• Mechanisms of ion transport in carbonate-based and oligoether-based liquid electrolytes will be compared with those in polyether-based linear and comb-branched binary polymer electrolytes and ionic liquids. (aiche.org)
  • Moreover, the transport and separation mechanisms of ions within sub-nanochannels modulated by local charge density remains elusive and an effective strategy to fabricate high-efficiency mono-/divalent ions selective membranes is yet to be developed. (nature.com)
  • Our research focuses on molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of transporters and ion-channels, particularly Ca 2+ transport proteins in mitochondria. (cuanschutz.edu)
  • Drug transport mechanisms through biological barriers. (uninsubria.eu)
  • Normal transport mechanisms in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. (medscape.com)
  • Nevertheless, despite these observations, the molecular mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of cAMP signalling in ageing are not well understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • The main aim of the course is to enable students to acquire specialised knowledge and understanding of membrane biochemistry and the molecular structure, topology and functional mechanisms of membrane proteins. (lu.se)
  • A number of proteins from each process, for which the structure is known, are explored in greater detail in order to highlight the functional molecular mechanisms. (lu.se)
  • Corrosion pits can form on aluminum surfaces and reduce component lifetimes, but accurately modeling pit growth requires information on the transport rates of dissolved metal ions. (aps.org)
  • Stability of Mixed-Ligand Complexes of Metal Ions with Humic Substances and Low Molecular Weight Ligands , Environmental Science & Technology 29 (1995) 2150 - 2153. (psi.ch)
  • Interestingly, we found that exchange of solvent molecules in the carbonate-based liquid electrolytes and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids significantly contributes to lithium transport, while in oligoethers lithium moves primarily by vehicular motion with its first coordination shell. (aiche.org)
  • Thus temporally increased cell permeability enables extracellular molecules with otherwise hampered transmembrane transport to enter the cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Inspired by KcsA K + channel with size of ~5.6 Å and homogenous distribution of carbonyl oxygens, herein, MXene nanosheets and EDTA molecules are used as building blocks to construct artificial ion channel membranes with the right channel size, similar binding sites, and tunable charge density (Fig. 1a ). (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: Summary of possible non-directional motions observed in mechanically interlocked molecules incorporated in extended molecular frameworks. (nature.com)
  • Stoddart, J. F. Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) - molecular shuttles, switches, and machines (Nobel Lecture). (nature.com)
  • In addition, it allows us to 'see' exactly how ions and water molecules are distributed and how they move near a solid surface. (phys.org)
  • Equilibrium measurements from shakeout experiments indicate the extraction involves a complete displacement of ammonia ligands from the coordination sphere of the cupric ion by the extractant molecules, the extraction coefficient being sensitive to ammonia concentration, and ph. (cdc.gov)
  • Using cellular disease models for ADTKD-SEC61A1, we identified an impaired protein transport of the renal secretory protein renin and a reduced abundance of regulatory calcium transporters, including SERCA2. (amrita.edu)
  • Advances in molecular diagnostics have revealed that Bartter syndrome results from mutations in numerous genes that affect the function of ion channels and transporters that normally mediate transepithelial salt reabsorption in the distal nephron segments (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The lectures address the three different main types of membrane proteins and associated cellular processes: transport and transporters, signal transduction and receptors, bioenergetics and photosynthetic and respiratory proteins. (lu.se)
  • All P-type ATPases share a common topology with a transmembrane and three cytoplasmic domains and their transport cycle follows a general scheme - the Post-Albers-cycle. (portlandpress.com)
  • Biological ion channels are protein-based pores capable of regulating ion transport in living cells in response to external stimuli, leading to the ultra-selective transmembrane move of specific ions (e.g. (nature.com)
  • Cytochromes b561 are di-heme transmembrane electron transport proteins. (expasy.org)
  • Our research focuses on characterizing the properties of the cellular molecular sensors in islet cells and controlling the sensors' activities through multidisciplinary and advanced technologies, such as molecular biology, genetics, and nanotechnology. (lu.se)
  • Fluorescence imaging is an indispensable method for analysis of diverse cellular and molecular processes, enabling, for example, detection of ions, second messengers, or metabolites. (jneurosci.org)
  • Cellular Automaton Model of Precipitation / Dissolution Coupled with Solute Transport , Journal of Statistical Physics 81 (1995) 165-180. (psi.ch)
  • 6. Cellular and molecular pharmacology of enzyme systems, with examples. (uninsubria.eu)
  • An example of this would be the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • What is the purpose of a hydrogen ion H +) gradient in photosynthesis and cellular respiration? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Islet cells express various cellular molecular sensors, for example ion channels. (lu.se)
  • Discern and identify the cellular molecular sensors in the islet in healthy and diabetic models. (lu.se)
  • Relationship between Proton Transport and Morphology of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes: A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Approach. (nih.gov)
  • Membranes with high ion permeability and selectivity are of considerable interest for sustainable water treatment, resource extraction and energy storage. (nature.com)
  • Our findings provide a theoretical basis for ions transport in sub-nanochannels and an alternative strategy for design ions separation membranes. (nature.com)
  • Transport of Inorganic-Phosphate and C-3-Sugar and C-6-Sugar Phosphates across the Envelope Membranes of Potato-Tuber Amyloplasts. (mpg.de)
  • The Nernst equation is possible only when ions are in flux equilibrium condition across the membranes. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Measurement of electric conductance of plant cell membranes can provide information on their structure and organization and the manner in which ions cross them. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Doping hole transport layer induced hygroscopicity, ion diffusion, and use of polar solvent are detrimental factors for performance degradation of perovskite solar cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • We investigate the properties of the water/alumina interface using molecular dynamics simulations to determine rates for aluminum ion diffusion in the corrosion process. (aps.org)
  • Ion diffusion rates are highly dampened in adsorbed water films as compared to bulk liquid water due to the combined effects of a strong hydrogen bonding network that forms at the water/oxide interface and polarization at the water surface. (aps.org)
  • The accumulation of such ions in plant tissues in quantity many times greater than the surrounding external medium is possible only through diffusion against a concentration gradient. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • The high rate of respiration in the meristematic cells and its low rate in the maturing cells indicate the involvement of energy in the diffusion of ions against the concentration gradient. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • How is the diffusion of hydrogen ions related to osmosis? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Based on first principles, the mass transfer process is explained to be due to molecular diffusion for small drop sizes while convective transport contributes significantly to the reaction rate for larger drop sizes. (cdc.gov)
  • image: Sunlight begins the process of energy generation in a marine bacterium when it jump-starts a pigment called 'chloride-ion pumping rhodopsin' that moves the chloride ions (Cl-) unidirectionally into the cells. (eurekalert.org)
  • For this experiment, the researchers documented, for the first time, the dynamics of the "chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin," an atomic "pump," which is jump-started by sunlight and moves chloride ions unidirectionally into the bacterial cells. (eurekalert.org)
  • Once inside, the chloride ions create a negatively charged environment, while the outside of the cell remains neutral. (eurekalert.org)
  • How chloride is pumped and transported within the rhodopsin has been elusive, said Marius Schmidt, UWM professor of physics who is one of the corresponding authors on the paper, which appeared March 22 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (eurekalert.org)
  • The movie shows both the mechanics of the pump and the movements of the pump's piston in a cylinder, which displaces the chloride ions. (eurekalert.org)
  • The movie shows in atomic detail how the piston pushes the chloride ions into the bacterial cell. (eurekalert.org)
  • The structure of this chloride-ion pump also resembles that of other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in humans, which regulate functions such as blood pressure and hormone management. (eurekalert.org)
  • Chloride is passively absorbed along most of the proximal tubule but is actively transported in the TALH and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). (medscape.com)
  • Cyclodiene-type insecticides, such as heptachlor, block the uptake of chloride ions by nerve cells, which results in uncontrolled excitation. (cdc.gov)
  • They maintain electrochemical gradients for many solutes, in particular ions, they control membrane lipid asymmetry, and are crucial components of intricate signaling networks. (portlandpress.com)
  • The driving force for the uncharged solutes is the gradient of chemical potential only while for the ions driving force has additional component due to the potential differences (p.d). (biologydiscussion.com)
  • For the movement of solutes, particularly ions, some form of carrier molecule is envisaged which is soluble in the membrane. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • These types of transport properties are important in many nanotechnological or electrochemical applications and in colloidal suspensions for example for pharmaceutical applications. (phys.org)
  • Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • In biology, chemiosmosis refers to the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of the membrane resulting in the generation of an electrochemical gradient that can be used to drive ATP synthesis. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to make ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • During chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of reactions that make up the electron transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, establishing an electrochemical gradient. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Depolarized dynamic light scattering, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to systematically study the influence of MW on the mechanism of ionic transport and segmental dynamics in these materials. (osti.gov)
  • Molecular Dynamics Study of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes of All-Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries. (nih.gov)
  • Results of molecular dynamics simulations of a number of binary and single ion conductor electrolytes will be presented. (aiche.org)
  • In the de Pablo group, Mike's research centers on enhanced sampling strategies, nuclear quantum effects at interfaces, and the structure and dynamics of high-molecular weight polymer systems. (uchicago.edu)
  • Electrokinetic transport is being actively investigated both experimentally and with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations, sometimes with highly divergent results. (phys.org)
  • The manufacturer tailors the properties of each grade by adjusting the acid content in the polymer, its molecular weight, the amount of neutralization and neutralization ion (zinc or sodium), and additive content. (packagingdigest.com)
  • The MIPs are produced by various polymerization methods but in all cases specifi c interactions, molecular partitioning and polymer structure are key properties that we focus on. (lu.se)
  • Molecular cloning of a mercurial-insensitive water channel expressed in selected water-transporting tissues. (benthamscience.com)
  • It is known that certain ions may attain a higher concentration in the cell sap of plant tissues than in the circumambient solution. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • This phenomenon does not operate if the plant tissues are already in excess of those ions. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • It has been observed by large number of investigators that uptake of ions by plant tissues appears to follow a relationship analogous to Michaelis-Menton equation used in studying the kinetics of enzyme reactions. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • When the body is low on iron, hepcidin levels decrease and more ferroportin is available to transport iron into the bloodstream so it can be delivered to tissues throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Over the last two decades, calix[4]pyrroles - teterapyrrolic macrocycle linked through α or meso-like positions by sp³-hybridized carbon atoms - have been exploited as strong and selective receptors and as extractants for both anions and ion pairs. (utexas.edu)
  • The materials we make are niche polymers with tailor-made sites that facilitate selective molecular interactions. (lu.se)
  • citation needed] RASEF intervenes in a direct manner in biological processes such as protein transport and small GTPase mediated signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
  • The removal of the hydrogen ions from the system also contributes to the ion gradient used in the process of chemiosmosis. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Our research contributes to the understanding of underlying molecular mechanism of islet cell dysfunctions in connection with abnormal extracellular environments. (lu.se)
  • When studying cancer's molecular biology we can identify two types of genes that intervene in its development: Tumor suppressor genes: Inhibit tumor formation. (wikipedia.org)
  • We summarized the functions of these modules to three major categories: ion transport, metabolic process and stress response, and especially some target genes are highly related to ion transport, polysaccharides and the lipid metabolic process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite that, the molecular identity of the channel that mediates Ca2+ ion transport into mitochondria remained elusive for several years. (bvsalud.org)
  • The guiding principle of this conference is to convene and highlight the latest advances in our understanding of ion channel structure, physiological roles of channels, ion channel defects that underlie disease, and potential treatment strategies. (grc.org)
  • The 2022 iteration of the Ion Channels GRC will turn toward the roles of ion channels in health and disease, with sessions organized around advances in our understanding of structure, function, and diseases related to the spectrum of ion channels. (grc.org)
  • Although "Ion Channels" is a long-standing and well established conference, we uphold a tradition of bringing new speakers and young investigators front-and-center, for presentation of new ideas and discoveries, with many opportunities for interaction among students and researchers at all career stages in the most collegial setting. (grc.org)
  • This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Ion Channels" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)
  • Kunzelmann K: Ion channels and cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Lang F, Föller M, Lang KS, Lang PA, Ritter M, Gulbins E, Vereninov A and Huber SM: Ion channels in cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Prevarskaya N, Skryma R and Shuba Y: Ion channels in cancer: Are cancer hallmarks oncochannelopathies? (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Teisseyre A, Gąsiorowska J and Michalak K: Voltage-gated potassium channels Kv1.3-potentially new molecular target in cancer diagnostics and therapy. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Kale VP, Amin SG and Pandey MK: Targeting ion channels for cancer therapy by repurposing the approved drugs. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Bates E: Ion channels in development and cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Finally, the modified Walden plot analysis reveals that the ion conductivity transforms from being closely coupled with structural relaxation to being strongly decoupled from it as MW increases. (osti.gov)
  • Fig. 5: Structural representations of switchable configurations of azobenzenes and switchable constitutions in diarylethenes and spiropyrans in struts of extended molecular frameworks. (nature.com)
  • In the following, we refer to pump of halophilic archaebacteria, has become the these as the extracellular (EC) channel and the paradigm of membrane proteins in general and ion cytoplasmic (CP) channel. (lu.se)
  • In silico exercise addressing potential problems concerning the detection of heterologously expressed membrane proteins, solubilisation and evaluation of detergent properties, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtering in the presence of a detergent, and control of the protein's stability and integrity after purification. (lu.se)
  • Imaging was done with Free Electron Laser (XFEL) equipment at the Linac Coherent Light Source in California that uses ultra-short and intense X-ray pulses that repeat rapidly to capture the frames of the molecular movie. (eurekalert.org)
  • Chemiosmosis: In oxidative phosphorylation, the hydrogen ion gradient formed by the electron transport chain is used by ATP synthase to form ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • During chemiosmosis, electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • The hydrogen ion gradient created by the electron transport chain is utilized by ATP synthase to create ATP from ADP and Pi. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Crowning Li + ions by forming more stable and less diffusive crown ether-Li + complexes retards the generation of hygroscopic lithium oxides and mitigates Li + ion migration. (researchsquare.com)
  • The mitochondrial hydrogen ion gradient is generated as electrons pass through three membrane complexes. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • It involves the electrons moving energetically downhill, the complexes then capture the released energy and uses it to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Image analysis of the matched maps identified 7 proteins that were either over- or down-expressed: activated protein kinase c receptor (LACK), alpha tubulin (×2), prostaglandin f2-alpha synthase, protein disulfide isomerase, vesicular transport protein and a hypothetical protein. (who.int)
  • Abnormal ferroportin proteins cannot transport and release iron from intestinal or reticuloendothelial cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dr. Joseph Francisco's work uses computational chemistry to provide molecular level insights into the small scale processes that inform our understanding of the larger scale systems. (carleton.edu)
  • 120 credits) in Chemistry and Molecular Biology and compulsory for a degree of Master of Science (120 credits) in Protein Science. (lu.se)
  • Its molecular functions include GTP binding and calcium ion binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • It resides in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum to channel two types of cargo: protein substrates and calcium ions. (amrita.edu)
  • Treatment with the molecular chaperone phenylbutyrate reversed the defective protein transport of renin and the imbalanced calcium homeostasis. (amrita.edu)
  • How is the hydrogen ion gradient maintained? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • The upper part of the ATP synthase complex rotates when a new hydrogen ion enters. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Similarly, hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane through a membrane protein called ATP synthase. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • What does the chloroplast use the hydrogen ion gradient for? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • A chemiosmotic gradient causes hydrogen ions to flow back across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, through ATP synthase, producing ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • How does the removal of hydrogen ions contribute to chemiosmosis? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • How are hydrogen ions transported through the mitochondrial membrane? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Excessive intracellular hydrogen ion accumulation is associated with hypokalemia and intracellular renal tubule potassium depletion. (medscape.com)
  • The ability to use external energy to drive directional processes in mechanized extended frameworks augurs well for the future development of artificial molecular factories. (nature.com)
  • Mike is interested in using statistical mechanics and molecular simulation to study physical and chemical processes that span multiple timescales and lengthscales, often with an emphasis on soft matter materials. (uchicago.edu)
  • His research often seeks to connect molecular-level details to physical observables, requiring both the application and development of theoretical techniques that permit the systems or processes to be studied. (uchicago.edu)
  • His graduate work principally involved the study and prediction of (1) ion-transport phenomena in polymers and (2) isotope effects relevant to atmospheric and geochemical processes. (uchicago.edu)
  • Lithium Ion Transport Environment by Molecular Vibrations in Ion-Conducting Glas. (kumamoto-u.ac.jp)
  • 19 , 20 Toward Spiro-OMeTAD based HTL, alternative dopants instead of LiTFSI such as Spiro(TFSI) 2 , 21 lithium-ion endohedral fullerene, 22 and lithium-ion-free salts 23 , 24 have been studied to eliminate the notorious effect of Li + ions. (researchsquare.com)
  • Astumian, R. D. & Derényi, I. Fluctuation driven transport and models of molecular motors and pumps. (nature.com)
  • These pumps may also serve as a kind of molecular solar cell for energy conversion. (eurekalert.org)
  • Although the imaging is being used to advance fundamental biological science, this mechanism could also be applied in the future, Schmidt said, to design light-sensitive molecular pumps. (eurekalert.org)
  • The correct quantification of mineral dissolution rates is a critical task for macroscopic reactive transport modeling. (frontiersin.org)
  • These results have serious consequences for the implementation of rate distributions in reactive transport models. (frontiersin.org)
  • Water is both a reactive antagonist and transport medium for corrosion, as it readily adsorbs to the metal and metal oxide (alumina) surface as a thin film. (aps.org)
  • Except for the vulnerability of perovskite layers toward ambient conditions, 7 the most frequently used small-molecule hole transporting layer (HTL) for highly efficient PSCs, Spiro-OMeTAD [2,2',7,7'tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobi-fluorene], shows a poor stability toward humid and thermal conditions. (researchsquare.com)
  • The driving forces for solute transport at membrane level in plants are same as those in the other biological membrane systems. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Through functional analysis, we found that human and plants have similar functions such as ion transport and stress response, so our study also indicates the existence of a close link between exogenous plant miRNA targets and digestive/urinary organs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The organs were transported in liquid nitrogen to the laboratory. (who.int)
  • Chapter 1 gives a brief overview of the use of calix[4]pyrroles as molecular carriers stressing the transport of ion pairs. (utexas.edu)
  • The work described in this dissertation takes advantage of molecular switching phenomena. (utexas.edu)
  • Subsequently, Mike moved to Caltech to perform doctoral research under the advisement of Professor Thomas F. Miller III, becoming a fellow of the Resnick Institute in 2012 and obtaining his ChE PhD in 2016 for studies in path-integral and coarse-graining strategies for complex molecular phenomena. (uchicago.edu)
  • The importance of specifically adsorbed ions for electrokinetic phenomena: Bridging the gap between experiments and MD simulations, The Journal of Chemical Physics (2021). (phys.org)
  • Chapter 2 details a multi-stage molecular equilibrium system that exploits two kinds of cali[4]pyrroles as well as appropriately chosen chemical inputs, and the conseqyent construction of a NAND logic gate. (utexas.edu)
  • If the activity of ion is known on one side of a membrane, it is possible to determine the magnitude of p.d. which will maintain equilibrium across the membrane. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • For non-equilibrium conditions, the active transport may be identified by the flux ratio for an ionic species across the membrane. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Occurrence and transport of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater streams and its detection and remediation by chemical-biological methods. (cdc.gov)
  • The Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th edn (Garland Science, 2002). (nature.com)
  • Sia D, Villanueva A, Friedman S and Llovet J: Liver cancer cell of origin, molecular class, and effects on patient prognosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • To understand the molecular pathophysiological mechanism of beta-cell dysfunction in diabetes using state-of-the-art technologies, such as super-resolution imaging. (lu.se)
  • Llovet J, Montal R, Sia D and Finn R: Molecular therapies and precision medicine for hepatocellular carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The effects of temperature, Al ion concentration, and relative humidity on the water film's structure and transport properties are assessed. (aps.org)
  • Here EN is the Nernst potential (in mV) for ion species j, R the gas constant, T the absolute temperature, Zj the valency of ion, F, the Faraday constant and cj/Cj i the ratio of concentration. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • However, molecular simulations rely on a correct description of molecular interactions. (phys.org)
  • The researchers discovered that electrokinetic properties depend strongly on the molecular interactions between solids and ions. (phys.org)
  • Their function is to make budding from the donor compartment, transport, vesicle fusion and cargo release easier. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molecular machines are essential dynamic components for fuel production, cargo delivery, information storage and processing in living systems. (nature.com)
  • Scientists have demonstrated that they can design and synthesize artificial molecular machines that operate efficiently in isolation - for example, at high dilution in solution - fuelled by chemicals, electricity or light. (nature.com)
  • First, 12-crown-4 as a lithium ionophore can selectively bond with Li + ions through coordination and promote the dissolution of LiTFSI in CB without requiring acetonitrile. (researchsquare.com)
  • To explore the new molecular sensors in beta cells and investigate how the sensors can be activated or regulated by extracellular stimuli. (lu.se)
  • While these designs captured one of biological ion channel feature, to replicate all the three in high precision remain grandly challenging. (nature.com)
  • a The ion selectivity filter in KcsA K + channel is a 5.6 Å channel composed of eight negatively charged oxygen atoms (PDB code 1K4C), which inspired us to design an MLM-EDTA with numerous negatively charged oxygen atoms and 6.0 Å two-dimensional channel. (nature.com)
  • Tsai MF , & Miller C. Building a Temperature-Sensitive Ion Channel. (cuanschutz.edu)