Molecular probes genome sequences paint your chromosomes. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and chromosome abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
While cytogenetics historically relied on microscopy to analyze chromosomes, new molecular technologies such as array comparative genomic hybridization are now becoming widely used. (wikipedia.org)
Here the role of molecular cytogenetics in the context of yet available all other cytogenomic approaches is discussed. (frontiersin.org)
A short introduction how cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics were established is followed by technical aspects of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (frontiersin.org)
Overall, molecular cytogenetics is far from being outdated and actively involved in up-to-date diagnostics and research. (frontiersin.org)
This review is about "molecular cytogenetics" including 1) the historical perspective of its development from cytogenetics, 2) technical aspects, 3) available probe sets, and 4) variants and applications of the basic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach. (frontiersin.org)
Molecular cytogenetics" developed from cytogenetics field, later. (frontiersin.org)
The probes have been used for molecular hybridizations (fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH) in clinical cytogenetics, Y chromosome mapping, sequencing, gene discovery, and comparative Y chromosome studies between the horse and other equids/ Perssodactyls. (veteriankey.com)
During a typical week, the molecular cytogenetics core laboratory at Albert Einstein College of Medicine focuses on preparing cell samples to help researchers study the structure and function of DNA and genes. (amsny.org)
Molecular Cytogenetics of Autism. (neurotransmitter.net)
The future of molecular cytogenetics is likely to depend on a better knowledge of chromosome structure and function. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyril Darlington pioneered plant cytogenetics in 1920-30 and made important advances in our understanding of mechanisms of chiasma formation and the behavior of sex chromosomes in meiosis [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the purposes of this review is to encourage research into chromosome structure as this could help advance molecular cytogenetics. (biomedcentral.com)

genes are screened by using GAP-PCR, DNA sequencing and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Analysis (MLPA) to detect deletional and non deletional mutations. (med.om)
In addition, using sequences of three mitochondrial genes, the phylogenetic relationships between every sample with a known karyotype were determined, which revealed significant nucleotide divergence among the karyomorphs. (scielo.br)
Our results revealed that the FOXP1 and TP63 genes were both relocated along chromosome 3. (biomedcentral.com)
The first stage involved identifying, in unrelated subjects showing linkage to 2q24-q33, genetic variants in exons and flanking sequence within candidate genes and comparing the frequency of the variants between autistic and unrelated nonautistic subjects. (neurotransmitter.net)
In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondrial genes sequences (especially citochrome b) will be used to reach this aim and, when necessary, sequences of the nuclear gene IRBP (interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein) will be also included. (fapesp.br)
Others, for example the famous 3RP inversion of Drosophila melanogaster, are several megabases in size, include several percent of the entire genome and span hundreds or thousands of genes. (schleiden-eifel.de)
A comparison of human and chimpanzee genes in the region of this inversion indicates that two genes-ROCK1 and USP14-that are adjacent on chimpanzee chromosome 17 (which corresponds to human chromosome 18) are more distantly positioned on human chromosome 18. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal. (schleiden-eifel.de)
The new technology (so called 'Next Generation Sequencing') is much cheaper and quicker but is quite poor at sorting out where the genes are in relation to one another. (ukri.org)
Essentially, Next Generation Sequencing assemblies are little more than catalogues of genes with little structure of the overall genome apparent. (ukri.org)
Fortunately this problem can be rectified using a technique called 'FISH' that can take the data from next generation sequencing projects and visualise directly the genes as they appear in their rightful place in the genome. (ukri.org)
Modern genomic research generally focuses on the role of individual genes but the role of chromosomes and homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) is often disregarded. (ukri.org)

Prenatal cell-free DNA screening (cfDNA) can identify fetal chromosome abnormalities beyond common trisomies. (bvsalud.org)
Diagnostic testing is recommended for prenatal diagnosis of ES and other chromosome abnormalities in pregnancy. (bvsalud.org)
for molecular chromosomal abnormalities where chromosome specific probes and paints are used to determine chromosome changes can't be identified by microscopy (high detection and clearer picture of chromosome abnormalities). (med.om)
We have used comparative genomic hybridisation to analyse 19 constitutional chromosome abnormalities detected by G band analysis, including seven deletions, five supernumerary marker chromosomes, two interstitial duplications, and five chromosomes presenting with abnormal terminal banding patterns. (bmj.com)
Others have applied CGH to the study of constitutional chromosome abnormalities detected postnatally. (bmj.com)
Although the structural chromosome abnormalities in these cases were too small to identify the origin of the extra genomic material based on banding pattern, none of the abnormalities described by these authors can be considered to be subtle or cryptic. (bmj.com)
Compared to autosomes and the X chromosome, relatively few numerical or structural cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported for ECAY. (veteriankey.com)
Changes in the structure or quantity of chromosomes , which are strands of condensed genetic material, are known as chromosomal aberrations or abnormalities. (schleiden-eifel.de)
However, within populations there can be found abnormalities involving the structure or number of chromosomes . (schleiden-eifel.de)

His work was based on Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which is a microscopy technique that uses probes made out of DNA to visualize nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) inside of cells. (centuryofbio.com)
Chorus2: design of genome‐scale oligonucleotide‐based probes for fluorescence in situ hybridization. (zhangtaolab.org)
Pinkel D., Detection of aneuploidy and aneuploidy-inducing agents in human lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome specific DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
Eastmond D.A., Rupa D.S., Hasegawa L.S., Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
Our first aim is to develop cytogenetic analysis using conventional staining, banding patterns and fluorescence 'in situ' hybridization (FISH) with specific probes o Brazilian rodents. (fapesp.br)

Here, to address this apparent contradiction, we combined genome-graph analysis of short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) profiles across thousands of tumours with deep linked-read WGS of 46 BRCA1- or BRCA2-mutant breast cancers. (bvsalud.org)
He will contribute to the project by developing and scaling up these methods to the whole-genome level. (cegs-cgi.org)
She is interested in understanding whole-genome organization in health and disease using diffraction-limited and super-resolution microscopy. (cegs-cgi.org)

Also, the analyses indicate that chromosomal rearrangements occurred independently within the distinct lineages of S . marmoratus complex, which resulted in the appearance of distinct karyotypic variants in a non-linear fashion related to diploid numbers and in the appearance of similar non-homologous chromosomes. (scielo.br)
Finally, the integration of both molecular cytogenetic and phylogenetic approaches allowed the determination of specific chromosomes possibly involved in rearrangements and a better understanding about the evolutionary processes involved in the differentiation of Synbranchus genus. (scielo.br)
However, to date the prognostic impact and molecular consequences of these rearrangements were poorly investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
Single additional alterations to del(5q) by balanced chromosome rearrangements were rarely found in myelodysplasia. (biomedcentral.com)
Conversely, balanced chromosome rearrangements were rarely found as a single additional alteration to del (5q). (biomedcentral.com)
This might be because rearrangements in the gene-poor Y chromosome have milder effect on the phenotype, as a result of which the affected individuals escape attention and are not subjected to cytogenetic analysis. (veteriankey.com)
The only true Y chromosome structural rearrangements, reported so far, are large-scale ECAY deletions in 64,XY sex reversal mares (Raudsepp et al. (veteriankey.com)
Comprehensive analysis of pan-cancer genomes revealed clusters of DNA copy-number-neutral rearrangements-termed balanced chromothripsis-across diverse tumour types resulting in the acquisition of known cancer driver events. (nature.com)
Sequencing of daughter cell pairs derived from micronucleated mother cells demonstrated that complex rearrangements are indeed a common outcome of micronucleus formation. (nature.com)
However, in most cases, these patterns of chromothripsis differed from those in cancer genomes as the rearrangements were largely restricted to a single daughter cell and lacked the canonical oscillations in DNA copy-number states 2 . (nature.com)
These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
Possible approaches for cytogenomic assessment of couples with balanced chromosome rearrangements and problems like reproductive failures were considered and suggested as useful part of effective genetic counseling. (metasystems-probes.com)
In Akodon cursor, the frequencies of chromosome rearrangements along their geographical distribution in Atlantic Forest have provided information about their dispersal pattern and population differentiation. (fapesp.br)
These are some of the most common cytogenetically visible rearrangements in humans - for example , the pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 is found in over. (schleiden-eifel.de)
F. Finally, the effects of chromosomal rearrangements on non-coding elements in the genome can best be studied by deleting an entire locus by. (schleiden-eifel.de)
We have a number of ideas such as we think there may be different 'gene signatures' at the places in the genome where evolutionary rearrangements are more or less likely to occur. (ukri.org)

You can use random sequence oligonucleotides to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as small scale chromosome events, primarily insertions or deletions [ 5,6 ]. (idtdna.com)

To better understand the karyotype organization in Melipona and the relationship among the subgenera, we mapped repetitive sequences and analyzed previously reported cytogenetic data with the aim to identify cytogenetic markers to be used for investigating the phylogenetic relationships and chromosome evolution in the genus. (karger.com)
1992). Due to the largely heterochromatic nature of ECAY and repeat-biased amplification of DOP-PCR, microdissected probes tend to be enriched with repetitive sequences, while euchromatic sequences remain underrepresented. (veteriankey.com)
5. Jianying Sun†, Lixuan Yu†, Zeixi Cai†, An Zhang, Weiwei Jin, Yonghua Han*, Zongyun Li* Comparative karyotype analysis among six Ipomoea species based on two newly identified repetitive sequences 2019 Genome 2019 Feb 20. (ezreregister.com)

Different variants of FISH can be used to retrieve information on genomes from (almost) base pair to whole genomic level, as besides only second and third generation sequencing approaches can do. (frontiersin.org)
Libert F., Lefort A., Okimoto R., Womack J., Georges M., Construction of a bovine genomic library of large yeast artificial chromosome clones, Genomics 18 (1993) 270-276. (gse-journal.org)
Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) is one of several molecular approaches that can be applied to ascertain the origin of extra chromosomal material. (bmj.com)
An important breakthrough in horse Y chromosome research came with the availability of new genomics tools and resources, such as large-insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries (for review, see Rubes et al. (veteriankey.com)
2009), chromosome flow sorting and microdissection technology, and various genomic DNA amplification systems (Telenius et al. (veteriankey.com)
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been developed to elucidate genome-wide sequence copy number variation (CNV) between different genomes, such as the differential amplification or deletion of genetic regions between tumor DNA and normal DNA from neighboring unaffected tissue [ 7-10 ]. (idtdna.com)
Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. (idtdna.com)
It can be accessed online at www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/enterococcus through an instance of the genomic viewer JBrowse. (frontiersin.org)
The aim of the project will thus be to generate a freely available comparative genomic resource that can be used to compare the genome structures of 25-30 bird species. (ukri.org)

Here we report on a 79-year woman with an aggressive form of myelodysplastic syndrome with del(5q), no TP53 mutation, and a novel complex rearrangement of chromosome 3 in bone marrow cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The complex chromosome 3 rearrangement was found in all the metaphases, strongly suggesting its role as a driver mutation. (biomedcentral.com)
Olga Dudchenko has extensive experience with data analysis involving Hi-C, a method for probing the 3D structure of genomes through proximity ligation and high-throughput sequencing, specifically those involving genome assembly, phasing and structural rearrangement analysis. (cegs-cgi.org)
This is despite the ubiquity of HSBs and the phenotypic consequences/evolutionary implications of chromosome rearrangement. (ukri.org)

Cai L., Taylor J. F., Wing R.A., Gallagher D.S., Woo S.S., Davis S.K., Construction and characterization of a bovine bacterial artifical chromosome library, Genomics 29 (1995) 413-425. (gse-journal.org)
Classical approaches involving karyotyping and FISH coupled with comparative genomics browser technology provide a straightforward solution for the many avian genomes that are assembled to the point of 100+ large scaffolds. (ukri.org)

During metaphase the X-shaped structure is called a metaphase chromosome, which is highly condensed and thus easiest to distinguish and study. (wikipedia.org)
We now recognize that, following DNA replication, the metaphase chromosome consists of two chromatids held together by a centromere and by cohesin. (biomedcentral.com)

Our project intends to promote integration among cytogenetic, molecular systematic, classic systematic and biogeography approaches in order to study small rodents of Brazilian ecosystems and to understand their chromosomal and gene diversity as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary processes. (fapesp.br)
We will also develop molecular studies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences in order to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and to conduct phylogeographical analysis. (fapesp.br)

Cytogenet Genome Res (2019) 158 (4): 213-224. (karger.com)

Cytogenetically, the species of the genus Melipona show variation in the amount and distribution of heterochromatin along their chromosomes and can be separated into 2 groups: the first with low content of heterochromatin and the second with high content of heterochromatin. (karger.com)
In general, Melipona species have 2n = 18 chromosomes, and the species of each subgenus share the same characteristics in relation to heterochromatin regions, DAPI/CMA 3 fluorophores, and the number and distribution of 18S rDNA sites. (karger.com)
The goal of this work was to use cytogenetic and molecular methods to determine the species delimitations and understand the karyoevolution of S . marmoratus using samples collected from distinct Brazilian localities. (scielo.br)
Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 (Gastropoda: Helicidae) - the morphological and molecular analysis of a new species to the Polish malacofauna. (krakow.pl)
Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In this group of vertebrates, several new species have been described based on chromosomal characterization, since the importance of cytogenetic data is not only restricted to identifying the diploid number, morphology, structure and organization of sequences on chromosomes. (fapesp.br)
In Brazil, there are several examples that illustrate the importance of cytogenetic and molecular data on the characterization of species among the rodents. (fapesp.br)
In essence, this is what happens when the genome of a new species is sequenced. (ukri.org)

In total, the array includes 2.7 million markers (of which 750' are SNPs) across the entire genome. (med.om)

The goal of the CGI is to develop, implement, and disseminate imaging , analysis , and modeling technologies that will elucidate how genomes, in their entirety, are organized and function in three dimensions (3D). (cegs-cgi.org)

Some use the term chromosome in a wider sense, to refer to the individualized portions of chromatin in cells, either visible or not under light microscopy. (wikipedia.org)
He has expertise in performing both sequencing-based and microscopy-based methods for probing 3D genome architecture. (cegs-cgi.org)

From chromosome painting to using fluorescent probes to explore human and mouse genomes, the lab plays an essential role in genetic research for dozens of Einstein scientists. (amsny.org)

for suspected hematological cancer with any acquired chromosome abnormality using bone marrow (diagnostic and prognostic). (med.om)
In an organism, any visible abnormality in chromosome number or structure from the diploid set is known as chromosomal aberration . (schleiden-eifel.de)

Among the analyzed specimens, a large degree of cytogenetic variation related to diploid numbers and karyotype structure was observed, with karyotypes showing 2n=42, 44 and 46 chromosomes. (scielo.br)
If a normal diploid cell is 2n, the chromosome content of a double tetrasomic cell is designated. (schleiden-eifel.de)

Multicolor banding, chromosomal microarray analysis, chromosome microdissection with reverse painting, and single-copy sequencing of the rearranged chromosome were performed to determine the length and position of the inverted region as well as to rule out a genetic imbalance at the breakpoints. (metasystems-probes.com)

He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
β globin gene sequencing to screen for β thal point mutations and variants like HbS, HbD, HbC, HbE. (med.om)
The characteristics of a single copy of a specific gene, or of a single copy of a specific location on a chromosome. (ojp.gov)
A gene present on the X and Y sex chromosomes that is used in DNA identification testing to determine the gender of the donor of the DNA in a biological sample. (ojp.gov)
This pdf left a removed sequence of 322 outcome outcomes( polynucleotide) with 64 bilirubin cDNA convergence( 80 recombination vector) to the different start gene colony sub-model construct Der f 1. (fellowshipbaptistsb.org)
Old fashioned technology used to 'sketch the outline of the streets' first before filling in the gaps with the gene sequence. (ukri.org)
We will address at least four fundamental questions pertaining to genome evolution: We will test the hypotheses that HSB lengths are non-randomly distributed in birds, that there are specific gene ontology signatures of HSBs and EBRs, that EBRs coincide with recombination hotspots in birds (but not in mammals) and that transposable element density in increased in EBRs. (ukri.org)

Walter Sutton (left) and Theodor Boveri (right) independently developed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. (wikipedia.org)
Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel 's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)
In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity , Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed). (wikipedia.org)
Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)

Comparative FISH mapping of bovid X chromosomes reveals homologies and divergences between the subfamilies bovinae and caprinae. (cnr.it)
now together that weapons indicate chromosomes-accumulated cables of strains they show to talk gapped and observe free agents, immediately connecting about the Comparative Offers that protected certainly ripening pointed. (oldandelegant.com)
In mammals, there are sufficient assembled reference genomes to make assembly by comparative analysis. (ukri.org)

Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)
Imaging the structural organization of the whole human genome is an adventure. (cegs-cgi.org)

CGH is one of several molecular cytogenetic approaches available for further defining and confirming abnormal results detected by conventional banding techniques. (bmj.com)
The BM karyotype, in addition to 5q deletion, showed an acquired abnormal chromosome 3 (Figure 1 a). (biomedcentral.com)

examples include aneuploidy (atypical chromosome number), deletion (loss of part of a chromosome), duplications (extra copies of a region of a chromosome), inversion (when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse. (schleiden-eifel.de)

Classical and molecular cytogenetic studies in some cattle breeds. (cnr.it)
G band cytogenetic analysis often leads to the discovery of unbalanced karyotypes that require further characterisation by molecular cytogenetic studies. (bmj.com)

I want to understand the relationship between homologous chromosome shapes, epigenetic marks, and transcriptional programs in extreme scenarios using homolog-specific super-resolution imaging and chromatin conformation capture technologies. (cegs-cgi.org)

CGH has been widely applied to detect gains and losses of DNA sequences on specific chromosomes in the study of solid tumours, 1 but has not been extensively used to study unbalanced constitutional karyotypes. (bmj.com)
Constitutional chromosome studies involving conventional GTG band cytogenetic analysis, however, often show unbalanced karyotypes which cannot be fully defined because the extra material is too small to have a recognisable banding pattern. (bmj.com)
These heterochromatin patterns and the number of chromosomes are characteristics exclusive to Melipona karyotypes that distinguish them from the other genera of the Meliponini. (karger.com)

de Sario A., Vagnarelli P., De Carli L., Aneuploidy assay on diethylstilbestrol by means of in situ hybridization of radioactive and biotinylated DNA probes on interphase nuclei, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)

ZOO-FISH and R-banding reveal extensive conservation of human chromosome regions in euchromatic regions of river buffalo chromosomes. (cnr.it)
This polymorphism is primarily attributed to the various amount of Y heterochromatin, though earlier studies also suggest variation in the euchromatic portion of the chromosome (Power, 1988). (veteriankey.com)

This will significantly facilitate the investigation of spatial genome organization at an unprecedented scale and resolution. (cegs-cgi.org)

Thus, distinct patterns of chromothripsis can be explained by the spatial clustering of pulverized chromosomes from micronuclei. (nature.com)

[5] In animal cells, chromosomes reach their highest compaction level in anaphase during chromosome segregation . (wikipedia.org)
The maintenance of a single centromere per chromosome is critical for establishing bipolar microtubule attachments to the mitotic spindle and achieving high-fidelity genome segregation 17 . (nature.com)

[1] [2] These chromosomes display a complex three-dimensional structure, which plays a significant role in transcriptional regulation . (wikipedia.org)

Derivative chromosomes are indicated with arrows. (schleiden-eifel.de)

Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)

In particular, G band analysis usually does not show the chromosomal origin of small marker chromosomes or of a small amount of extra material detected on otherwise normal chromosomes. (bmj.com)
The Precise Breakpoint Mapping in Paracentric Inversion 10q22.2q23.3 by Comprehensive Cytogenomic Analysis, Multicolor Banding, and Single-Copy Chromosome Sequencing. (metasystems-probes.com)
Produce computational pipelines to increase the power and speed of image analysis and genome 3D modeling. (cegs-cgi.org)
My goal is to develop and apply transformative tools for the genome-wide analysis and modelling of super-resolution genome images. (cegs-cgi.org)
Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)

Bahri-Darwich I., Vaiman D., Olsaker I., Oustry A., Cribiu E.P., Assignment of bovine synteny groups U27 and U8 to R-banded chromosome 12 and 27, respectively, Hereditas 120 (1994) 261-265. (gse-journal.org)

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. (wikipedia.org)
what do you call an organism with four sets of chromosomes . (schleiden-eifel.de)

Chromosomal identification of marker chromosomes and extra bands on chromosomes through molecular techniques is always of clinical interest. (bmj.com)
highly, a computational diameter is to be a associated clinical chromosome for the orientation outcome. (scoutconnection.com)

ABL1 fusion, in which a paracentric inversion within the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p) and a translocation between the long arm of a chromosome 9 and the 12p with the inversion were involved. (bvsalud.org)
(g) Schematic representation of the double inversion leading to the formation of the der(3) chromosome. (biomedcentral.com)

Mechanistically, the CIP2A-TOPBP1 complex prematurely associates with DNA lesions within ruptured micronuclei during interphase, which poises pulverized chromosomes for clustering upon mitotic entry. (nature.com)

She is the author of several widely used bioinformatics tools for Hi-C based genome assembly including 3D-DNA, the pipeline for automatic assembly of chromosomes using Hi-C data, and Juicebox Assembly Tools or JBAT, an interactive tools for manual polishing of genome assemblies. (cegs-cgi.org)

[4] Before this happens, each chromosome is duplicated ( S phase ), and both copies are joined by a centromere , resulting either in an X-shaped structure (pictured above), if the centromere is located equatorially, or a two-arm structure, if the centromere is located distally. (wikipedia.org)
De Novo Centromere Formation in Pericentromeric Region of Rice Chromosome 8. (zhangtaolab.org)
As each chromosome contains a single centromere, it remains unclear how acentric fragments derived from shattered chromosomes are inherited between daughter cells during mitosis 6 . (nature.com)

Subsequently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and high-throughput sequencing have allowed us to detect smaller discrete mutations in DNA that do not involve changes in large portions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

My goal in this essay is to demonstrate the utility of framing different technologies with the Sequencing, Synthesis, Scale, Software model. (centuryofbio.com)

Otto Bütschli was the first scientist to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes. (wikipedia.org)

Differentiation of the domestic pig and wild boar using genotyping-by-sequencing. (krakow.pl)

This is due in part to recent advances in science and technology (for example, see the Human Genome Project) that have enabled an unprecedented understanding of genetic disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Comparison of the human with the sheep genomes by use of human chromosome-specific painting probes. (cnr.it)
Additionally, there are two reports about infertile stallions having XXY sex chromosomes - an equine counterpart to human Kleinfelter syndrome (Kubien et al. (veteriankey.com)
The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has received a $7 million grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) to create new methods and protocols for assessing disease risk that are based on DNA variants from large populations of people with diverse, multi-ethnic ancestry. (amsny.org)
Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)

Using a computational approach for haplotype-resolved Hi-C, the authors reveal highly structured homolog pairing in Drosophila embryos during zygotic genome activation and demonstrate its application to mammalian embryos. (homologyeffects.org)

Brutlag D.L., Molecular arrangement and evolution of heterochromatic DNA, Annu. (gse-journal.org)
Of course the differences between these bird genomes came about through changes that happened during evolution. (ukri.org)
This is disappointing as mapping information on a chromosomal basis brings the opportunity to address many fundamental biological questions of genome evolution. (ukri.org)

Eggen A., Solinas T.S., Fries R.A., Cosmid specific for sequences encoding a microtubule associated protein, MAPIB, contains a polymorphic microsatellite and maps to bovine chromosome 20q14, J. Hered. (gse-journal.org)

Germ line restricted B chromosomes in grasshoppers. (krakow.pl)
The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)

Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic configuration , and Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)

Here, the authors use haplotype-resolved Hi-C to identify genome-wide trans -homolog interactions in a Drosophila hybrid cell line and investigate complex types of pairing and functional roles. (homologyeffects.org)

2007). This allowed isolation of ECAY sequences and generation of Y-specific molecular probes. (veteriankey.com)
Therefore, microdissected Y-chromosome probes are good for FISH but not suitable for cloning and sequencing of the male-specific or pseudoautosomal regions of the chromosome. (veteriankey.com)

Anatomy52

Organisms7

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs36

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes157

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Humanities1

Information Science11

Health Care6

Cytogenetics13

Genes13

Abnormalities9

Fluorescence in situ hybri5

Whole genome3

Rearrangements16

Deletions1

Repetitive sequences3

Genomic9

Rearrangement4

Genomics2

Metaphase chromosome2

Phylogenetic relationships2

20191

Species8

Entire genome1

Elucidate1

Microscopy2

Fluorescent probes1

Abnormality2

Diploid2

Microdissection1

Gene7

Inheritance5

Comparative3

Structural2

Abnormal2

Duplications1

Cytogenetic studies2

Chromatin1

Karyotypes3

Situ1

Euchromatic2

Organization1

Spatial1

Segregation2

Transcriptional1

Derivative1

Approaches1

Analysis5

Synteny1

Organism2

Clinical2

Inversion2

Interphase1

Assemblies1

Centromere3

Mutations1

Synthesis1

Structures1

Differentiation1

Human5

Embryos1

Evolution3

Microtubule1

Germ3

Boveri1

Drosophila1

Specific2