provide passive immunity. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment includes hospital intensive support for mechanical ventilation and neutralization of toxins by passive immunization [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Type I toxins bind to a receptor on the cell surface and stimulate intracellular signaling pathways. (wikipedia.org)
An activity resembling receptor-mediated endocytosis internalizes the toxin-bound receptor. (exposed-skin-care.net)

Experimental studies have proven that botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) causes flaccid paralysis with a multi-step mechanism. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Today's study was made to expand a data-driven minimal model produced by Simpson [15] that referred to the kinetics of botulinum neurotoxin Rabbit Polyclonal to DIL-2 serotype A (BoNT/A) in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in creating paralysis in vitro. (exposed-skin-care.net)

495-497, 1975), MAbs were hailed as the 'Magic Bullet' that harnessed the therapeutic power of specific antibodies against specific diseases. (inscientioveritas.org)

Since the development of serum sickness is dependent on the host's ability to produce antibodies to the inciting antigen, patients who are incapable of producing antibodies, such as patients with Bruton agammaglobulinemia, will not develop serum sickness. (medscape.com)

Once internalized, BoNT is normally no longer vunerable to circulating neutralizing antibodies or various other impermeable inhibitors of its toxicity. (exposed-skin-care.net)

Because some antibodies inhibit or neutralize the activity of BoNT, the choice of antibody with which to extract the toxin is critical. (cdc.gov)
Immunotherapy consists of the use of specific antibodies to neutralize the main causes of these afflictions. (biomedcentral.com)
Regarding rabies, antibodies aim to neutralize viral particles, block their entry into uninfected cells, and also to promote antibody-directed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of infected cells by natural killer cells [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of therapeutic indications, many of which are not part of the approved drug label. (wikipedia.org)
Consideration of antibodies as a therapeutic modality isn't new. (inscientioveritas.org)

Although this challenge was somewhat resolved by the 1930s through better-purified antibodies, the introduction of vastly superior, potent, and better tolerated antimicrobial chemotherapy ('antibiotics', starting with sulphonamides and then the β-lactam, penicillin) around 1935 sounded the death-knell for serum therapy. (inscientioveritas.org)

Today's drug arsenal has another weakness: no medications available to fight the dangerous toxin that can circulate in a person's blood when antibiotic treatment begins after the disease has taken hold. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

This article reviews the activity of humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based defense strategy ( Table ), and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies for use in the event of biological attacks. (cdc.gov)
Not surprisingly, this situation resulted in a renewed interest in immune-based therapies, including antibody therapy, aimed at combating disease by buttressing host immunity. (inscientioveritas.org)

Therefore, there is an urgent need for the discovery of antitoxin agents that would be effective at the end stage of anthrax. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Also on the horizon: New antibiotics that are less likely to encounter resistance and medicines that can block the effects of anthrax toxin. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

At low concentrations of toxin, more subtle effects such as modulation of host cell signal transduction may be observed in the absence of cell lysis. (wikipedia.org)

For chemists the objects are molecules, and over the years we have refined our ability to make same/different distinctions as we learn more about molecular structures. (thesciencebreaker.org)

Horse F(ab') 2 antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparations presented different amounts of protein. (biomedcentral.com)
The chromatographic profiles of antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulins allowed to estimate the percentage of contaminants and aggregates in the samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Anti-botulinum AB (bivalent), anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies horse F(ab') 2 immunoglobulins probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates, although other improvements on the preparations must be carried out. (biomedcentral.com)

Membrane-damaging toxins exhibit hemolysin or cytolysin activity in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
Protein profile analysis and in vitro anticomplementary activity of F(ab') 2 immunoglobulin preparations should be included as quality control steps, to ensure acceptable levels of aggregates, contaminants and whole IgG molecules on final products, reducing the chances of adverse reactions in patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic engineering involves the use of recombinant DNA technology, the process by which a DNA sequence is manipulated in vitro, thus creating recombinant DNA molecule s that have new combinations of genetic material. (pressbooks.pub)

Membrane-damaging toxins can be divided into two categories, the channel-forming toxins and toxins that function as enzymes that act on the membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Stomach acid and enzymes RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA: C) attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis. (workflowdigital.com)

SDS-PAGE and Western blot analyses revealed the presence of protein aggregates, non-immunoglobulin contaminants and, unexpectedly, IgG whole molecules in the samples, indicating the non-complete digestion of immunoglobulins. (biomedcentral.com)

Due to the nature of the bacterium to grow in wide distribution, its spore can contaminate foods where it colonizes and produces toxins. (microbenotes.com)

BoNT/A, /C, and /E cleave toxin, or contact of the bacterium with a wound [1]. (cdc.gov)

For example, the vaccine against hepatitis B does not elicit an antibody response in approximately 10% of vaccines, and the percentage of nonresponders is substantially higher in immunocompromised persons ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Botulinum toxin was used as a biological agent during World War II by the British, American and Japanese military. (microbenotes.com)

Most channel-forming toxins, which form pores in the target cell membrane, can be classified into two families: the cholesterol-dependent toxins and the RTX toxins. (wikipedia.org)

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies usually develop 7-14 days after immunization with the antigen. (medscape.com)

Antigen cross-linking of immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecules that are bound to specific cell surface receptors and/or binding of complement split products, such as iC3b, to complement receptors (CR3/CR4) may activate mast cells and basophils. (medscape.com)
Its function has been connected to the regulation of the toxin-antitoxin module mazEF, implicated in programmed growth arrest/cell death of Escherichia coli cells under conditions of amino acid starvation. (shengsci.com)

Exotoxins are susceptible to antibodies produced by the immune system, but some exotoxins are so toxic that they may be fatal to the host before the immune system has a chance to mount defenses against them. (wikipedia.org)

Muscles weakened by toxin injection recover from paralysis after several months, so injection might seem to need to be repeated, but muscles adapt to the lengths at which they are chronically held, [48] so that if a paralyzed muscle is stretched by its antagonist, it grows longer, while the antagonist shortens, yielding a permanent effect. (wikipedia.org)

Botulinum toxin specifically attacks glycoproteins in cholinergic nerve endings. (biologydictionary.net)

Von Pirquet and Schick first described and popularized the term serum sickness at the turn of the 20th century, using it to describe patients who had received injections of heterologous (nonhuman) antitoxins for the treatment of diphtheria and scarlet fever . (medscape.com)
The major antibody in mammalian serum is a protein called immunoglobulin (Ig)G. This is a Y-shaped protein of about 160 kDa. (veteriankey.com)

Currently, no small-molecule drugs are available that prevent disease following exposure to preformed toxins. (cdc.gov)

Organisms3

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs14

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Neurotoxins9

Clostridium14

Monoclonal8

Botulism10

Bacteria10

Proteins5

Different botulinum1

Neurotoxin type2

Potent toxins known1

Protein toxins1

Tetanus toxin1

Spores4

Contains antibodies2

Bacterial3

Intoxication3

Proteolytic3

Species2

20201

Specific antibody2

Diphtheria and tetanus2

BoNTs1

Passive7

Receptor2

Serotype2

MAbs1

Host's ability1

Toxicity1

Neutralize3

Therapeutic2

Antimicrobial1

Antibiotic treatment1

Immunity2

Anthrax2

Concentrations1

Molecular1

Rabies3

Vitro3

Enzymes2

Immunoglobulins1

Produces1

Wound1

Vaccine1

Biological agent1

Pores1

Immunization1

Cells2

Immune system1

Muscles1

Attacks1

Serum2

Exposure1