Modulation of glutamate metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype glutamate binds. Medical search. Frequent questions

These neurons are believed to release GABA, not glutamate, as their neurotransmitter (Yazulla, 1986), suggesting the weak glutamate labeling reflects the pool of metabolic glutamate used in the synthesis of GABA. (org.es)
This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)
Metabotropic GABA B receptors mediate slow inhibitory effects presynaptically and postsynaptically through the modulation of different effector signalling pathways. (springer.com)
Here, we analysed the distribution of GABA B receptors using highly sensitive SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labelling in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. (springer.com)
To understand the spatial relationship of GABA B receptors with two key effector ion channels, the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channel and the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel, biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches were performed. (springer.com)
Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that GABA B receptors co-assembled with GIRK and Ca V 2.1 channels in the cerebellum. (springer.com)
Thus, GABA B receptors are associated with GIRK and Ca V 2.1 channels in different subcellular compartments. (springer.com)
These data provide a better framework for understanding the different roles played by GABA B receptors and their effector ion channels in the cerebellar network. (springer.com)
GABA B receptors are the G protein-coupled receptors for GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and through coupling to different intracellular signal transduction mechanisms they mediate slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) (Bettler et al. (springer.com)
Functional GABA B receptors are obligate heterodimers composed of GABA B1 and GABA B2 subunits, and they are implicated in a number of disorders, including cognitive impairments, nociception, anxiety, depression and epilepsy (Bettler et al. (springer.com)
Stimulation of postsynaptic GABA B receptors generally triggers inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channels, leading to cell hyperpolarisation (Kaupmann et al. (springer.com)
In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have shown that Purkinje cells (PCs), the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are the neuron type with the highest levels of GABA B receptors (Bowery et al. (springer.com)
Among these diverse features, it should be acknowledged that auto-antibodies toward glutamate receptors, GABA receptors, and K + channel-related proteins are preferentially found in autoimmune limbic encephalitis but not in IMCAs [ 10 ] (Table 1 ). (springer.com)
The maximal level of enhancement seen with either CBD or 2-AG were on α2-containing GABAA receptor subtypes, with approximately a 4-fold enhancement of the GABA EC5 evoked current, more than twice the potentiation seen with other α-subunit receptor combinations. (researchgate.net)
Exploration of extrasynaptic α4β2δ receptors revealed that both compounds enhanced GABA EC5 evoked currents at concentrations ranging from 0.01-1 μM. (researchgate.net)
the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), THC and CBD potentiate GABA A receptors [21, 22] . (researchgate.net)
In this regard, CBD inhibition of 5-HT 3 receptors may contribute to its role in modulation of nociception and emesis, potentiation of GABA receptors may account for its anti-seizure, anxiolytic and analgesic effects, and potentiation of glycine receptors may be relevant for CBD anti-nociceptive actions [3,16, 22] . (researchgate.net)
The levels of SV creatine were higher than those of other known neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and serotonin, but lower than glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). (elifesciences.org)
In contrast, delta-opioid receptor (DOR) agonists disinhibited ACC pyramidal neuron responses to MThal inputs by suppressing local feed-forward GABA signaling from parvalbumin-positive interneurons. (elifesciences.org)

Extracellular glutamate can induce neurotoxicity by either increasing neuronal sodium and chloride influx during depolarization or increasing calcium influx. (biomedcentral.com)
Conversely, inhibition of PVA neuronal activity using DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) or inactivation of PVA extracellular signal-regulated kinase at the critical time window blunted mechanical hyperalgesia in chronic pain models. (iasp-pain.org)
Interestingly, a second antiserum that was generated against the third extracellular loop of the G protein-coupled receptor no longer immunoprecipitated the receptor when covalently labeled with [3H2]azido-CP-96,345. (shengsci.com)
In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)

Unlike ionotropic receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors are not ion channels. (wikipedia.org)
Memantine is a non-competitive ionotropic NMDA receptor blocker. (biomedcentral.com)

Incorporation of the azobenzene derivative gluazo, a synthetic photochromic ligand, into a kainate receptor allows for the optical control of neuronal activity. (cipsm.de)
Secretagogins are EF HAND MOTIF-containing calcium-binding proteins that are involved in early neuronal migration and neurogenesis. (lookformedical.com)

Though glutamate is present in all neurons, only a few are glutamatergic, releasing glutamate as their neurotransmitter. (org.es)
Using immunocytochemical techniques, neurons containing glutamate are identified and labeled with a glutamate antibody. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
Although metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation has been studied extensively in neurons, it has not been investigated in astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
These data suggest that glutamate, acting at several metabotropic receptors expressed by astrocytes, could modulate glial activity evoked by neurotransmitters and thereby influence the ongoing modulation of neurons by astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
Modulation of glutamate transmission has been studied extensively in neurons in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
Many structures and processes are involved in the development of a seizure, including neurons, ion channels, receptors, glia, and inhibitory and excitatory synapses. (medscape.com)
Yamaguchi T, Goto A, Nakahara I, Yawata S , Hikida T , Matsuda M, Funabiki K , Nakanishi S . Role of PKA signaling in D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the core of the nucleus accumbens in aversive learning. (neurotree.org)
Danjo T, Yoshimi K, Funabiki K , Yawata S , Nakanishi S . Aversive behavior induced by optogenetic inactivation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons is mediated by dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. (neurotree.org)
Given the intimate contact of the RPE with the photoreceptor outer segments, diffusion of RPE-released glutamate could contribute to the excitotoxic death of retinal neurons, and the development of thrombin-induced eye pathologies. (molvis.org)
Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists potently inhibited MThal inputs without affecting ACC inputs to individual striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). (elifesciences.org)
Results revealed opposing roles of the MORs and DORs regarding information flow from the thalamus to the striatum, whereby MOR activation decreased glutamate transmission in the striatum, while DOR activation facilitated glutamate transmission via disinhibition of cortical pyramidal neurons. (elifesciences.org)

The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process. (wikipedia.org)
Like all glutamate receptors, mGluRs bind with glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
Like other metabotropic receptors, mGluRs have seven transmembrane domains that span the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The mGluRs are further divided into subtypes, such as mGluR7a and mGluR7b. (wikipedia.org)
For example, group I mGluRs are known to increase the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a type of ion channel-linked receptor that is central in a neurotoxic process called excitotoxicity. (wikipedia.org)
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have various physiological functions in the central nervous system by affecting on several intracellular signal transduction mechanisms through G-protein [ 18 , 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In the next series of experiments, coapplication of dopamine and 1 S ,3 R -ACPD, but not application of either drug alone, consistently induced LTD without tetani or even single test stimuli during drug application, suggesting that coactivation of dopamine receptors and the mGluRs is sufficient for LTD induction. (jneurosci.org)
Immunoblot analyses with anti-active mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP-Ks) revealed that D1 receptors, D2 receptors, group I mGluRs, and group II mGluRs all contribute to MAP-K activation in prefrontal cortex, and that combined activation of dopamine receptors and mGluRs synergistically or additively activate MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)
Our results suggest that dopamine receptors and groups I and II mGluRs cooperate to induce LTD through converging postsynaptic activation of MAP-Ks. (jneurosci.org)

They are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs. (wikipedia.org)
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the largest class of drug targets. (mdpi.com)
Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. (chinaplantextract.com)
The complex pharmacology of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is defined by their multi-state conformational dynamics. (nature.com)
Neuromodulatory transmitters engage G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), activating intracellular signaling cascades that then can directly activate or modify the properties of ion channels. (frontiersin.org)

Acamprosate is a weak NMDA modulator which acts as an antagonist at the mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptor [ 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Receptor types are grouped based on receptor structure and physiological activity. (wikipedia.org)
Several reports have shown modulation of Cys-loop receptors by phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids independent of cannabinoid receptors with potential physiological or therapeutic consequences. (researchgate.net)

This can lead to changes in the synapse's excitability, for example by presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmission, or modulation and even induction of postsynaptic responses. (wikipedia.org)
These receptors are involved in presynaptic inhibition, and do not appear to affect postsynaptic membrane potential by themselves. (wikipedia.org)
The inhibition could be mimicked by the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine (1 μ m ) as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) activators phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 μ m ) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (500 n m ), and blocked by the PKC inactivator (±)-1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (200 μ m ), suggesting a mechanism involving PKC modulation of L-type calcium channels. (jneurosci.org)
Note that inhibition of K V 7 channels is a downstream consequence of Ca V 3.2 modulation due to changes in intracellular calcium concentration. (frontiersin.org)
Thus activation of the vasoactive G protein-coupled Amphotericin B receptor Amphotericin B UT triggers functional inhibition and endocytosis of GABAAR in CHO and human astrocytes its receptor C-terminus. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

Approximately half of the members of the human GPCR superfamily are chemosensory receptors, including odorant receptors (ORs), trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), sweet and umami taste receptors (TAS1Rs). (mdpi.com)
Detection of sweet and umami taste in the absence of taste receptor T1r3. (chinaplantextract.com)
Human receptors for sweet and umami taste. (chinaplantextract.com)

Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)
It's been confirmed that simultaneous activation of different postsynaptic receptors induces cross-modulation of their activation properties and receptor membrane insertion/deletion. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and cortical astrocytes showed striking differences in sensitivity to glutamate and to mGluR agonists, even after several weeks in culture. (jneurosci.org)
Finally, the cross-talk between glutamate and microglia/astrocytes could involve a positive feedback loop that accelerates excitotoxicity. (springer.com)
GABAA receptor (GABAAR) appearance level is inversely correlated with the proliferation price of astrocytes after heart stroke or during malignancy of astrocytoma resulting in the hypothesis that GABAAR appearance/activation may are a cell proliferation repressor. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
Investigations in modifications in GABAAR-mediated features receptor modulation or densities in astrocytes stay unchallenged. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
Hence as much neurotransmitters and vasoactive peptides are released by endothelium and astrocytes and their receptors are portrayed by astrocytes there's a potential for complicated signaling inside the neurovascular device regarding receptor cross-talks. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

The role of GTP-binding protein activity in fast central synaptic transmission. (oist.jp)

Unlike the mGluR-kainate interaction, which required a pretreatment with an mGluR agonist and was insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTx), the mGluR modulation of 5HT actions was rapid and was blocked by PTx. (jneurosci.org)

LY-341,495 and MGS-0039 are drugs that act as a selective antagonist blocking both of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR2 and mGluR3. (wikipedia.org)
2 ms) exchange between the active-like and inactive-like conformations in both apo and antagonist-bound A 2A AR, explaining the receptor's constitutive activity. (nature.com)
One cryoEM and over 50 high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structures are available for antagonist- or agonist-bound A 2A AR and for its ternary complex with an agonist and an engineered G protein, making this receptor an excellent model system for investigating GPCR structural dynamics. (nature.com)
An azido derivative of [3H2](2S, 3S)-cis-2-(diphenylmethyl)-N-((2-methoxyphenyl) methyl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octon-3-amine (CP-96,345), a potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (SP) (neurokinin-1) receptor, was synthesized and shown to have an affinity for the human SP receptor similar to that of the parent compound, CP-96,345. (shengsci.com)
This result indicates either that attachment of the antagonist modified the antigenic region directly, suggesting involvement of this domain in the binding of CP-96,345, or that the loss of recognition by the antiserum is secondary to a change in conformation induced by the covalent attachment of the antagonist at a different site. (shengsci.com)
Thus, we compared in alcohol-dependent patients with co-morbid major depressive disorder the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor escitalopram to a compound that acts on different transporter system and may reduce craving, the glutamate receptor antagonist memantine. (biomedcentral.com)

Due to its hydrophilic character, IP3 can travel to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it induces, via fixation on its receptor, the opening of calcium channels increasing in this way the cytosolic calcium concentrations. (wikipedia.org)

Moreover, neuromodulators control the activity of these proteins through G-protein coupled receptor signaling cascades. (frontiersin.org)
nevertheless overexpression from the histone acetylase cAMP-response element-binding proteins (CREB)-binding proteins (CBP) accelerates the degradation of mutant huntingtin. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
A variety of molecules and proteins interact with and/or modulate the TRPV1 receptor. (biomedcentral.com)
SNARE proteins (string-like structures) then mediate the release of the vesicles containing the creatine molecules into the synaptic cleft in a calcium-dependent manner, and the creatine molecules go on to bind to an as-yet unidentified creatine receptor (CreaR) on the postsynaptic neuron. (elifesciences.org)
Calcium-binding proteins that are found in DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES, INTESTINES, BRAIN, and other tissues where they bind, buffer and transport cytoplasmic calcium. (lookformedical.com)
Low molecular weight, calcium binding muscle proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. (lookformedical.com)

Group I mGlu receptors include mGlu1 and mGlu5 that are coupled to phospholipase C, while both group II mGlu receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3) and group III mGlu receptors (mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7, and mGlu8) are negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase activity. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)

Second, different agonists vary in efficacy and can stimulate receptor activity to a different extent 5 . (nature.com)
Among them, mGlu2/3 receptor agonists have been proven to be effective for treating schizophrenia and anxiety disorders in clinical studies, which may prove utilities of mGlu receptor ligands for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)
Among these mGlu receptors, numerous ligands (agonists, antagonists, positive modulators or negative modulators) have been developed for the mGlu2/3 and mGlu5 receptors. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)

Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Hikida T , Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific control of reward learning and its flexibility via selective dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens. (neurotree.org)
Adenosine receptors are closely associated with dopamine receptors and form heteromer s with them. (adxs.org)

Neuroactive glutamate is stored in synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals (Fykse and Fonnum, 1996). (org.es)
This transporter selectively accumulates glutamate through a sodium-independent, ATP-dependent process (Naito and Ueda, 1983, Tabb and Ueda, 1991, Fykse and Fonnum, 1996), resulting in a high concentration of glutamate in each vesicle. (org.es)
1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

A large amount of pharmacological agents acting on metabotropic glutamate receptors have appeared in literature. (biomedcentral.com)
To date, several ligands selective for each mGlu receptor have been synthesized, and pharmacological significances of these ligands have been demonstrated in animal models. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)
CBD modulation of Cys-loop receptors has pharmacological relevance. (researchgate.net)

Several subtype-selective positive allosteric modulators that activate only the mGlu2 subtype, such as Biphenylindanone A, have also now been developed. (wikipedia.org)
CBD and 2-AG were positive allosteric modulators at α1-6βγ2 receptors, with low micromolar potencies. (researchgate.net)

Their action can be excitatory, increasing conductance, causing more glutamate to be released from the presynaptic cell, but they also increase inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, or IPSPs. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors in groups II and III reduce the activity of postsynaptic potentials, both excitatory and inhibitory, in the cortex. (wikipedia.org)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are known to act as modulators of (affect the activity of) other receptors. (wikipedia.org)

Glutamate (Fig. 1) is believed to be the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the retina. (org.es)
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, including the cortex and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). (jneurosci.org)
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)

They can also inhibit glutamate release and can modulate voltage-dependent calcium channels. (wikipedia.org)

The TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid-1) receptor is involved in nociceptive processing, and is a candidate therapeutic target for pain. (biomedcentral.com)

Here, we review cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in axonal ion channel modulation and examine how changes to ion channel function affect AP initiation, AP propagation, and the release of neurotransmitter. (frontiersin.org)
This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)

Stimulating the receptors causes the associated enzyme phospholipase C to hydrolyze phosphoinositide phospholipids in the cell's plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
The lipophilic diacylglycerol remains in the membrane, acting as a cofactor for the activation of protein kinase C. These receptors are also associated with Na+ and K+ channels. (wikipedia.org)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)
Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)

Visualizing synaptic plasticity in vivo by large-scale imaging of endogenous AMPA receptors. (neurotree.org)
Despite evidence that some endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids interact with GABAA receptors, no-one has yet investigated the effects of CBD. (researchgate.net)

Therefore, smFRET has been limited to studies of inter-receptor interactions in cellular membranes and receptors in detergent environments. (nature.com)
In intestinal ENTEROCYTES it mediates intracellular calcium transport from apical to basolateral membranes via calcium binding at two EF-HAND MOTIFS. (lookformedical.com)

Roles of G-protein-coupled receptor dimerization. (chinaplantextract.com)
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu receptors) have emerged as new therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression and anxiety with their regulatory roles in glutamatergic transmissions. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)

2) Specific neurotransmitter receptors are localized on the postsynaptic cells, and (3) there exists a mechanism to stop neurotransmitter release and clear molecules from the cleft. (org.es)
This implied that GrC subtypes identified by their electroresponsiveness corresponded to specific neurotransmitter release probability values. (nature.com)

For the agonist-bound A 2A AR, we detected faster (390 ± 80 µs) ligand efficacy-dependent dynamics. (nature.com)
In response to ligand binding, different A 2A AR amino acids either alter their sole stable conformations or vary relative probabilities of coexisting stable conformations 16 , 17 . (nature.com)

Hikida T , Yawata S , Yamaguchi T, Danjo T, Sasaoka T, Wang Y, Nakanishi S . Pathway-specific modulation of nucleus accumbens in reward and aversive behavior via selective transmitter receptors. (neurotree.org)

An amino-acid taste receptor. (chinaplantextract.com)

Here we used two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology to compare the actions of CBD with those of the major central endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on human recombinant GABAA receptors (synaptic α1-6βg2 and extrasynaptic α4β2δ) expressed on Xenopus oocytes. (researchgate.net)
Taken together these results reveal a mode of action of CBD on specifically configured GABAA receptors that may be relevant to the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of the compound. (researchgate.net)

Neurotransmitter compounds can be small molecules, such as glutamate and glycine, or large peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). (org.es)

Here, we performed smFRET experiments on functionally active human A 2A adenosine receptor (A 2A AR) molecules embedded in freely diffusing lipid nanodiscs to study their intramolecular conformational dynamics. (nature.com)
At the same time, adenosine modulates striatal DA release by stimulating glutamate release at adenosine receptors in the striatum , which increases dopamine levels. (adxs.org)
Part of this adenosine is discharged from the cell and binds to adenosine receptors of neighboring cells, which is supposed to compensate for the disturbed balance between energy consumption and energy supply. (adxs.org)

Chen X, Jia B, Araki Y , Liu B , Ye F, Huganir R , Zhang M. Arc weakens synapses by dispersing AMPA receptors from postsynaptic density via modulating PSD phase separation. (neurotree.org)

These studies showed enhanced binding potential of [ 18 F]FPEB in several brain areas including striatum, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. (biomedcentral.com)

It has recently been demonstrated that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinyl-methyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (WIN 55,212-2) produces memory deficit in adulthood, an effect associated with a reduced functionality of the glutamatergic system. (researchgate.net)

In this study, we observed that discoidin domain receptors 1 and 2 (DDR1 and DDR2) exhibited high expression in GISTs, were associated with KIT, and enhanced the activation of both wild-type KIT and primary KIT mutants. (bvsalud.org)
This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)
The biological actions of URP and UII are mediated through activation of the G protein-coupled receptor named UT. (mdm2-inhibitors.com)

While most research on TRPV1 receptors has been conducted at the level of the spinal cord and peripheral structures, considerably less research has focused on supraspinal structures. (biomedcentral.com)

For the treatment of ALS, the Food and Drug Administration has approved one drug, riluzole, which inhibits glutamate release. (biomedcentral.com)

Accumulation of [ 18 F]FPEB and [ 11 C]PBR28 were quantitated in several brain areas and spinal cord to determine degeneration-induced modulation. (biomedcentral.com)
It has been shown that ALS patients have enhanced glutamate levels in serum and spinal cord. (biomedcentral.com)

Also, different mGluR subtypes are found predominantly in different parts of the body. (wikipedia.org)

They also generate color opponency in cones, bipolar cells, and chromatic horizontal-cell subtypes. (org.es)

Presynaptic calcium current modulation by a metabotropic glutamate receptor. (oist.jp)

Since therapeutic approaches for ALS are focused on glutamatergic function, we investigated modulation of glutamate transport based on its receptor function as well as excitotoxicity-induced inflammatory response. (biomedcentral.com)
This article reviews recent advances in development of each mGlu receptor ligands and their therapeutic potential. (openmedicinalchemistryjournal.com)

Genetic studies have linked mutation of the gene SOD1 to ALS pathology as well as several other pathological processes including modulation of glutamatergic function and inflammatory processes. (biomedcentral.com)

Antiserum generated against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of the human SP receptor immunoprecipitated only the 80-kDa photoaffinity labeled protein, confirming that it is the human SP receptor. (shengsci.com)
A calcium-binding protein that mediates calcium HOMEOSTASIS in KIDNEYS, BRAIN, and other tissues. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy37

Organisms7

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs109

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

GABA20

Extracellular4

Ionotropic2

Neuronal2

Neurons12

MGluRs9

GPCRs5

MGluR51

Physiological2

Inhibition5

Sweet and umami taste3

Postsynaptic receptors2

Astrocytes5

Synaptic transmission1

Kainate1

Antagonist6

Induces1

Proteins7

Adenylyl cyclase1

Agonists3

Dopamine receptors2

19963

Pharmacological3

Positive allosteric modulators2

Inhibitory2

Modulators1

Major excitatory neurotransmitter3

Inhibit1

Transient receptor1

Pathways2

Membrane4

Endogenous2

Membranes2

Roles2

Neurotransmitter release2

Ligand2

Selective1

Amino acid1

GABAA2

Glycine1

Adenosine3

AMPA1

Striatum1

Cannabinoid1

Activation3

Peripheral1

Inhibits1

Spinal cord2

Predominantly1

Bipolar cells1

Calcium current1

Therapeutic2

Glutamatergic1

Protein2