OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Bacterial Typing TechniquesMultilocus Sequence TypingMolecular EpidemiologySequence Analysis, DNAElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldMolecular TypingCluster AnalysisDNA, BacterialDNA FingerprintingGenotypePhylogenySerotypingStaphylococcal InfectionsGenetic VariationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusDrug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialAnti-Bacterial AgentsCampylobacter jejuniMicrobial Sensitivity Testsbeta-LactamasesBacterial ProteinsCarrier StateLeukocidinsPolymerase Chain ReactionMolecular Sequence DataStreptococcal InfectionsVirulence FactorsDrug Resistance, BacterialKlebsiella pneumoniaeCampylobacter InfectionsCampylobacter coliStreptococcus pneumoniaeKlebsiella InfectionsMethicillin ResistanceEscherichia coli InfectionsStaphylococcus aureusMycological Typing TechniquesExotoxinsNeisseria meningitidisCross InfectionGenes, BacterialMeningococcal InfectionsPneumococcal InfectionsCarbapenemsEnvironmental MicrobiologyHospitalsWyomingStreptococcus agalactiaeStreptococcus suisCronobacterCommunity-Acquired Infectionsbeta-Lactam ResistanceEnterococcus faeciumGenome, BacterialMinisatellite RepeatsPetsMeningitis, MeningococcalPoultryGram-Positive Bacterial InfectionsDisease OutbreaksAcinetobacter baumanniiVirulenceNeisseria meningitidis, Serogroup W-135AllelesBase SequenceAcinetobacter Infections
MultilocusStrainsIsolatesPulsed-field gel electGenomePathogensPFGERRNA geneGeneMulti-LocusBacteriaStrainAmplificationRDNASpeciesPolymerase chain reMethodsBiofilm formationPneumoniaeMicrobiologyFragmentsGenomicsCONCLUSIONSAbstractGenetic diversityVirulenceAntimicrobialMeningitisAnalysisAminoCommonlyEpidemiologicalPopulationsDiscriminativeDetectionViralMethodResults2022
Multilocus21
Strains28
  • The phylogenetic trees based on Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) indicated that strain CBA1132 and strain DL1 are closely related while strains NRC-1 and R1 are closely related. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sequence data are ideal for strain characterization as they are unambiguous, meaning strains can readily be compared between laboratories via the Internet. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Laboratories undertaking MLST can quickly progress from sequencing the seven gene fragments to characterizing their strains and relating them to those submitted by others and to the population as a whole. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We provide the gateway to a number of MLST schemes, each of which contain a set of tools for the initial characterization of strains, and methods for relating query strains to other strains of the species, including clustering based on differences in allelic profiles, phylogenetic trees based on concatenated sequences, and a recently developed method (eBURST) for identifying clonal complexes within a species and displaying the overall structure of the population. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Typing of isolates is useful during outbreaks to determine the prevalence and mode of spread of strains and to identify reservoirs and carriers. (isid.org)
  • The aim of this study was to use coa gene polymorphism to identify MRSA subtypes isolated from nasal carriers in Minia governorate, Upper Egypt, evaluate the efficiency of these typing methods in discriminating variable strains, and compare these subtypes with antibiotypes. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) amplification of different DNA sequences can generate DNA barcodes, and analysis of the banding patterns can differentiate strains. (genengnews.com)
  • Core-genome MLST scheme (cgMLST) is recently proposed to sub-type and monitor outbreaks of bacterial strains with high resolution and reliability, which uses hundreds or thousands of genes conserved in all or most members of the species. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, the method is complex and requires whole genome sequencing of bacterial strains with high costs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Previous studies confirmed that classification and prediction of bacterial strains via SERS spectral analysis correlated well with MLST typing results. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this pilot study, 16 K. pneumoniae strains with different sequencing typings (STs) were selected and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on core genome analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • According to the results, SERS technique coupled with the ML algorithm support vector machine (SVM) could achieve the highest accuracy (5-Fold Cross Validation = 100%) in terms of differentiating and predicting all the K. pneumoniae strains that were consistent to corresponding MLSTs. (bvsalud.org)
  • If several different strains are present in a manufacturing facility - and this could easily be the case with many of the more common environmental isolates - investigation results may be misleading or inconclusive if strain typing and comparison have not been undertaken. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • Different strains of the same bacterial species show enough variation within each of these housekeeping genes i.e. at each of the seven loci, to create a vast number of distinct allelic profiles. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • Strains are identified by comparing the sequence profiles obtained with previously published data. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • Rapid and reliable sub-typing of bacterial pathogens is important for identification of outbreaks and monitoring of trends in order to establish population structure and to study the evolution among bacterial genomes especially within and between the outbreak strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All the strains were subjected to Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) technique (Sensititre Vizion Digital MIC, Thermo Fisher Scientific), using a commercial panel for colistin (Sensititre FRCOL plates, Trek diagnostics, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and a commercial plate specific for surveillance on ESBL-producing isolates (Sensitre EUVSEC2 plates, Trek diagnostics, Thermo Fisher Scientific). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results and data from the Internet indicate that sequence type 5 (ST-5) strains were responsible for most of African outbreaks and sporadic cases during this period. (cdc.gov)
  • WGS revealed that strains of each Salmonella serovar could be assigned to a single 7-gene MLST cluster, and strains within the clusters were identical strains and closely related as defined by the 0 and 10 cgSNPs and likely shared a common ancestor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found identical Salmonella sequence types in human, animal, and environmental samples in the same locality, which demonstrates the great potential of the applied tools to trace back outbreak strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the food contaminating strain NVH1032, displayed by a unique sequence type (ST8), was distantly related Dabigatran to all other strains. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • No MLST plan has so far been developed for in order to reveal the evolutionary relationship of 53 strains of this species and to observe whether food-contaminating strains were restricted to particular lineages. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Number 1 MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing) analysis Dabigatran of The phylogenetic tree was generated in Bionumerics v 6.6 (Applied Maths NV) with the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) method on cathegorical numeric data based … Bacterial growth and biochemical identificationAll strains were stored at ?70C, plated about sheep blood agar (Columbia blood agar, Oxoid, UK) and cultivated at 30C over night. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • The sequence of the SzP protein gene, or szP, has been shown to vary greatly between different strains of S. zooepidemicus and the variable regions of szP can be used to genetically differentiate strains within the subspecies. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) strains were one of the major causes of bacterial meningitis in children worldwide until the introduction of an effective conjugate vaccine [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Multiple functions of state write that the detracting strains anchored by poles) and Cloths) could make outlined by factors in type, sample, or measurement equity. (ligaya-technologies.com)
  • Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the capacity of eight P. multocida type A field strains to cause disease in healthy pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These genes were further analyzed by sequencing, and the strains were compared by MLST of seven housekeeping genes ( adk , aroA , deoD , gdhA , g6pD , mdh , and pgi ). (biomedcentral.com)
Isolates28
  • The most recent of these studies reported evidence that a B. cenocepacia strain, isolated from soil, was indistinguishable by several typing methods (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] genomic fingerprinting and repetitive extragenic palindromic [rep]-PCR) from isolates of the problematic CF lineage PHDC ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To evaluate how widespread the emergence of environmental isolates as causes of clinical infections may be, we used a highly discriminatory and transportable typing method to study isolates from several large bacterial culture collections. (cdc.gov)
  • Using a recently validated MLST scheme ( 11 ), we analyzed a collection of 381 clinical isolates of all 9 currently reported Bcc species, from 28 countries. (cdc.gov)
  • A total of 187 distinct sequence types (STs) were identified from clinical isolates within this collection and compared with 233 environmental Bcc isolates (113 STs). (cdc.gov)
  • We found that 81 clinical isolates (encompassing15 STs) were identical by MLST to a wide range of environmental isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • Molecular typing using repetitive sequenced-based PCR (rep-PCR) and hsp60 sequencing were applied to a collection of diverse Enterobacter cloacae complex isolates. (paijournal.com)
  • Comparison ("typing" or "fingerprinting") of epidemiologically related isolates helps to determine whether these organisms are related or not and thus essential to confirm the existence of an outbreak. (isid.org)
  • The identified isolates were tested by Coagulase gene RFLP typing. (hindawi.com)
  • Out of 58 MRSA isolates 15 coa types were classified, and the amplification products showed multiple bands (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 bands). (hindawi.com)
  • Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is a commonly used typing approach with low cost that is able to distinguish bacterial isolates based on the allelic profiles of several housekeeping genes, despite low resolution and labor intensity of the method. (bvsalud.org)
  • When it comes to isolates from pharmaceutical manufacturing environments, the focus is often on identifying unknown bacterial isolates at the species level. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • 16S sequencing is quite a flexible approach and sequencing the full 16S gene, rather than just the first 500 bp, provides additional data that is sometimes required for accurate species-level identification, but can also be useful for highlighting differences between bacterial isolates. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • MLST uses the sequences of internal fragments of seven essential, single-copy, housekeeping genes - i.e. genes required for processes that are essential for cell operation - to characterise isolates. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • It is generally undertaken by Sanger sequencing - in other words, the same sequencing technology used for 16S microbial identification of isolates. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • In recent years, advances in sequencing technology have led to what is known as "next-generation sequencing" becoming much more affordable and available, paving the way to whole genome sequencing of bacterial isolates as a more cost-effective means than MLST for comparing isolates of the same species, and this is now our preferred approach, for a number of different reasons. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • In addition, the conserved genes in general appear to evolve more slowly, and can be used for determining relationships among bacterial isolates [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most of these CRAB isolates (77.62%) were classified as clone complex 92 (CC92), and sequence type (ST) 92 was the most prevalent STs, followed by ST195, ST136, ST843, and ST75. (frontiersin.org)
  • The molecular typing methods showed that human and equine isolates were identical or closely related. (cdc.gov)
  • The MLST system was established using 194 C. jejuni isolates of diverse origins, from humans, animals, and the environment. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The allelic profiles, or sequence types (STs), of these isolates were deposited on the Internet (http://mlst.zoo.ox.ac.uk), forming a virtual isolate collection which could be continually expanded. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The number of carrier isolates belonging to hypervirulent lineages decreased significantly after vaccination, and ST-53, a sequence type common in carriers, became the predominant ST. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A total of 56 sequence types (STs) including 28 new STs were identified among these isolates. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Neither isolates nor CSF specimens were available from the third case patient who was treated presumptively for bacterial meningitis without specimen collection. (cdc.gov)
  • In my PhD years (2007-2010), I focused on the factors affecting biofilm formation among Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial isolates from Egypt. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previously, two serotyping systems were developed based on the bacterial capsular antigens or the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens which assigned P. multocida isolates into five serogroups (A, B, D, E and F) (Carter 1955 ) and/or 16 serovars (serovars 1 ~ 16), respectively (Heddleston et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MLST clustered the HP isolates in one group and the low and nonpathogenic isolates in another. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the other isolates did not match any type available in the MLST database. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This model is useful for studying the pathogenicity of other P. multocida type A isolates in the specific pig host. (biomedcentral.com)
Pulsed-field gel elect2
  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, or PFGE, is a DNA-based typing technique that is highly discriminatory and has been used in epidemiological investigations of S. zooepidemicus outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a highly discriminative molecular typing technique that is used in epidemiological studies worldwide. (applied-maths.com)
Genome11
  • Today, in the whole-genome era of microbiology, the need for systematic, standardized descriptions of bacterial genotypic variation remains a priority. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our gene-based typing approach using online platforms such as the Bacterial Isolate Genome Sequence Database (BIGSdb) allows the scalable organization and analysis of whole-genome sequence data. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Technological advances in high throughput genome sequencing are making whole genome sequencing (WGS) available as a routine tool for bacterial typing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We identify a set of 2,882 core genes clusters based on 73 publicly available Salmonella enterica genomes and evaluate their value as typing targets, comparing whole genome typing and traditional methods such as 16S and MLST. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genomic variation within the core genome is useful for investigating molecular evolution and providing candidate genes for bacterial genome typing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The price and time for whole genome sequencing will soon be in the same range as the traditional typing methods mentioned above. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A fraction of these genes--those conserved in all (or most) of the genomes of a given bacterial taxonomic group--is called the 'core-genome' of that group. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently there are more than a hundred bacterial species for which sufficient genomic data are available to estimate the species core-genome (that is, there are at least three genomes sequenced from the same species) [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fundamentally, it relies on the sequence of several (usually six to eight) conserved house-keeping genes which are individually distributed in the genome. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Therefore, we established an accurate and rapid whole genome sequencing (WGS) based classification and serotyping algorithm and combined it with the detection of resistance genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It will present recent advances in molecular techniques for diagnosis and drug sensitivity testing, including Whole Genome Sequencing, and the new, shorter and more effective treatment regimens to cure Multi-Drug Resistant TB. (classcentral.com)
Pathogens5
  • 1. Ranjbar R, Karami A, Farshad S, Giammanco GM, Mammina C. Typing methods used in the molecular epidemiology of microbial pathogens: a how-to guide. (paijournal.com)
  • MLST is particularly valuable for studying the epidemiology and evolution of bacterial pathogens. (medicallabnotes.com)
  • Streptococcus suis is one of the most important bacterial pathogens in the porcine industry and also a zoonotic agent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is used in the early stages of processing DNA for sequencing , for detecting the presence or absence of a gene to help identify pathogens during infection, and when generating forensic DNA profiles from tiny samples of DNA. (thebearing.net)
  • The implementation of PFGE in international surveillance networks , such as PulseNet , and the availability of standardized protocols for important foodborne pathogens ( E. coli , Listeria , Campylobacter , …) have facilitated the adoption of this technique. (applied-maths.com)
PFGE1
  • Although more recent typing methods are available, PFGE is still the gold standard in many national and international surveillance programs. (applied-maths.com)
RRNA gene1
  • At NCIMB, our microbial identification identifies bacteria by sequencing the first 500 bp of the 16S rRNA gene and searching for matches using the MicroSEQ database. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
Gene5
  • MLST revisited: the gene-by-gene approach to bacterial genomics. (ox.ac.uk)
  • DNA sequence analysis of the 3′-end of the Coagulase ( coa ) gene revealed heterogeneity in the 81 bp tandem repeats region that encoding repeated 27-amino-acid sequences in the C-terminal region. (hindawi.com)
  • However, full 16S gene sequencing results are not always conclusive for this purpose. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • The seven fragments sequenced are each approximately 450 - 500 base pairs long - so around the same length as the section of the 16S gene that we sequence for identification purposes. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • While Sanger technology is well suited to sequencing part, or all, of a single gene, when multiplied up to the requirement to sequence seven distinct loci, it does become a more expensive option. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
Multi-Locus2
  • Multi-Locus Sequence Typing is a technique that uses genomic information to establish evolutionary relationships between bacterial taxa. (wikipedia.org)
  • 9 ] proposed multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria3
  • MALDI-TOF is known to be a reliable method for the identification of intact bacteria and yeast, and is more accurate than phenotypic systems, but not as accurate as sequence-based approaches. (genengnews.com)
  • This sensation, referred to as activation, is normally employed in the dual heat therapy (a improved tyndallisation), a decontamination technique where spores that are turned on in the principal heat step could be inactivated or wiped out as bacteria in the supplementary heat therapy [23]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Once S. aureus adheres to host tissues, it can form biofilms, which enable its persistence by allowing bacteria to evade host defences, impeding access to certain types of immune cells, such as macrophages, which display incomplete penetration into the biofilm matrix and "frustrated phagocytosis" [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Strain8
  • Unlike previous methods for Bcc strain typing ( 10 ), MLST is not based on banding patterns but instead relies on the robust comparison of DNA sequence information. (cdc.gov)
  • How to Select and Interpret Molecular Strain Typing Methods for Epidemiological Studies of Bacterial Infections: A Review for Healthcare Epidemiologists. (paijournal.com)
  • The following are four considerations when choosing an appropriate identification or strain typing platform. (genengnews.com)
  • 4. Understand that not all strain typing systems are created equal. (genengnews.com)
  • Strain-level characterization of bacterial cultures can be provided by restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (genengnews.com)
  • Central databases have been established, to which users can submit strain information and new allele sequences. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
  • This study also showed that the application of VA-MENGOC-BC, the Cuban serogroup B and C vaccine, reduced the frequency and diversity of hypervirulent clonal complexes ST-32 (vaccine serogroup B type-strain) and ST-41/44 and also affected other lineages. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we extend this investigation through using a nested PCR/sequencing strategy to link the culture-negative CSF specimen to the case strain. (cdc.gov)
Amplification1
RDNA1
  • Similar to 16S rDNA sequencing, the development of this technique has been underpinned by online data sharing. (rapidmicrobiology.com)
Species4
  • Conserved genes are present across bacterial genomes of the same species (or genus). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The recent emergence and global spread of plasmid-borne mobile colistin resistance ( mcr ) genes are therefore concerning, even because of their potential to spread rapidly among different bacterial species by horizontal transfer [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A database of standardized DNA sequences will empower researchers and land managers to predict and prevent the arrival of new species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These involve comparing the barcode to sequence data from known species, as well as ancillary meta-data such as geography, observations and photographs. (biomedcentral.com)
Polymerase chain re2
  • Also called a molecular test, this COVID-19 test detects genetic material of the virus using a lab technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (thebearing.net)
  • Till now you might have got some idea about the acronym, abbreviation or meaning of PCR Polymerase chain reaction definition is - an in vitro technique for rapidly synthesizing large quantities of a given DNA segment that involves separating the DNA into its two complementary strands, using DNA polymerase to synthesize two-stranded DNA from each single strand, and repeating the process â abbreviation PCR. (thebearing.net)
Methods4
  • Therefore, it is urgently needed to develop novel methods with high resolution and low cost for bacterial typing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Methods: We document the actual experience of type 2 OPV (OPV2) cessation and reconsider prior modeling assumptions related to OPV restart. (cdc.gov)
  • Many molecular typing methods have already been used to be able to characterize the populace structure within spp and family. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
  • Methods MLST analysis of were included in this study. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
Biofilm formation1
  • Several structural and secreted virulence factors play a role in S. aureus infections, which are multifactorial and depend on bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. (biomedcentral.com)
Pneumoniae2
  • In sum, we show in this pilot study that the SERS-SVM based method is able to accurately predict K. pneumoniae MLST types, which has the application potential in clinical settings for tracing dissemination and controlling outbreak of K. pneumoniae in hospitals and communities with low costs and high rapidity. (bvsalud.org)
  • Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the two S. pneumoniae 307.14 wild type variants to selected antibiotics determined by Etest® after 24 h and 48 h of incubation at 37°C and 5% CO2 atmosphere. (pdesignaling.com)
Microbiology1
  • Important progress made in the fields of instruments, reagents and techniques have make it easier to adapt to the important changes of the clinical microbiology context e.g. increasing use of microbiology tests, shortage of qualified personnel. (isid.org)
Fragments1
  • Then, bacterial cells are lysed and large fragments of the bacterial chromosome are generated by macro-restriction analysis. (applied-maths.com)
Genomics1
  • A regional query of such a database, based on the sequencing of a single specimen or environmental genomics using pyrosequencing technology [ 13 ], would allow researchers to compare diversity, uniqueness and complementarity at a far more rapid rate than morphological taxonomy alone. (biomedcentral.com)
CONCLUSIONS1
  • CONCLUSIONS: Overall correct hand hygiene technique was poor. (bvsalud.org)
Abstract1
  • The documentation of Using such in Assigning tests with in-depth markets includes mass tdof, and the DETECT typing this Abstract has every minute. (ligaya-technologies.com)
Genetic diversity1
  • Genetic Diversity and New Sequence Types of Escherichia coli Coharboring β-Lactamases and PMQR Genes Isolated from Domestic Dogs in Central Panama. (institutodecienciasmedicas.org)
Virulence2
Antimicrobial1
  • The strong affinity to the bacterial cell wall, as well as the well-known biocidal properties of silver itself, increase undoubtedly the antimicrobial potential of the Ag3PO4-based composites. (bvsalud.org)
Meningitis1
  • We recently investigated three cases of bacterial meningitis that were reported from a midwestern radiology clinic where facemasks were not worn during spinal injection of contrast agent during myelography procedures. (cdc.gov)
Analysis1
  • Morphological changes of the bacterial cells were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM EDS) analysis. (bvsalud.org)
Amino2
  • For the most variable core genes, the variance in amino acid sequences is higher than for the corresponding nucleotide sequences, suggesting that there is a positive selection towards mutations leading to amino acid changes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mpn HPRT (MPN672) consists of 175 amino acids and shares 29% sequence identity to human HPRT. (bcl-2protein.com)
Commonly1
  • More commonly, staff of this types have triggered spoilage of dairy, loaf of bread and canned foods resulting in severe economic loss to the meals industry [10-13]. (buyresearchchemicalss.net)
Epidemiological1
  • Results: While OPV restart represented a hypothetical situation for risk management and contingency planning to support the 2013-2018 Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Strategic Plan, the actual epidemiological experience since OPV2 cessation raises questions about what, if any, trigger(s) could lead to restarting the use of OPV2 in routine immunization and/or plans for potential future restart of type 1 and 3 OPV after their respective cessation. (cdc.gov)
Populations1
  • It has been shown that Ag3PO4-based composites are highly effective agents that can eradicate 100% of bacterial populations during the 60 min photocatalytic inactivation. (bvsalud.org)
Discriminative1
  • In addition, we suggest that MLST may have higher discriminative power compared to hsp60 sequencing, although rep-PCR remains the most discriminative method for local outbreak investigations. (paijournal.com)
Detection1
  • The counterpart to the improvement of laboratory performances (detection and typing) is the extra investment needed. (isid.org)
Viral1
  • In 2013 viral hepatitis, of which hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most common types, surpassed HIV and AIDS to become the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. (cdc.gov)
Method1
  • Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a rapid, sensitive and cheap method for bacterial identification. (bvsalud.org)
Results1
  • Larger studies are needed to test if these results can be replicated at a larger scale, since streamlining hand hygiene technique yielded encouraging results. (bvsalud.org)
20221
  • With polio cases caused by wild poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses of all three types (1, 2 and 3) reported in 2022, the number, formulation, and use of poliovirus vaccines poses challenges for national immunization programs and vaccine suppliers. (cdc.gov)