• Luseogliflozin is a unique sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor which is metabolized in and excreted by the liver in addition to the kidney. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • We conclude that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor could be the choice for the pharmacological treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Results of treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) having NAFLD with sodium-glucose cotransporter- 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) appears promising [3-7], the effectiveness of a short-term treatment, such as 12 week-treatment, has not been established. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • 1 Biguanides-most notably metformin-have been used in conjunction with sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors to treat T2DM. (uspharmacist.com)
  • 2 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are the newest class of oral diabetes medications. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which improve outcome in HFrEF, have been shown to increase plasma GDF-15 in diabetic patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The third new group of drugs, the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors (the flozins), reduce the reabsorption of glucose from the proximal tubules of the kidney, increasing urinary glucose excretion by up to 80g/day. (nzma.org.nz)
  • Two SGLT-2 inhibitors were listed in 2013, and two GLP-1 agonists are also funded under the Pharmaceutical Benefits scheme. (nzma.org.nz)
  • Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) is a potentially life-threatening condition and a reported side effect of antidiabetic sodium-glucose-cotransporter-2-inhibitors (SGLT2-I). The analysis of the herein presented case and its management formed the incentive to prepare this multidisciplinary work and includes an overview about perioperative SGLT2-I-induced ketoacidosis. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I) are a modern drug class within the horizon of antidiabetic management. (frontiersin.org)
  • Canagliflozin belongs to a class of agents-the sodium- glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors-whose novel mechanism of action offers potential advantages over other antihyperglycemic agents, including a relatively low hypoglycemia risk and weight-loss-promoting effects. (docksci.com)
  • Conclusion Canagliflozin and other investigational SGLT2 inhibitors have a novel mechanism of action that may offer a future alternative treatment pathway for managing type 2 diabetes. (docksci.com)
  • glucosidase inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, bromocriptine, and bile acid sequestrants. (cdc.gov)
  • Recent exciting evidence suggests that myokines act to control adipose tissue functions, including lipolysis, browning, and inflammation, whereas adipokines mediate the beneficial actions of adipose tissue in the muscle, such as glucose uptake and metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • In turn, galanin may also distinctly mitigate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in diabetes as well as increase glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiac muscle. (bvsalud.org)
  • Janowska J, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Semik-Grabarczyk E, Zahorska-Markiewicz B. Interdependencies among Selected Pro-Inflammatory Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction, C-Peptide, Anti-Inflammatory Interleukin-10 and Glucose Metabolism Disturbance in Obese Women. (medsci.org)
  • We have studied the relationship between clinical and biochemical parameters and C-peptide and anti-inflammatory IL-10, as well as selected markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction such as: CCL2, CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and E-selectin in obese women with various degree of glucose metabolism disturbance. (medsci.org)
  • Obese patients were spited in subgroups based on the degree of glucose metabolism disorder. (medsci.org)
  • IR alters glucose metabolism, resulting in an elevation in insulin production by beta-cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Insulin resistance (IR) is clinically characterized as the inability of insulin to enhance glucose uptake and metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, if we take into consideration the repercussions of IR on the different organs, it is interesting to differentiate between the outcomes secondary to over activation of signaling pathways that remain sensitive to insulin versus changes that are a consequence of an impaired ability of insulin to regulate glucose metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity have been linked to the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). (hindawi.com)
  • Taken together, the inhibition of hsa_circ_0046060 expression in exosomes from GDM-derived UMSCs can alleviate GDM by reversing abnormal glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in vivo and in vitro . (hindawi.com)
  • Although the precise pathogenic mechanism of GDM has not been fully elucidated, it may occur as a result of abnormal glucose regulation and increased IR, inducing the disorders of glucose metabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • All analyses were adjusted for age and gender, with subsequent analyses for baseline values of LV function and traditional risk factors of heart failure (i.e. cholesterol, HbA1c, cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of glucose-, blood pressure-, and lipid lowering medication and BMI). (easdec.org)
  • The so-called "gliflozines," such as ertugliflozin, empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin, have demonstrated beneficial effects besides their glucose- and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) lowering impact. (frontiersin.org)
  • In four early-stage clinical trials involving a total of over 500 patients, the use of canagliflozin for varying periods was associated with significant mean reductions in HbA1c (absolute reductions of 0.45-0.92%) and fasting plasma glucose (decreases ranged from 16.2% to 42.4%) and weight loss ranging from 0.7 to 3.5 kg. (docksci.com)
  • 10 SGLT2i prevent reabsorption of glucose by blocking sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2 in the proximal convoluted tubule. (uspharmacist.com)
  • SGLT2 are mainly located in the proximal tubule of the kidney and are involved in the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the glomeruli into the body. (docksci.com)
  • Inhibition of SGLT2 lowers blood glucose in an insulinindependent manner as a consequence of blocking reabsorption of filtered glucose in the glomeruli, thereby increasing urinary excretion of glucose and, in turn, potentially reducing body weight. (docksci.com)
  • Canagliflozin (Invokana), an oral selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is under global development with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (docksci.com)
  • Obesity and type 2 diabetes account for a considerable proportion of the global burden of age-related metabolic diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • In patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) parameters characterizing the degree of obesity significantly positively correlated with levels of CRP and CCL2. (medsci.org)
  • In patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, altered serum concentrations of Il-10 seems to be dependent on the degree of insulin resistance and proinflammatory status. (medsci.org)
  • Both, obesity which is a major risk factor for the insulin resistance development and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and the chronic hyperglycemia itself play an important role in its pathogenesis. (medsci.org)
  • W ith the increasing global epidemic of diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, all major pharmaceutical companies are focusing on new molecules for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. (docksci.com)
  • Studies showed that monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces raised echelons of oxidative stress, and excessive hepatic lipogenesis is concomitant to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (diabeets.com)
  • Current studies regarding the consumption of ready-prepared foods and their consequences reliably reported a significant correlation between obesity, several noninfectious illnesses (noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)), cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, several types of malignancies, and many more [1-5] . (diabeets.com)
  • In this CPR, we discuss the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome (O&MS) in children and adolescents with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis, as well as after kidney transplantation, focusing on non-pharmacological treatment (diet, physical activity and behavior modification). (springer.com)
  • 1 The main function of insulin is to maintain glucose homeostasis, enabling glucose absorption and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis, besides acting as an anabolic hormone that favors not only the absorption of amino acids and fatty acids, but also promotes cell growth and energy storage. (researchsquare.com)
  • NAFLD is one of the strongest risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the presence of NAFLD in T2DM patients is associated with a worse natural course of diabetic complications. (e-jkd.org)
  • 특히 당뇨병환자와 당뇨병이 없는 일반인과의 NAFLD 유병률은 2배의 차이를 보였다(39% vs 19%) [ 2 , 3 ]. (e-jkd.org)
  • NAFLD는 지방이 간조직의 5% 초과 축적되고, 알코올을 남성은 하루 30 g, 여성은 20 g 미만 마실 때로 정의된다[ 2 ]. (e-jkd.org)
  • Because the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of luseogliflozin on NAFLD/NASH, 8 with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than 20 IU/L [9], and other 2 with a habitual alcohol drinking of 20 g/day or more were excluded, and the remaining 19 were analyzed. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • 5 Low plasma glucose concentrations, in turn, create a carbohydrate deficit and volume depletion, stimulating glucagon secretion and suppressing insulin production. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a complex heterogeneous group of metabolic condition characterized by elevated levels of serum glucose, caused mainly by impairment in both insulin action and insulin secretion. (scialert.net)
  • Hyperglycemia contributes to glycosylation of proteins and lipids, increases the production of reactive oxygen species, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins in various tissues, promoting thus inflammation processes in the vascular wall [ 2 , 3 ]. (medsci.org)
  • High plasma levels of insulin and glucose due to insulin resistance are a major component of the metabolic syndrome . (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
  • On the other hand, the metabolic conditions, including inhibition of glucose absorption, enhancement of glucose and fat uptake by muscle and heart tissues, suppression of fat, cholesterol and glucose biosynthesis by the liver, reduction of the number of adipocytes, and promotion of thermo genesis, have been shown to prevent and treat the development of diabetes[1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Here, we critically review current data about the multivariate relationship among galanin, insulin resistance, and cardiac muscle to comprehensively evaluate the protective role of galanin and its receptors for the diabetic heart and to determine whether galanin receptor 2 agonists potentially represent a feasible way to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy in the future. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diabetic patients, especially those on insulin, may not recognize symptoms as DKA because the serum glucose is not elevated. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Long acting insulin treatment was shown to shorten the duration of the pH and glucose changes in response to stress when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. (esaunggul.ac.id)
  • Here, we report on six subjects with Diabetic (T2DM) or prediabetic conditions. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Excessive glucose in the blood can attach to hemoglobin and raise the level of hemoglobin A1c. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of glucose (Glu), fructose (Fru), glucose and fructose (GluFru) and sucralose on blood glucose response in healthy individuals. (mdpi.com)
  • For What Is Type 1 Diabetes eating shrimp lower ur blood sugar DMEPOS items and supplies provided on a recurring basis, billing must eating shrimp lower ur blood sugar be based on prospective, not retrospective use. (esaunggul.ac.id)
  • Genetics Home Reference contains information on Glucose eating shrimp lower ur blood sugar transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome. (esaunggul.ac.id)
  • Add powdered glucose sugar free tiger s blood syrup nutrition also called dextrose to water solution slowly while mixing, else the glucose will clump and not easily wheat pasta and blood sugar dissolve. (esaunggul.ac.id)
  • Because each person s situation is different, it is important to work with your diabetes can weed lower your blood sugar levels care team to set individualized blood glucose goals that are right for you. (esaunggul.ac.id)
  • SGLT-2 inhibition also leads to modest weight loss, and slight lowering of blood pressure. (nzma.org.nz)
  • A blood sugar level of 200 mg dL or greater signifies diabetes Diabetes is a disease that happens when your body doesn t make or use the hormone insulin correctly It causes an excessive amount of blood glucose to build up within the blood. (edu.ph)
  • In each Type I and Type II diabetes, the cells within the body are unable to soak up glucose from the blood and turn out to be starved of energy To get the power it needs, the physique turns to different sources, breaking down fats and proteins to feed glucose starved cells This breakdown results in weight loss, despite an increased appetite. (edu.ph)
  • The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects, depending on dietary conditions. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
  • When these cells fail to respond adequately to circulating insulin, blood glucose levels rise. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
  • Insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells reduces glucose uptake (and also local storage of glucose as glycogen and triglycerides , respectively), whereas insulin resistance in liver cells results in reduced glycogen synthesis and storage and a failure to suppress glucose production and release into the blood. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
  • Elevated blood fatty-acid concentrations (associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus Type 2), reduced muscle glucose uptake, and increased liver glucose production all contribute to elevated blood glucose levels. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
  • If this compensatory increase does not occur, blood glucose concentrations increase and type 2 diabetes occurs. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
  • In the realm Low Blood Sugar Symptoms blood sugar level 111 of pharmaceutical products, simvastatin and high blood sugar they often use the other way around glucose instead of dextrose just to trim down the confusion. (ggim.in)
  • Talking with your doctor or health care team about when and how to use blood sugar level 111 What Is Type 1 Diabetes a glucagon emergency kit. (ggim.in)
  • Sources of glucose include most of the low blood sugar levels and migraine carbohydrates that we consume. (ggim.in)
  • The other five subjects achieved clinically significant decrease in blood glucose levels within 4 to 6 weeks. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • [6] Hemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of 1.34 mL O 2 per gram, [7] which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood. (ipfs.io)
  • Thirty rats with fasting blood glucose higher than 11.7 mmol/L were randomly divided into diabetes (DM) and TSF groups, 15 rats in each group. (bvsalud.org)
  • Serum glucose was recorded and thyroid hormones (T4, Thyroxine and T3, Triiodothyronine) were conducted. (bvsalud.org)
  • 1 Simply put, EDKA is DKA in which normal glucose concentrations are present. (uspharmacist.com)
  • The results suggest the probable active participation of higher concentrations of C-peptide in the intensification of inflammatory and atherogenic processes in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. (medsci.org)
  • Undesired weight gains and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are primarily caused by consumption of high fat and carbohydrate, inactive lifestyle, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and genetic susceptibility. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The product is designed to prevent and treat the early onset of diabetes by interfering with glucose absorption and by mitigating negative effects of chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The genetic component of T2DM comes from ethnic group differences in prevalence rates. (scialert.net)
  • Family, history of T2DM has a significant, independent and graded association with the prevalence of T2DM. (scialert.net)
  • The prevalence of diabetes in New Zealand is around 7% of the adult population,1 with over 250,000 individuals in total at the end of 2014, and consistently rising at 7-10% per annum.2 T2DM is considerably more common in M1ori, Pacific and Indian people. (nzma.org.nz)
  • The same applies to Canada.The situation in New ZealandNew Zealand lags behind the rest of the developed world in the availability of funded medication for T2DM. (nzma.org.nz)
  • The aim of the study was to describe recent medication patterns and changes in medication patterns and glycemic control in adolescents and young adults with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). (cdc.gov)
  • The management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM) has evolved with the availability of various antidiabetic agents. (uspharmacist.com)
  • The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases: It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total [9] ) as carbaminohemoglobin , in which CO 2 is bound to the globin protein. (ipfs.io)
  • 10 In Europe, dapagliflozin is approved for use in T1DM patients with a BMI of 27 kg/m 2 or higher. (uspharmacist.com)
  • It is divided into type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which account for 5-10% and 90-95% of DM cases resepectively. (xiahepublishing.com)
  • 2 Deficiency of insulin production or activity results in diabetes mellitus (DM), which can be either type 1 (T1DM) when there is a destruction of the β-cell by an autoimmune process, or type 2 (T2DM) in which there is a failure of the β-cell to produce insulin. (researchsquare.com)
  • These include two classes, which for the first time specifically target fundamental pathophysiological defects present in T2DM, acting through the incretin mechanism, and specifically through the gut-derived hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). (nzma.org.nz)
  • Incretin hormone includes glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells and glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide from K-cells of the small intestine. (e-dmj.org)
  • GLP-1 stimulates glucose-dependent insulin release, inhibits glucagon release, delays gastric emptying, and suppresses the appetite through GLP-1 receptor binding. (e-dmj.org)
  • A significant change in plasma galanin levels occurred in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes or cardiomyocyte injury. (bvsalud.org)
  • Elevated levels of GDF-15 are also associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death within 24 h of an incident myocardial infarction [ 7 ] and are significantly correlated with an increased risk of lower extremity atherosclerotic disease in T2DM patients [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recent proteomic study revealed an increase in plasma GDF-15 by empagliflozin in patients with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance [ 25 ], however, it is unknown whether the SGL2Ti mediated improvement of HFrEF is accompanied by a change in plasma of GDF-15 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 in colonic smooth muscle layer were measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. (bvsalud.org)
  • They have been approved by the European medicines agency (EMA) and food and drug administration (FDA) between 2012 and 2014 for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) ( 9 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In fact, dapagliflozin is the only member of this class that has been approved for heart failure treatment regardless of a T2DM diagnosis. (uspharmacist.com)
  • This normal reduction in the liver's glucose production may not occur in people with insulin resistance. (thediabeticpharmacist.com)
  • The conditions that cause enhancement of intestinal glucose absorption, reduction of glucose and fat uptake by muscles and the heart, stimulation of lipid synthesis and storage in adipose tissue, increase in the number of adipocytes (fat cells), and suppression of thermo genesis are known to promote diabetes [1-7]. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Many randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews report that GLP-1RAs have considerable glucose-lowering effect and lead to weight reduction and low risk of hypoglycemia when used as a monotherapy or combination therapy. (e-dmj.org)
  • In this study, we evaluated the effect of a short-term administration of luseogliflozin to patients with type 2 diabetes having non-alcohol fatty liver disease. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Using alanine aminotransferase >20 IU/L as a diagnostic basis for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 19 patients, not taking alcohol, with type 2 diabetes (male/female 15/4, the median age 57 years) was treated with 2.5 mg luseogliflozin for 12 weeks. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Accordingly, with increasing trend of body weight worldwide, the number of patients with the liver problem is relentlessly increasing [2]. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • Lifetime risk of T2DM development is 40% in offspring of one T2DM parent and increases up to 70% if both parents have T2DM ( Groop and Tuomi, 1997 ). (scialert.net)
  • The learning's also suggest that the select polyphenols and magnesium in OGB may safely and more effectively supplement and or potentially replace T2DM pharmaceutical medications. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • During cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in a process called glycolysis. (ggim.in)
  • The results indicate that OGB alone or together with Metformin works significantly faster in lowering glucose and to a healthy level without side effects when compared to clinical findings with current pharmaceutical treatment options, which take 3 months to 6 months to show clinically meaningful results. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The results of cardiovascular outcome trials of long-acting GLP-1RAs (liraglutide, semaglutide) demonstrated cardiovascular benefits in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a high risk of cardiovascular disease. (e-dmj.org)
  • At every prenatal appointment,your practitioner will take a sample of your urineto check, in part, for glucose a possible sign of gestational diabetes. (ggim.in)
  • All six subjects were treated with OptiCel Glucose Balance (OGB) alone or in combination with their prescription product for diabetes, Metformin. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • The aim of this review was to discuss the current understanding of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) genetic advance and aetiology. (scialert.net)
  • The T2DM is a genetically heterogeneous disease, with several relatively rare monogenic forms and a number of more common forms resulting from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. (scialert.net)
  • Earlier studies using a candidate gene approach, family linkage studies and gene expression profiling uncovered a number of T2DM genes, but the genetic basis of common T2DM remained unknown. (scialert.net)
  • T2DM is a complex trait where common genetic variants having modest individual effects act together and interact with environmental factors to modulate the risk of the disease. (scialert.net)
  • Two broad approaches have been used to define the genetic predisposition of T2DM. (scialert.net)
  • During the past decades, extensive efforts have been made to detect the underlying genetic structure for T2DM. (scialert.net)
  • These studies have increased our understanding of the genetic aetiology of T2DM and provided invaluable insights into the way genetic studies should be conducted. (scialert.net)
  • The present review discusses the current understanding of T2DM genetic advance and aetiology. (scialert.net)
  • Another source of evidence for genetic contribution in T2DM is familial aggregation. (scialert.net)
  • Mutations in some genes cause rare forms of T2DM, giving additional support for the genetic roles in the aetiology of the disease. (scialert.net)
  • This article summarizes the milestones in the development of canagliflozin, leading to its first approval for use in adults with type 2 diabetes. (docksci.com)
  • T2DM is the fastest growing, prevalent and debilitating chronic diseases [1] in the USA and around the world. (heraldopenaccess.us)
  • Alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits are respectively coded by genes HBA1 and HBA2 close together on chromosome 16, while the beta subunit is coded by gene HBB on chromosome 11. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 20 genes consistently associated with T2DM mainly implicate pancreatic β-cell function in the pathogenesis of T2DM. (scialert.net)
  • First, molecular events in T2DM pathogenesis have been examined directly by testing the role of sequence variants of specific candidate genes. (scialert.net)
  • The candidate gene approach focuses on the search for an association between T2DM and sequence variants in or near biologically defined candidate genes which have been chosen based on their known physiological function. (scialert.net)
  • Using a new and powerful technology in the form of a genome-wide chip that genotypes up to hundreds of thousands of SNPs, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have recently led to the discovery of a group of novel genes that were reproducibly associated with T2DM risk. (scialert.net)
  • Furthermore, a correct diagnosis can be difficult and delayed when ketoacidosis presents with unspecific symptoms, such as the picture of an "acute abdomen" ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Consecutive 29 patients with T2DM who took luseogliflozin for 3 months or longer between January 1, 2019 to May 31, 2020 were initially registered. (lupinepublishers.com)
  • GDM is associated with the increased risk of several maternal and neonatal complications, including caesarean section, giant infants, premature delivery, stillbirths, and neonatal hypoglycemia, and it may advance to type 2 diabetes after delivery within 10-15 years [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)