Molecular enzyme glucose transporter type 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

This is facilitated by glycolytic enzymes such as the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) which diverts metabolites into PPP [ 6 ]. (degruyter.com)
These findings indicate that similarities with erythropoietin regulation extend to the oxygen-dependent regulation of genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes but not to the regulation of mitochondrial transcripts, and they show that in glucose metabolism regulation by this system is isoenzyme- or isoform-specific. (ox.ac.uk)
HIF-1 also controls the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, whichare required for anaerobic ATP production. (grantome.com)

The actions of the proteins that control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc, the zinc transporters, are under intense investigation due to their emerging role in type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
Methods and results: Levels of the glucose transporters SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, as well as glucose uptake, glucose production, and key proteins of the insulin pathways, namely insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and PI3K/AKT pathway were analysed. (faksignaling.com)
EC (5-20 µM) and DHBA (20 µM) reduced both renal glucose uptake and production. (faksignaling.com)
Conclusion: EC and DHBA regulate the renal glucose homeostasis by modulating both glucose uptake and production, and strengthen the insulin signalling by activating key proteins of that pathway in NRK-52E cells. (faksignaling.com)
In diabetes, there is a marked increase in renal glucose uptake, which might be accompanied by the upregulation of SGLT- 2 and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels, and the renal gluconeogenesis is enhanced because of the deregulation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes [2, 4, 5]. (faksignaling.com)
Liver-enriched nuclear receptor (NR) proteins regulate the expression and activity of several pivotal hepatic biochemical pathways including the uptake, metabolism and excretion of cholesterol, bile acids, glucose, and xenobiotic compounds from the body. (ku.edu)
It also allows cells to uptake glucose that enters the bloodstream and uses it for energy. (elisakits.co.uk)
increasing DNA replication and protein synthesis, controlling the cellular intake of glucose in adipose tissue and muscles, fatty acid synthesis, allosteric effect on numerous enzyme, gluconeogenesis, decreased proteinolysis, amino acid uptake, lipolysis and increased glycogen. (elisakits.co.uk)
Cancer cells also enhance glucose-uptake to fuel these enhanced metabolic activities [ 2 ]. (degruyter.com)
Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)

This important enzyme complex is located within the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, and catalyzes the terminal reactions in both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Each of the translocase subunits performs a specific function in the transport of substrates and products, and finally release of glucose (which will eventually reach the bloodstream), as a step in glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Inhibitors of G6PT1 are the most studied as this subunit catalyzes the rate limiting step in glucose production through gluconeogenesis or glycogenolysis, and without its function these two processes could not occur. (wikipedia.org)
A glycogen storage disease (GSD) is the result of an enzymatic defect among various reactions that produce glucose, either by glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. (medscape.com)
G6Pase hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), an end-product of both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, into glucose before it can be released into circulation. (medscape.com)
Importantly, the gluconeogenesis is a differentiated function of the renal cortex that also contributes to the glucose homeostasis, as well as to the insulin modulatory effects [2]. (faksignaling.com)
Altered function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in type 2 diabetic patients, a condition preceded by pre-diabetes, has been shown to increase the risk of depression as well as cause downstream effects resulting in upregulation of gluconeogenesis and dyslipidemia. (researchsquare.com)
Hepatic anaplerotic outflow fluxes are redirected from gluconeogenesis to lactate synthesis in patients with Type 1a glycogen storage disease. (medscape.com)

This altered glucose metabolism state is associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM (Figure 1), although other parameters including excess adiposity, inflammation and dyslipidemia are risk factors associated with the development of insulin resistance, loss of pancreatic function, worsening of hyperglycemia and progression to diabetes (1). (ddw-online.com)
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
FH encodes an enzyme that is part of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle involved in cellular energy metabolism and appears to function as a tumor suppressor since its activity is very low or absent in tumors from individuals with HLRCC. (biomedcentral.com)
ETFL is a hierarchical model formulation, from metabolism to RNA synthesis, that allows simulating thermodynamics-compliant intracellular fluxes as well as enzyme and mRNA concentration levels. (nature.com)
Insulin, a hormone produced in the pancreas by the beta cells of islets of Langerhans, has a molecular weight of 5800 Da and facilitates metabolism regulating carbohydrates. (elisakits.co.uk)
A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of the cases of diabetes. (ddw-online.com)
Type 2 diabetics, but also prediabetics, are at increased risk for a wide range of debilitating diseases and diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of kidney failure and blindness and of nontraumatic lower limb amputation. (ddw-online.com)
Despite beneficial effects of current glucose-lowering treatments, disease-related morbidity and mortality remain considerable in T2DM patients, galvanising the search for innovative medications that target the multiple metabolic abnormalities as well as inflammatory processes and other pathways predisposing to diabetes-associated disorders. (ddw-online.com)
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease characterized by chronically elevated blood glucose levels, even when fasting. (wikipedia.org)
The rapidly rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes, along with its strong correlation to heart disease and other health complications has rendered it an area of intense research with an urgent need for treatment options. (wikipedia.org)
Studies monitoring blood glucose levels in rabbits revealed that the activity of G6Pase, and therefore G6PT1, is increased in specimens with diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] This strong correlation with diabetes type 2 makes the G6Pase complex, and G6PT1 in particular, an appealing drug target for control of blood glucose levels as its inhibition would directly prevent the release of free glucose into the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease that is largely associated with increased rates of obesity and reduced physical activity [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
We consider how, over the last 20 years, advances in genetic engineering and cell culture techniques have improved the efficiency and efficacy of the transdifferentiation process and brought us closer to a clinically relevant therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D). (silverchair.com)
Precision medicine is taking root in many fields, including type 2 diabetes. (medpagetoday.com)
The clinical management of patients has been hindered to a great extent by the complex heterogeneity of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). (medpagetoday.com)
Mutation in ZnT8 has been associated with type 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
In type 1 diabetes, there is a lack of insulin production, in type 2 diabetes, resistance of the effect of insulin is predominant. (scirp.org)
The role of zinc deficiency which could at least potentially exacerbate the cytokinine-induced damage in autoimmune attack which destroys the islet cell in type 1 diabetes is still not clear. (scirp.org)
It has been shown that there appears to be a complex interrelationship between zinc and type 1 and 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
2Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Spain. (faksignaling.com)
Scope: (-)-Epicatechin (EC) and main colonic phenolic acids derived from flavonoid intake, such as 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPAA), 3- hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (HPPA), and vanillic acid (VA), have been suggested to exert beneficial effects in diabetes, although the mechanism for their actions remains unknown. (faksignaling.com)
indeed, renal glucose reabsorption has been considered to have a pathophysiological role in diabetes [1]. (faksignaling.com)
In this regard, inhibitors of SGLT-2 have been demonstrated to increase glycosuria and reduce hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes [3, 4]. (faksignaling.com)
Consequently, treatments aimed at improving glucose homeostasis in renal cells are considered critical for optimal management of diabetes type 2 and to prevent, retard or treat associated renal complications. (faksignaling.com)
The gene is mapped to chromosome 20q12-q13.1, a region that has been shown to be linked to type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
None of the variants were associated with type 2 diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)
These results suggest that variation in the coding region of SLC2A10 does not contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in the examined study population. (diabetesjournals.org)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are significant public health and socioeconomic issues. (frontiersin.org)
Soon after the introduction of atypical antipsychotics, which antagonize serotonin receptors and dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 R), numerous case reports appeared showing that the use of these drugs were associated with increased obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
In type 2 diabetes (late stage), beta cells fail to secrete insulin for maintaining the blood glucose level, owing to insulin resistance and genetic defect. (medscape.com)
Pre-diabetes is defined as an intermediary state of hyperglycaemia that occurs between normoglycaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with blood glucose concentrations above normal but below the threshold for diagnosis of diabetes (1, 2). (researchsquare.com)
Specific molecular events caused by high-fat diets lead to diabetes. (blogspot.com)
A new study led by Jamey D. Marth, Ph.D., director of the Center for Nanomedicine, a collaboration between the University of California, Santa Barbara and Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham), has revealed a pathway that links high-fat diets to a sequence of molecular events responsible for the onset and severity of diabetes. (blogspot.com)
Now that we know more fully how states of over-nutrition can lead to type 2 diabetes, we can see more clearly how to intervene," Dr. Marth said. (blogspot.com)
He and his colleagues are now considering various methods to augment beta cell GnT-4a enzyme activity in humans, as a means to prevent and possibly cure type 2 diabetes. (blogspot.com)
The identification of the molecular players in this pathway to diabetes suggests new therapeutic targets and approaches towards developing an effective preventative or perhaps curative treatment," Dr. Marth continued. (blogspot.com)
Methods: In our study enzyme amplification (PCR) of the 10 target exons of the said gene with simultaneous mutation detection in them by PCR-SSCP (Polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism) reaction analysis method was attempted by screening of exon 1 - 10 with respect to normal healthy controls without Diabetes Mellitus. (scirp.org)
Mclntyre, E.A. and Walker, M. (2002) Genetics of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance: Knowledge from human studies. (scirp.org)
Fajans, S.S. and Bell, G.I. (2001) Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity onset diabetes of the young. (scirp.org)
1998).Linkage and molecular scaning analysis of MODY 3/hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha gene in typical familial type 2 diabetes: Evidence for novel mutation in exon 8 and 10. (scirp.org)
Froguel, P. and Velho, G. (1999) Molecular genetics of Maturity-onset Diabetes of the young. (scirp.org)
2001) Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of the glucose transporter gene GLUT1 in maturity-onset diabetes of the young. (scirp.org)
We have recently shown that several PDEs, the insulin receptor and the insulin-sensitive glucose-transporter GLUT4 are expressed in inner ear sensory epithelia and now we wants to examine in more detail the role of these systems to understand the molecular connection between diabetes and inner ear dysfunction using cell and animal models and also performing clinical research. (lu.se)

Enzymes act as catalysts - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells. (wikipedia.org)
It is a common metabolic disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia coupled with reduced life expectancy resulting from debilitating disease states that include heart disease, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, and renal disease [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Over the past decade, it has been well established that PXR functions as a master-regulator of xenobiotic- and drug-inducible expression and activity of numerous genes that encode key members of the phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes, as well as several membrane transporter proteins. (ku.edu)
High abundance of glucose in the cytoplasm of a cancer cell also increases flux into other metabolic pathways such as hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) [ 7 ]. (degruyter.com)
We focus primarily on the role of both types of granulosa cells: mural granulosa cells, which perform endocrine functions, including hormone production and cumulus cells, which provide metabolic support and establish bi-directional communication with the oocyte through various pathways, including direct contact. (juniperpublishers.com)
With an enzyme defect, carbohydrate metabolic pathways are blocked and excess glycogen accumulates in affected tissues. (medscape.com)
Schwahn B, Rauch F, Wendel U, Schönau E. Low bone mass in glycogen storage disease type 1 is associated with reduced muscle force and poor metabolic control. (medscape.com)

The G6Pase complex is highly involved in the regulation of homeostasis and blood glucose levels. (wikipedia.org)
Recent studies have highlighted zinc's dynamic role as a "cellular second messenger" in the control of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
In this study, the modulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling by the mentioned compounds on renal proximal tubular NRK-52E cells was investigated. (faksignaling.com)
Kidneys play a major role in glucose homeostasis. (faksignaling.com)
Additionally, defects at the insulin signalling are thought to affect the renal glucose homeostasis and, therefore, to contribute to the hyperglycaemia [4]. (faksignaling.com)
In addition, insulin is the most important factor in the regulation of plasma glucose homeostasis, as it counteracts glucagon and other catabolic hormones-epinephrine, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone. (medscape.com)
At the end of the 20 and 32-week periods, glucose handling using the Homeostasis Model Assessment indices, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were measured. (researchsquare.com)
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a role in glucose homeostasis during acute stressful conditions (9-11). (researchsquare.com)

The synthesis, secretion, and action of insulin are dependent on zinc and the transporters that make this ion available to cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
Transdifferentiation is a type of cellular reprogramming involving the conversion of one differentiated cell type to another. (silverchair.com)
Reprogramming techniques continue to evolve as we learn more about the developmental and molecular cues which govern cellular differentiation and identity. (silverchair.com)
RhoA activation triggers a glycolytic burst through the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A3/GLUT3 to fuel the cellular contractile machinery, as demonstrated across multiple endothelial cell types. (nature.com)
4 , to model the proteome-related limitations of the cell, as enzymes have to compete for the constrained total amount of cellular proteins. (nature.com)
encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) is a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of cellular redox balance and protective antioxidant and phase II detoxification responses in mammals [ 1 , 2 ]. (springer.com)
The lack of a specific transporter can interrupt cellular functions and cause diseases like cystic fibrosis. (visionlearning.com)
In healthy people, pancreatic beta cells monitor the bloodstream for glucose using glucose transporters anchored in their cellular membranes. (blogspot.com)
Although all diabetic cells are exposed to elevated levels of plasma glucose, hyperglycemic damage is limited to those cell types that are unable to down regulate glucose transport into the cell (e.g., endothelial cells), leading to intra-cellular hyperglycemia ( Brownlee, 2001 ). (scialert.net)
Cellular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens. (msdmanuals.com)
At the cellular level we explore signaling systems, with the focus on the cAMP / cGMP-degrading enzymes (PDEs) and insulin signaling pathways. (lu.se)

Each GSD represents a specific enzyme defect. (medscape.com)
protein_coding" "AAC74888","manY","Escherichia coli","mannose-specific enzyme IIC component of PTS [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
G-6-P deficiency is the specific enzyme deficiency in von Gierke disease. (medscape.com)
Each GSD represents a specific enzyme defect, and each enzyme is in specific, or most, body tissues. (medscape.com)
As noted above, G-6-P, which is found in the liver and kidney, is the specific enzyme that is deficient in von Gierke disease. (medscape.com)

Biochemical assay for enzyme activity and gene sequencing is the method of definitive diagnosis. (medscape.com)

Glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4, also known as glucose-6-phosphate translocase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLC37A4 gene. (wikipedia.org)
GSD Ia may be explained by mutations of the catalytic unit gene of the G6Pase complex, unlike GSD type Ib and GSD type Ic. (medscape.com)
We also subject it to several analyses, including the prediction of feasible mRNA and enzyme concentrations and gene essentiality. (nature.com)
The SLC2A10 gene encodes the GLUT10 facilitative glucose transporter, which is expressed in high amounts in liver and pancreas. (diabetesjournals.org)
The gene was examined in 61 Danish type 2 diabetic patients, and a total of six variants (−27C→T, Ala206Thr, Ala272Ala, IVS2 + 10G→A, IVS4 + 18T→G, and IVS4 + 26G→A) were identified and investigated in an association study, which included 503 type 2 diabetic patients and 510 glucose-tolerant control subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
The recently cloned SLC2A10 gene encodes a 541 amino acid putative facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT10) of the GLUT family class III with between 30 and 34% amino acid homology with the known GLUT proteins ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2), which encodes cyclooxygenase-2, was found to upregulate the expression of TGF-β2 ( 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In the present work we present a succinct review of these molecular interactions, including endocrine and paracrine signaling, gene regulation and cell communication. (juniperpublishers.com)
Von Gierke disease may be explained by mutations of the phosphohydrolase catalytic unit gene of the G-6-P complex, unlike GSD type Ib and GSD type Ic. (medscape.com)
Correction of glycogen storage disease type 1a in a mouse model by gene therapy. (medscape.com)

Glucose-6-phosphate translocase is a transmembrane protein providing a selective channel between the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and the cytosol. (wikipedia.org)
GSD type Ib is a similar condition that has active G6Pase enzyme activity but with a defect in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter protein. (medscape.com)
A newly described form, GSD type Ic, does not appear to be related to mutations within the transporter protein. (medscape.com)
Further works by [8] have established the fact that Zn transporter (ZnT8) is a key protein for the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-cells. (scirp.org)
FBA also fails to capture growth-dependent and protein-level effects, such as enzyme saturation or proteome-related limitations. (nature.com)
Similarly, the PXR protein also forms the molecular basis of an important class of drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting. (ku.edu)
2) a study of the SUMOylation and ubiquitination of PXR protein. (ku.edu)
The hormone decreases blood sugar levels by moving sugar into cells using a cell membrane transporter called GLUT2, which is an acronym for "glucose transporter protein 2. (elisakits.co.uk)
Nrf2 consists of six functional Neh domains (Neh1-Neh6), from which, the amino-terminal Neh2 domain controls binding Keap1-the inhibitor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, that is responsible for the cytosolic sequestration of Nrf2 under physiological conditions (Fig. 2 a). (springer.com)
Of the 31 genes, the 21 upregulated genes were primarily associated with cell paracrine and intracellular signaling, transcription regulation and cell adhesion and migration, and their transcriptional products included transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and transcriptional factor AP-2α/γ ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
protein_coding" "AAC74185","ptsG","Escherichia coli","fused glucose-specific PTS enzymes: IIB component/IIC component [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
GSD type Ib is a similar condition with the defect in the G-6-P transporter protein. (medscape.com)
Preferential activation of microsomal diacylglycerol/protein kinase C signaling during glucose treatment (De Novo phospholipid synthesis) of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
Glucose has been reported to increase the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) and translocate and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
Using affinity purification-mass spectrometry and global phosphoproteomic and protein abundance analyses using three IAV strains (pH1N1, H3N2, H5N1) in three human cell types (A549, NHBE, THP-1), we map 332 IAV-human protein-protein interactions and identify 13 IAV-modulated kinases. (cdc.gov)

These enzymes normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to glucose. (medscape.com)

While the hydrolyzing component of the G6Pase complex is located on the side of the membrane on which it acts, namely facing the lumen, the translocases are all integral membrane proteins in order to perform their function as cross-membrane transporters. (wikipedia.org)
The multifunctional regulator nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is considered not only as a cytoprotective factor regulating the expression of genes coding for anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and detoxifying proteins, but it is also a powerful modulator of species longevity. (springer.com)
In epipelagic SAR324 ecotypes, we observed the presence of two types of proton-pumping rhodopsins, as well as genomic, transcriptomic, and ecological evidence for active photoheterotrophy, based on xanthorhodopsin-like light-harvesting proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
These transcription factors, FOXA2 and HNF1A, are normally required for the production of an enzyme called GnT-4a glycosyltransferase that modifies proteins with a particular glycan (polysaccharide or sugar) structure. (blogspot.com)

MODY can result from mutations in any one of the six different genes, one of which encodes the glycolytic enzyme Glucokinase, associated with MO-DY2 and the other five encode transcription factors HNF4-alpha associated with MODY 1, HNF1-alpha associated with MODY 3, IPF with MODY 4, HNF1-Beta with MODY 5 and NeuroD1 with MO-DY6. (scirp.org)

Mechanism of inhibition of human glucose transporter GLUT1 is conserved between cytochalasin B and phenylalanine amides. (ucsf.edu)

Within this framework of glucose regulation, the translocase components are responsible for transporting the substrates and products across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in the release of free glucose into the bloodstream. (wikipedia.org)
they are ranked as the third or fourth than individually in suspensions and while in this environ- most commonly isolated bloodstream pathogens, surpass- ment may display altered phenotypes (2). (cdc.gov)

Using serum samples of diabetic patients whose glucose concentrations were above the threshold (10.0 mmol/l), spectroscopic methods were used to determine the concentration of glucose and zinc. (scirp.org)
This is said to be due to the constant activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis observed in type 2 diabetic patients (8). (researchsquare.com)

All plasma membranes possess transporters to help move molecules from one side of the membrane to the other. (visionlearning.com)
The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is impermeable to large and polar molecules but permeable to water molecules and other small uncharged molecules like O 2 and CO 2 . (wikibooks.org)
Glucose rapidly increased DAG content and PKC enzyme activity in microsomes, but not in plasma membranes or other membranes, during a 30-min treatment of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
Glucose-induced activation of DAG/PKC signaling in microsomes was not associated with a change in the translocation of Glut-4 transporters from microsomes to the plasma membrane, a biological response that is known to be stimulated by agonists, e.g., phorbol esters, which increase DAG/PKC signaling in plasma membranes, as well as in microsomes. (jci.org)

Winter, W.E. (2000) Molecular and biochemical analysis of the MODY Syndromes. (scirp.org)

Genes mainly involved in coding adhesion molecules and growth factors have also been found to be upregulated in other types of CAFs, including colon ( 12 ) and pancreatic ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
HIF-1 target genes also encode survivalfactors, such as insulin-like growth factor 2 as well as EPO and VEGF, which can block apoptotic signalinginduced by ischemia. (grantome.com)

Conversely, the D 2 R agonist bromocriptine, which has been used for over 40 years to treat Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia ( 6 ), was found to lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)

However, the codon 206 polymorphism may be related to the interindividual variation in fasting and oral glucose-induced serum insulin levels. (diabetesjournals.org)
Geberhiwot T, Alger S, McKiernan P, Packard C, Caslake M, Elias E. Serum lipid and lipoprotein profile of patients with glycogen storage disease types I, III and IX. (medscape.com)

Clinical studies of subjects with the different forms of MODY indicate that each is associated with a different defect in the normal pattern of glucose stimulated insulin secretion. (scirp.org)

With cancers, precision medicine at the molecular level can be applied when somatic mutations are directly identified in tumor tissue. (medpagetoday.com)
As for concurrent mutations, TP53 mutations in AML blasts do not include typical molecular mutations found in acute myeloid leukemia with wild type TP53 , with a lower prevalence of NPM1, RAS and FLT3 mutations [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Seydewitz HH, Matern D. Molecular genetic analysis of 40 patients with glycogen storage disease type Ia: 100% mutation detection rate and 5 novel mutations. (medscape.com)

More recent incretin-based treatment strategies include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics and inhibitors of the enzyme that degrades GLP-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (ddw-online.com)
Many inhibitors of glucose-6-phosphate translocase of novel, semi-synthetic or natural origin are known and of medical importance. (wikipedia.org)

Molecular analysis of non-small cell lung cancer identifies subsets with different sensitivity to insulin-like growth factor I receptor inhibition. (omicsdi.org)
Only one epithelial-like tumor was identified in the phase II study, suggesting that advanced NSCLC has undergone significant dedifferentiation at diagnosis.NSCLC comprises molecular subsets with differential sensitivity to IGF-IR inhibition. (omicsdi.org)

However, the recent ACCORD and ADVANCE trials in patients with longstanding T2DM have shown that aggressive glucose control in such patients has no clear benefits, or may even increase CVD events (3). (ddw-online.com)
Current widespread treatments for T2DM include metformin (suppressor of hepatic glucose production), sulfonylureas (insulin secretagogues), and the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone (PPAR agonist). (ddw-online.com)
This review describes how T2DM and depression can enhance one another, using the same molecular pathways, by synergistically altering the brain's structure and function and reducing the reward obtained from eating. (frontiersin.org)

Fig. 5: RhoA induces glucose transporter SLC2A3 translocation which drives subcellular glycolysis in thrombin-stimulated contractile endothelial cells. (nature.com)
Presently, we examined the major subcellular site of PKC translocation/activation in response to glucose-induced DAG. (jci.org)

While the exact chemistry of the enzyme remains unknown, studies have shown that the mechanism of the enzyme complex is highly dependent upon the membrane structure. (wikipedia.org)
Taken together, the data represent a likely mechanism and provides initial molecular details for the connection between the PXR signaling pathway and inflammation. (ku.edu)
Because no other biomarker/response interaction was observed using classical histologic subtyping, a molecular approach was undertaken to segment NSCLC into mechanism-based subpopulations. (omicsdi.org)
Diversity of function and mechanism in a family of organic anion transporters. (ucsf.edu)

For instance, the Michaelis Constant of the enzyme for glucose-6-phosphate decreases significantly upon membrane disruption. (wikipedia.org)

It consists of three subunits, each of which are vital components of the multi-enzyme Glucose-6-Phosphatase Complex (G6Pase). (wikipedia.org)
G6PT1 transports Glucose-6-Phosphate from the cytosol into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is hydrolyzed by the catalytic subunit of G6Pase. (wikipedia.org)
Specifically, GSD type Ia is characterized by deficiency in the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) enzyme. (medscape.com)
In GSD Ib, G6P transport into the ER is defective and prevents normal G6Pase from converting G6P into glucose. (medscape.com)
In GSD Ia, the transport complex is functional, but the G6Pase enzyme activity is decreased or absent. (medscape.com)

A glycogen storage disease (GSD) is the result of an enzyme defect. (medscape.com)

In humans, zinc is found in all body tissues and secretions contributing to approximately 2-4 g of total zinc in the adult body [ 18 , 19 ] and is therefore the most abundant trace metal in tissue next to iron of which there is approximately 4 g localized mostly in blood [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
We describe a new technique for ascorbate measurement in RBCs of humans, wild type mice, and mice unable to synthesize ascorbate. (researchgate.net)

Early diagnosis and treatment may prevent the development of complications in an adult patient with glycogen storage disease type Ia. (medscape.com)
Increased de novo lipogenesis and delayed conversion of large VLDL into intermediate density lipoprotein particles contribute to hyperlipidemia in glycogen storage disease type 1a. (medscape.com)
Natural history of hepatocellular adenoma formation in glycogen storage disease type I. J Pediatr . (medscape.com)
A monocentric pilot study of an antioxidative defense and hsCRP in pediatric patients with glycogen storage disease type IA and III. (medscape.com)
Nutritional deficiencies in a patient with glycogen storage disease type Ib. (medscape.com)
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in patients with glycogen storage disease type Ia and adenomas. (medscape.com)
Bijvoet AG, Van Hirtum H, Vermey M. Pathological features of glycogen storage disease type II highlighted in the knockout mouse model. (medscape.com)

Moreover, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is 2-4 times higher in diabetics (2). (ddw-online.com)
This study investigated the relationship of zinc and glucose in diabetics. (scirp.org)

2) Chemical diffusion occurs in the presence of a concentration gradient. (wikibooks.org)

Interestingly, EC and DHBA did not modify the levels of SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, and modulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase via AKT leading to a diminished glucose production. (faksignaling.com)
Northern hybridization analysis indicates highest levels of expression in liver and pancreas ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Plasma glucose levels have a major influence on insulin release and hyperglycemia is known to cause an immediate rise in blood levels of insulin. (elisakits.co.uk)
Wild-type p53 itself acts by regulating and promoting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, for instance by enhancing cytochrome c oxidase assembly (SCO2) expression to maintain cytochrome c oxidase complex and increasing Parkin levels in cells, which increases pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α1 (PDHA1), a critical component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex [ 11 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Plasma levels of glucose, leptin and insulin are elevated in males. (jax.org)
Treatment is diet, exercise, and medications that reduce glucose levels, including insulin , oral antihyperglycemic medications, and non- insulin injectable medications. (msdmanuals.com)

Dr. Allen's group uses GC/MS (Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometric Detection) for quantifying the total lipid content in samples obtained from algae biofuels companies who are developing cost-effective ways to optimize growth and harvesting techniques to convert the lipid fraction of the algae biomass into various types of biofuels. (liberty.edu)

The dopamine transporter (DaTScan) is used to distinguish Lewy body dementia from Alzheimer disease. (medscape.com)

However, questions on how zinc transporters are regulated and effectively facilitate zinc flux contributing to cell signaling are largely unknown. (hindawi.com)
A better understanding of the levers governing transcription factor activity benefits our ability to generate therapeutic cell types at will. (silverchair.com)
This cell type conversion potentially represents a novel therapy in T1D treatment. (silverchair.com)
stream ATP-binding cassette transporters and HDL suppress hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. (skanestugan.se)
The coordinate development of both granulosa cell types is necessary to fulfill oocyte requirements. (juniperpublishers.com)
This study aimed to identify molecular determinants of sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to anti-insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) therapy.A total of 216 tumor samples were investigated, of which 165 consisted of retrospective analyses of banked tissue and an additional 51 were from patients enrolled in a phase II study of figitumumab, a monoclonal antibody against IGF-IR, in stage IIIb/IV NSCLC. (omicsdi.org)
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous tumor types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (omicsdi.org)
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)
Many types of components are mingled throughout the cell membrane. (visionlearning.com)
P53 exerts its effects by promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and multiple events including senescence, autophagy and ferroptosis [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
The array of transporters expressed in any given cell defines the cell's function and effectiveness. (wikibooks.org)
Proper retention of glucose transporters in the cell membrane depends on this modification, but when FOXA2 and HNF1A aren't working properly, GnT-4a's function is greatly diminished. (blogspot.com)

Diagnosis is by measuring plasma glucose. (msdmanuals.com)

Both types have the same long-term complications. (scirp.org)
Intensive control of plasma glucose can prevent or delay many of these complications but will not reverse them once established. (msdmanuals.com)

Enzyme deficiency results in glycogen accumulation in tissues. (medscape.com)
Although at least 14 unique GSDs are discussed in the literature, the 4 that cause clinically significant muscle weakness are Pompe disease ( GSD type II , acid maltase deficiency), Cori disease ( GSD type III , debranching enzyme deficiency), McArdle disease ( GSD type V , myophosphorylase deficiency), and Tarui disease ( GSD type VII , phosphofructokinase deficiency). (medscape.com)
One form, von Gierke disease ( GSD type Ia , glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency), causes clinically significant end-organ disease with significant morbidity. (medscape.com)

GSD type I, also known as Von Gierke disease, is an autosomal-recessive condition and has several subtypes. (medscape.com)

These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (wikipedia.org)

Interestingly, GSD type 0, which is due to defective glycogen synthase, also is recognized. (medscape.com)

Glucose-6-phosphate is an intermediate in the glycogen pathway. (medscape.com)
Because glucose cannot leave the hepatocyte phosphorylated, an increase in glycolytic pathway metabolites occurs. (medscape.com)

Insulin stimulates glucose-6-phosphatase which moves glucose into cells. (elisakits.co.uk)
In turn, insulin stimulates other cells in the body to take up glucose, a nutrient they need to produce energy. (blogspot.com)

Glucose production increases with age, making hypoglycemia less of an issue. (medscape.com)
This glucose-induced increase in microsomal DAG was attended by increases in immunoreactive PKC alpha, beta, and epsilon. (jci.org)

Resected samples showed two thirds tumor tissue necrosis as well as high expression of serine/threonine kinase Akt and low expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which activates anti-oxidant response and protects against oxidative stress in viable cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

The demand in organic carbon by heterotrophic microbiota from the dark ocean, the Earth's main remineralizers, exceeds the production by phytoplankton from the sunlit ocean [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The lac operon of E. coli is but one example of how enzyme and transporter production can be made conditional on the presence of a nutrient to catabolize. (lu.se)

These inherited enzyme defects usually present in childhood, although some, such as McArdle disease and Pompe disease, have separate adult-onset forms. (medscape.com)

2 This program was launched to accelerate our understanding of individual variance in the drivers of disease and to support research using genomic and other transformational tools to identify new treatments that target specific attributes of disease. (medpagetoday.com)
Terms that describe the age of onset (juvenile or adult) or type of treatment ( insulin -dependent or non- insulin -dependent) are no longer used because of overlap in age groups and treatments between disease types. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy3

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes5

Information Science2

Glycolytic enzymes3

Uptake10

Gluconeogenesis8

Metabolism9

Diabetes39

Metabolic7

Homeostasis8

Cellular11

Specific enzyme5

Assay for enzyme activity1

Gene10

Protein15

Compounds1

Proteins4

Encodes1

GLUT11

Bloodstream2

Diabetic patients2

Membranes4

Biochemical1

Genes2

Blood glucose levels1

Serum2

Secretion1

Mutations3

Inhibitors2

Inhibition2

T2DM3

Translocation2

Mechanism4

Decreases1

G6Pase5

Defect1

Humans2

Glycogen storage7

Diabetics2

Concentration1

Levels6

Lipid1

Dopamine1

Cell12

Diagnosis1

Complications2

Deficiency3

Gierke1

Reactions1

Interestingly1

Pathway2

Stimulates2

Increases2

Tissue1

Production2

Defects1

Treatments2