• The specialized olfactory epithelial cells characterize the only group of neurons capable of regeneration. (medscape.com)
  • In no other location in the mature nervous system do less differentiated stem cells replace neurons. (medscape.com)
  • The receptor cells are actually bipolar neurons, each possessing a thin dendritic rod that contains specialized cilia extending from the olfactory vesicle and a long central process that forms the fila olfactoria. (medscape.com)
  • The small, unmyelinated axons of the olfactory receptor cells form the fine fibers of the first cranial nerve and travel centrally toward the ipsilateral olfactory bulb to make contact with the second-order neurons. (medscape.com)
  • Mitral cells are second-order neurons contacted by the olfactory nerve fibers at the glomerular layer of the bulb. (medscape.com)
  • They receive electrical signals emitted from projecting neurons and transfer these signals to the cell body, or soma. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dendritic spikes have been recorded in numerous types of neurons in the brain and are thought to have great implications in neuronal communication, memory, and learning. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pyramidal mitral cells are the largest neurons in the bulb and are located in a narrow band between the external and internal plexiform layers. (medscape.com)
  • The granule cell layer contains multiple small, round neurons that lack axons. (medscape.com)
  • Long dendritic processes of the neurons reach the more superficial layers and inhibit mitral cells and tufted cells. (medscape.com)
  • Proximal synapses arise from piriform cortical neurons and facilitate with paired-pulse stimulation, whereas distal dendrodendritic synapses generate EPSCs with slower kinetics that depress with paired stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Effects of I and TASK-like shunting current on dendritic impedance in layer 5 pyramidal-tract neurons. (neurotree.org)
  • 1996). Influence of dendritic structure on firing pattern in model neocortical neurons. (modeldb.science)
  • Inhibition generated by granule cells, the most common GABAergic cell type in the olfactory bulb, plays a critical role in shaping the output of the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • The convergence of two types of excitatory inputs onto GABAergic granule cells provides a novel mechanism for regulating the degree of interglomerular processing of sensory input in the olfactory bulb through piriform cortex/olfactory bulb synaptic interactions. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the olfactory bulb (OB), locally generated inhibitory synaptic interactions play a central role in shaping mitral and tufted cell responses to sensory stimuli ( Hamilton and Kauer, 1985 , 1989 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • These results suggest that the proximal excitatory inputs to granule cells may play an important role in gating recurrent and lateral dendrodendritic inhibition (DDI) in the olfactory bulb. (jneurosci.org)
  • Cang J, Isaacson JS (2003) In vivo whole-cell recording of odor-evoked synaptic transmission in the rat olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
  • Carlson GC, Shipley MT, Keller A (2000) Long-lasting depolarizations in mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
  • Chen WR, Shepherd GM (1997) Membrane and synaptic properties of mitral cells in slices of rat olfactory bulb. (yale.edu)
  • Cavarretta F , Burton SD , Igarashi KM , Shepherd GM , Hines ML , Migliore M . Parallel odor processing by mitral and middle tufted cells in the olfactory bulb. (neurotree.org)
  • In a realistic model of two electrically connected mitral cells, the paper shows that the somatically-measured experimental properties of Gap Junctions (GJs) may correspond to a variety of different local coupling strengths and dendritic distributions of GJs in the tuft. (modeldb.science)
  • The role of distal dendritic gap junctions in synchronization of mitral cell axonal output. (modeldb.science)
  • Depolarization of the dendritic membrane causes sodium and potassium voltage-gated ion channels to open. (wikipedia.org)
  • The model suggests that the propagation of the GJ-induced local tuft depolarization is a major mechanim for intraglomerular synchronization of mitral cells. (modeldb.science)
  • Some of the granule cell dendrites in the plexiform layer contact mitral cell dendrites through a specialized dendrodendritic synapse, which also is termed a reciprocal synapse (vesicles seen within presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes). (medscape.com)
  • Tufted cells also receive granule cell input, through dendrodendritic and dendrosomatic contact. (medscape.com)
  • Using two-photon guided minimal stimulation in acute rat brain slices, we found that distal and proximal excitatory synapses onto granule cells are functionally distinct. (jneurosci.org)
  • Most excitatory synapses we examined onto granule cells activated both NMDARs and AMPA receptors, whereas a subpopulation appeared to be NMDAR silent. (jneurosci.org)
  • Although the dendritic arborization of granule cells is relatively small (50-200 μm) ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), a single granule cell may receive synaptic inputs from mitral cells several millimeters away ( Shepherd and Greer, 1998 ), providing a theoretical basis for massive synaptic divergence. (jneurosci.org)
  • In vivo recordings, however, suggest that unlike glutamatergic mitral cells, inhibitory granule cells are only weakly activated after sensory stimulation ( Cang and Isaacson, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • These findings raise the possibility that the pattern of interneuronal activation, and thus lateral inhibition onto principal cells, is not regulated predominately by dendrodendritic synaptic inputs but instead may reflect the temporal coincidence of several types of synaptic inputs to granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Tetanic stimulation of axons in the granule cell layer (GCL) not only activates granule cells but also relieves the Mg blockade of NMDA receptors at distal dendrodendritic synapses ( Halabisky and Strowbridge, 2003 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Shipley and Adamek, 1984 ) innervate granule cells at proximal synapses. (jneurosci.org)
  • Two classes of spontaneous EPSCs in granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • A , Schematic diagram of excitatory synapses onto granule cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Two-photon reconstruction of an Alexa 594-filled granule cell shown on the right. (jneurosci.org)
  • Insets show magnified views of granule cell dendrites with spines located on both distal bifurcated dendrites in the EPL (top) and the proximal primary dendrite (bottom). (jneurosci.org)
  • It has also been demonstrated through dendritic computational models that the threshold amplitude of a synaptic conductance needed to generate a dendritic spike is significantly less if the voltage-gated sodium channels are clustered at the synapse. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, relatively little is known about the synaptic mechanisms responsible for activating these interneurons in addition to the specialized dendrodendritic synapses located on distal dendrites. (jneurosci.org)
  • Chen WR, Midtgaard J, Shepherd GM (1997) Forward and backward propagation of dendritic impulses and their synaptic control in mitral cells. (yale.edu)
  • In neurophysiology, a dendritic spike refers to an action potential generated in the dendrite of a neuron. (wikipedia.org)
  • Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. (medscape.com)
  • The external plexiform layer contains the passing dendrites of mitral cells and a few tufted cells, which are similar in size to mitral cells. (medscape.com)
  • However, the existence of dendritic spikes was proposed and demonstrated by W. Alden Spencer, Eric Kandel, Rodolfo Llinás and coworkers in the 1960s and a large body of evidence now makes it clear that dendrites are active neuronal structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels along the dendritic membrane plays a crucial role in a dendrites ability to propagate a signal. (wikipedia.org)
  • T-type and R-type voltage-gated calcium channels have been found in basal dendrites, and it is thought that the activation of these channels during action potential bursts lead to the generation of dendritic calcium spikes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Djurisic M, Antic S, Chen WR, Zecevic D (2004) Voltage imaging from dendrites of mitral cells: EPSP attenuation and spike trigger zones. (yale.edu)
  • Bischofberger J, Jonas P (1997) Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells. (yale.edu)
  • Charpak S, Mertz J, Beaurepaire E, Moreaux L, Delaney K (2001) Odor-evoked calcium signals in dendrites of rat mitral cells. (yale.edu)
  • Christie JM, Westbrook GL (2003) Regulation of backpropagating action potentials in mitral cell lateral dendrites by A-type potassium currents. (yale.edu)
  • Debarbieux F, Audinat E, Charpak S (2003) Action potential propagation in dendrites of rat mitral cells in vivo. (yale.edu)
  • Proximal cortical feedback inputs can relieve the tonic Mg block of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) at distal synapses and gate dendrodendritic inhibition onto mitral cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • ve.x(1) is the number of distal/proximal sections. (yale.edu)
  • Chen WR, Shen GY, Shepherd GM, Hines ML, Midtgaard J (2002) Multiple modes of action potential initiation and propagation in mitral cell primary dendrite. (yale.edu)
  • High dendritic membrane thresholds often make it harder for initiation of dendritic spikes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bannister NJ, Larkman AU (1995) Dendritic morphology of CA1 pyramidal neurones from the rat hippocampus: II. (yale.edu)
  • Berger T, Larkum ME, Lüscher HR (2001) High I(h) channel density in the distal apical dendrite of layer V pyramidal cells increases bidirectional attenuation of EPSPs. (yale.edu)
  • The physiological variability of channel density in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and interneurons explored using a unified data-driven modeling workflow. (neurotree.org)
  • These channels are responsible for propagation of electrical signals in nerve cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Dendritic spikes can be generated through both sodium and calcium voltage-gated channels. (wikipedia.org)
  • The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. (medscape.com)
  • Simple cells in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex of the cat show contrast-invariant orientation tuning, in which the amplitude of the peak response is proportional to the stimulus contrast but the width of the tuning curve hardly changes with contrast. (yale.edu)
  • This area (only a few centimeters wide) contains more than 100 million olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • The olfactory epithelium consists of 3 cell types: basal, supporting, and olfactory receptor cells. (medscape.com)
  • Basal cells are stem cells that give rise to the olfactory receptor cells (seen in the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)
  • Alexa 594-filled stimulating electrode positioned ∼20 μm from imaged dendritic region) reliably triggered Ca accumulations in two of the three imaged spines (sp1 and sp2) but not in the dendritic shaft segment. (jneurosci.org)
  • In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS STING dependent ISG activation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • Conduction velocities are extremely slow, and support is provided in bundles by a single Schwann cell. (medscape.com)
  • Armstrong CM, Gilly WF (1992) Access resistance and space clamp problems associated with whole-cell patch clamping. (yale.edu)
  • MC activity is regulated in part by inhibition from granule cells, which form reciprocal synapses with MCs along the extents of their lateral dendrites. (nih.gov)
  • Dendrites of dentate gyrus granule cells contribute to pattern separation by controlling sparsity. (modeldb.science)
  • In a realistic model of two electrically connected mitral cells, the paper shows that the somatically-measured experimental properties of Gap Junctions (GJs) may correspond to a variety of different local coupling strengths and dendritic distributions of GJs in the tuft. (modeldb.science)
  • The role of distal dendritic gap junctions in synchronization of mitral cell axonal output. (modeldb.science)
  • However, the existence of dendritic spikes was proposed and demonstrated by W. Alden Spencer, Eric Kandel, Rodolfo Llinás and coworkers in the 1960s and a large body of evidence now makes it clear that dendrites are active neuronal structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dendritic spikes can be generated through both sodium and calcium voltage-gated channels. (wikipedia.org)
  • High dendritic membrane thresholds often make it harder for initiation of dendritic spikes. (wikipedia.org)
  • T-type and R-type voltage-gated calcium channels have been found in basal dendrites, and it is thought that the activation of these channels during action potential bursts lead to the generation of dendritic calcium spikes. (wikipedia.org)
  • During LTS bursts, somatic AP half-width increases progressively with increasing spike number, allowing late-burst spikes to propagate more efficiently into the dendritic tree compared with spikes occurring at burst onset. (jneurosci.org)
  • Tonic spikes have similar somatic half-widths to late burst spikes and undergo similar dendritic attenuation. (jneurosci.org)
  • Therefore, backpropagating spikes in these cells can only influence signaling in the proximal part of the dendritic tree. (jneurosci.org)
  • Certain voltage- and time-dependencies of ICa,L were recorded using the whole-cell patch clamp method in the presence and absence of different concentrations of bupivacaine. (nih.gov)
  • In either cell type, high-frequency low-threshold spike burst or lower-frequency tonic APs undergo substantial voltage attenuation as they spread into the dendritic tree. (jneurosci.org)
  • We demonstrated that MCs can be loaded into shed microvesicles with greater efficiency than their parental plasmid counterparts and that microvesicle-mediated MC delivery led to significantly higher and more prolonged transgene expression in recipient cells than microvesicles loaded with the parental plasmid. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The olfactory cortex has been studied as a "simple model" to address sensory processing, though little is known about its precise cell origin, diversity, and identity. (eneuro.org)
  • These results suggest that MC delivery via microvesicles can mediate gene transfer to an extent that enables effective prodrug conversion and tumor cell death such that it comprises a promising approach to cancer therapy. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • We previously demonstrated that microvesicles can functionally deliver plasmid DNA to cells and showed that plasmid size and sequence, in part, determine the delivery efficiency. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • In vivo evaluation of the bystander effect in mouse models demonstrated that for effective therapy, at least 1% of tumor cells need to be delivered with TK-NTR-encoding MCs. (regenerativemedicine.net)
  • The enteric nervous system (ENS) coordinates diverse functions in the intestine but has eluded comprehensive molecular characterization because of the rarity and diversity of cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Supporting cells are scattered among the receptor cells and have numerous microvilli and secretory granules, which empty their contents onto the mucosal surface. (medscape.com)
  • In vivo delivery of TK-NTR and administration of prodrugs led to the effective killing of both targeted cells and surrounding tumor cells via TK-NTR-mediated conversion of co-delivered prodrugs into active cytotoxic agents. (regenerativemedicine.net)