AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation Science
Cell CycleSpindle ApparatusG2 PhaseGene Products, vprCell Cycle ProteinsG1 PhaseMitosisS PhaseCell DivisionMicrotubulesDisease ProgressionNevus, Spindle CellCentrosomeMuscle SpindlesCell Line, TumorPhosphorylationMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsAnaphaseKinetochoresTubulinMetaphaseKinesinChromosome SegregationNuclear Matrix-Associated ProteinsNocodazoleAurora KinasesCell Cycle CheckpointsNeoplasms, Muscle TissueProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesHeLa CellsDyneinsMad2 ProteinsNuclear ProteinsImmunohistochemistryTelophaseCentriolesInterphaseChromosomesMutationM Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsSarcoma, KaposiCDC2 Protein KinaseGenes, cdcSarcomaSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsCytokinesisCyclin BMicrotubule ProteinsMolecular Sequence DataCarcinosarcomaMyofibromaCyclinsGranuloma, Plasma CellCell LineSaccharomyces cerevisiaeModels, BiologicalMicroscopy, FluorescenceCell NucleusMeiosisSarcoma, SynovialCell ProliferationProphaseSolitary Fibrous TumorsApoptosisran GTP-Binding ProteinPrometaphaseLipomaVimentinTime FactorsCell PolarityRNA InterferenceCell Nucleus DivisionAmino Acid SequenceUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesProtein BindingXenopus ProteinsFungal ProteinsSchizosaccharomycesTumor Suppressor Protein p53LeiomyosarcomaFluorescent Antibody TechniqueSignal TransductionAnaphase-Promoting Complex-CyclosomeMolecular Motor ProteinsMicrotubule-Organizing CenterCells, CulturedChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneCentromereAurora Kinase ACarcinomaEmbryo, NonmammalianRNA, Small InterferingRecombinant Fusion ProteinsSoft Tissue NeoplasmsProtein KinasesPhenotypeTumor Cells, CulturedDrosophila ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins
MitosisCheckpointsMicrotubuleProteinsArrestProliferationCytokinesisChromosomalInterphaseChromosomesPathwayInhibitionInhibitorsAnaphasePhosphorylationPhasesRegulationReplicationCDK1VitroKinetochoreGenomePathwaysYeastProtein KinaseCyclin-dependGeneticMammalianCytoplasmUndergoTransitionEnds of spindleSynthesisKinetochoresEukaryotic cellCentrosomeCellularMRNADifferentiationSurvivalPhaseKinaseStimulatesGenesHaploid cellsTumor cellsMechanismsDendritic cellsSaccharomycesXenopusDivisionKinasesFunctionsTranscriptionApoptosisHistoneRestrictionGenomic integrityIntracellular
Mitosis31
Checkpoints8
  • Progression through checkpoints during interphase is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which are activated when bound by specific cyclins (see table below). (biolegend.com)
  • To maintain the integrity of the genome, proliferating cells must be able to block progression through the division cycle at key transition points (called "checkpoints") if there have been problems in the replication of the chromosomes or their biorientation on the mitotic spindle. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These checkpoints are governed by protein-interaction networks, composed of phase-specific cell-cycle activators and inhibitors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We describe how the FADS motif responds to signals in the manner of a bistable toggle switch, and then we discuss how this toggle switch accounts for the abrupt and irreversible nature of three specific cell-cycle checkpoints. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In our body's cells, Cell Cycle Checkpoints are regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the cell cycle . (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • The cell cycle checkpoints ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the genome and cytoplasm, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • To ensure faithful transmission of the genome upon cell division, eukaryotic cells have developed checkpoints, regulatory pathways that delay cell-cycle progression until completion of prior events. (sdbonline.org)
  • The G1/S and intra-S phase checkpoints inhibit the replication of damaged DNA and work in a coordinated manner with the DNA repair machinery to permit the restitution of DNA integrity, thereby increasing cell survival. (oncohemakey.com)
Microtubule5
  • TPX2 is a protein critical for microtubule growth and mitotic spindle function. (biolegend.com)
  • The mechanism of vincristine is the inhibition of microtubule dynamics that would cause mitotic arrest and eventual cell death. (smpdb.ca)
  • As a microtubule destabilizing agent, Vincristine stimulates mitotic spindle destruction and microtubule depolymerization at high concentrations. (smpdb.ca)
  • Participates in the modulation of multiple and diverse biological processes such as cell cycle control, genomic integrity, microtubule dynamics, cell differentiation, metabolic networks, and autophagy. (nih.gov)
  • Functions in the antephase checkpoint preventing precocious mitotic entry in response to microtubule stress agents, and hence allowing proper inheritance of chromosomes. (nih.gov)
Proteins26
  • Cells can also be genome edited such that some cellular proteins are made with conjugated fluorescent tags such as GFP, mCherry, and Luciferase that can be used to detect and quantify those components. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique for sorting out the cells based on the differences that can be detected by light scatter (e.g. cell size) or fluorescence emission (by penetrated DNA, RNA, proteins or antigens). (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell cycle is delicately controlled by complex mechanisms integrating many proteins to ensure correct cell division with duplication of the cellular genome into daughter cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 67 , 68 ] The transition from one cell cycle phase to another is critically regulated by four major families of proteins, such as cyclins, CDKs, CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) and pocket proteins. (medscape.com)
  • [ 68 , 71-73 ] The integrity of CDKI-cyclins/CDK-Rb pocket proteins-E2F family cascade is thought to be a major determinant in regulating cell fate. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to CDKIs, pRb and the related 'pocket' proteins p107 and p130 are some of the major negative regulators in controlling mammalian cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • [ 75 ] These pocket proteins, in their active hypophosphorylated state as found in quiescent cells (G0 phase), block cell cycle progression through interactions with the E2F family of transcription factors. (medscape.com)
  • Under these circumstances, multiple intracellular foci of spindle checkpoint proteins Bub1 and Mad2 were seen, and deletion of bub1 exacerbated the mitotic defects and the loss of cell viability that resulted from the loss of pfs2 function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Study cell division with antibodies for detecting cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases that control cycle progression, bioactive and stable recombinant proteins that stimulate or suppress cell division, and specialized dyes that can track cell proliferation. (biolegend.com)
  • Once the required proteins and growth are complete, the cell enters the next phase of the cell cycle, S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spindle checkpoint of budding yeast depends on a tight complex between the Mad1 and Mad2 proteins. (vt.edu)
  • In this paper, we propose a dynamical model of the interactions among the proteins governing DNA replication and cell division in fission yeast. (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • In case of induced over- production of regulatory proteins, our model predicts that cells first switch from normal mitotic cell cycles to growth-controlled endoreplication, and ultimately to disorganized over-replication, parallel to the slow increase of protein to very high levels. (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • ATM and ATR substrates include checkpoint kinases CHK1 and CHK2, which phosphorylate proteins that mediate cell-cycle arrest. (sdbonline.org)
  • One approach to investigate mitotic centriole function is to ask whether mutation of centriole-associated proteins can cause genomic instability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Exophers can carry potentially deleterious proteins and organelles out of the neuron and can hand these materials off to neighboring glial-like cells. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • During the G1 phase, the cell actively uptakes nutrients and synthesizes proteins and other essential molecules. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The G2 phase involves the cell making final preparations, such as synthesizing proteins, for the impending mitotic or meiotic division. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Although 1 affects different signaling pathways in different cell lines and has multiple functions, we have identified its target proteins, which explain and clarify the universal mechanism of its medicinal efficacy. (nature.com)
  • Aurora kinases are proteins with an important role in the control of the cycle and cell proliferation and are overexpressed in prostate, breast, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, or glioblastoma cancers. (freedissertation.com)
  • There is a series of proteins that belong to an extensive network of pathways that regulate cell growth and proliferation, and reduce apoptosis, as phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/PKB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/MAPK), aurora kinase (AURK), and inhibitory kappa B kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B (IKK/NF-κB) (12-14). (freedissertation.com)
  • Accumulation of mutations in the genes that express these proteins can lead to over-activated signalling pathways, an uncontrolled cell cycle and favour appearance of cancer (15). (freedissertation.com)
  • Mitotic kinases are the main proteins that coordinate accurate mitotic processing [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • NPM is over-expressed in solid tumors of diverse histological origin 6 or is involved in tumor progression 7 - 9 In several hematologic malignancies, the NPM1 locus is lost 10 or translocated leading to the formation of oncogenic fusion proteins. (haematologica.org)
  • a member of the MRN complex , composed of Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1), BRCA1, and SMC1 (structural maintenance of chromosomes), and these proteins coordinate repair with the cell cycle. (oncohemakey.com)
  • Occupational exposure limits with proteins such as topoisomerase inhibitors, and mitotic and meiotic spindle poisons. (cdc.gov)
Arrest16
  • HDAC Inhibitor-Induced Mitotic Arrest Is Mediated by Eg5/KIF11 Acetylation. (nih.gov)
  • HDAC inhibitor-induced G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest has been attributed to epigenetic transcriptional changes mediated by histone acetylation. (nih.gov)
  • Importantly, an HDAC1- and HDAC2-selective inhibitor caused mitotic arrest and monopolar spindle formation, consistent with a model in which Eg5 deacetylation by HDAC1 is critical for mitotic progression. (nih.gov)
  • DAF1, a mutant gene affecting size control, pheromone arrest, and cell cycle kinetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (vt.edu)
  • Progression from metaphase to anaphase is blocked and cells enter a state of mitotic arrest. (smpdb.ca)
  • Another possibility is cell death during mitotic arrest. (smpdb.ca)
  • Embryos from nopo females undergo mitotic arrest with acentrosomal, barrel-shaped spindles during syncytial divisions. (sdbonline.org)
  • Cell cycle arrest and stereotypic transcriptional responses to DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR) were quantified in telomerase-expressing human diploid fibroblasts. (nih.gov)
  • 90% arrest of progression from G 2 to M at 2 hr post-IR and a similarly severe arrest of progression from G 1 to S at 6 and 12 hr post-IR. (nih.gov)
  • We showed that one copy of the SBDSR126T transgene permitted the establishment of maternal zygotic sbds-null fish which produced defective embryos with cdkn1a up-regulation, a Tp53 target involved in cell cycle arrest. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • Further examination showed that KUD773 inhibited tubulin polymerization and induced an increase of mitotic phosphoproteins and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) phosphorylation, indicating a mitotic arrest of the cell cycle through an anti-tubulin action. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It inhibits tubulin polymerization associated with an anti-Aurora A activity, leading to Cdk1 activation and mitotic arrest of the cell cycle that in turn induces Bcl-2 degradation and a subsequent caspase activation in HRPCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The anticancer agents that act on different cellular targets may result in an arrest of the cell cycle at particular phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Accordingly, a novel approach that reduces toxic effect but reserves the activity to trigger mitotic arrest and cell death can be helpful in cancer chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, when re expressed in SW13 cells, BRG1 interacts with all the retinoblastoma protein to induce a G1 cell cycle arrest. (aurorapathway.com)
  • If irradiated cells have already passed the restriction point, a position in G1 phase that is regulated by the phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( Rb ) and its dissociation from the E2F family of transcription factors, they will transiently arrest in S phase. (oncohemakey.com)
Proliferation17
  • Cancer development critically depends on the subtle balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis-mediated cell death. (medscape.com)
  • Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) is an epigenetic enzyme that regulates key cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell survival, by deacetylating histone substrates. (nih.gov)
  • SCF-based ubiquitination pathways may play a key role in diverse biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and development. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • This response must be tightly regulated, since improper cell proliferation can lead to tumor growth or developmental problems. (biolegend.com)
  • Cell cycle inhibition - Dysregulation of the cell cycle can result in uncontrolled proliferation of cells, which will cause tumor growth and cancer. (biolegend.com)
  • sample_type A C177537 GDC Value Terminology C116938 CDK4/6 Inhibition Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 pathway activity to prevent proliferation of cancer cells and tumor growth. (nih.gov)
  • This prevents tumor cell proliferation in cancer cells overexpressing ROR1. (nih.gov)
  • sCLU, a heterodimeric disulfide-linked glycoprotein overexpressed by various types of cancer cells, contributes to proliferation and survival of cancer cells, and stimulates tumor cell EMT. (nih.gov)
  • Cell proliferation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation , and cell proliferation . (lookformedical.com)
  • PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. (lookformedical.com)
  • Radiosusceptibility in vitro was evaluated by sub-G1 analysis (apoptosis) and determination of the proliferation rate. (oncotarget.com)
  • Proliferation capacity was not altered by ionizing radiation in both cell lines. (oncotarget.com)
  • New therapeutic targets are being investigated to find more effective treatments against PCa, which are based on inhibiting enzymes involved in the regulation of cell cycle and proliferation. (freedissertation.com)
  • Regenerative DMR-mapped differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in pathways controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These novel data show that iNOP-7 can deliver siRNA against PLK1 to NSCLC cells, and decrease cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • BRAF inhibitors cause programmed cell death in melanoma cells lines by interrupting oncogenic BRAFV600E signaling through the MAPK pathway governing cell proliferation and survival. (thetechnoant.info)
Cytokinesis5
Chromosomal4
  • In the absence of functional Pfs2, chromosomal attachment to the mitotic spindle was defective, with consequent chromosome missegregation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Aurora A participates in centrosomal separation, formation of bipolar spindle and attachment of chromosomal kinetochore to mitotic spindle [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • May play a role in mitotic chromosomal positioning and bipolar spindle stabilization. (cusabio.com)
  • Cells that have increased levels of free radical scavengers, such as glutathione, would have less DNA damage induced by x-rays, but would have similar levels of DNA damage induced by a carbon nucleus that is directly absorbed by chromosomal DNA. (oncohemakey.com)
Interphase15
Chromosomes16
Pathway5
  • The process of bipolar spindle formation is controlled by both the centrosome-mediated pathway and chromatin-mediated pathway. (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • G1 cyclin turnover and nutrient uptake are controlled by a common pathway in yeast. (vt.edu)
  • Knocking out TMEM107 in human ARPE-19 cells prevented primary cilia formation and impaired response to Smoothened agonist treatment because of ectopic activation of the SHH pathway. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (lookformedical.com)
  • 5] The final common pathway is the successful breaching of a hardwired anticancer defense program by cancer cells that survive and proliferate in an altered microenvironment. (medscape.com)
Inhibition6
  • Pds1p of budding yeast has dual roles: inhibition of anaphase initiation and regulation of mitotic exit. (vt.edu)
  • This inhibits both the sCLU-mediated signal transduction pathways and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which leads to the inhibition of tumor cell migration and invasion. (nih.gov)
  • Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of the major ligand of RHAMM , hyaluronan, sensitized both cell lines towards radiation induced cell death. (oncotarget.com)
  • Lethality to human cancer cells through massive chromosome loss by inhibition of the mitotic checkpoint. (org.ua)
  • The inhibition of mitochondrial activity by various pharmacological inhibitors, as well as by gene-specific targeting using siRNA-mediated technology showed a dramatic attenuation of polyploidy and bi-nucleation development during in vitro stromal cell decidualization, suggesting mitochondria play a major role in positive regulation of decidual cell polyploidization. (plos.org)
  • This LIFR approach has allowed us to test the role of host pathways in the mechanism of action of BRAF inhibitors and to combine BRAF inhibitors with various antibody therapies designed to drive T cell antitumor activity in a model in which BRAF inhibition does not cause major tumor regressions, allowing examination of synergistic roles of host pathways and direct anti-melanoma activity. (thetechnoant.info)
Inhibitors13
  • [ 74 ] While p21 WAF1/CIP1 and p27 KIP1 act as both promoters and inhibitors of cyclin/CDK kinase activity, p21 WAF1/CIP1 is the only CDKI that is capable of binding to all the cyclin/CDK complexes involved in cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
  • Cell-cycle transitions: a common role for stoichiometric inhibitors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Each of these inhibitors is a substrate as well as a stoichiometric inhibitor of the cell-cycle activator. (ox.ac.uk)
  • and a high concentration of Cdk inhibitors is found during G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell cycle analysis Aurora B inhibitors such as ZM exert their cytotoxic effects by disrupting functions crucial for cell cycle progression. (others-signal.com)
  • Transfection of SPARC, SMAD3 and ILK siRNA HFL one cells had been transfected with Stealth Decide on RNAi directed towards SPARC, SMAD3, ILK and NOX4 Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries utilizing Lipofectamine RNAiMAX transfection reagent. (pi3k-inhibitors.com)
  • Although AURKA inhibitors have moved to phase III clinical trials in lymphomas, there has been slower progress in GI cancers and solid tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ongoing clinical trials testing AURKA inhibitors as a single agent or in combination with conventional chemotherapies are expected to provide important clinical information for targeting AURKA in GI cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, biopsies from some patients treated with BRAF inhibitors have increased CD8+ T cell infiltrates in their tumors soon after therapy (13), suggesting the engagement of a host immune response in regressing tumors. (thetechnoant.info)
  • The scientific rationale for combinations of targeted therapies and immunotherapy is based on the notion that pharmacological interventions with specific inhibitors of oncogenic events in cancer cells could sensitize cancer cells to immune attack, which has been termed immunosensitization (14). (thetechnoant.info)
  • BRAF inhibitors meet most of the criteria of immune-sensitizing agents by selectively inhibiting a driver oncogene in cancer cells (15), which is neither present nor required for the function of lymphocytes (16). (thetechnoant.info)
  • Theoretically, the antitumor activity of BRAF inhibitors may increase the expression of tumor antigens directly by tumor cells (17) or enhance the cross-presentation of tumor antigens from dying cells to antigen-presenting cells. (thetechnoant.info)
  • To examine the efficacy of combining BRAF inhibitors with immunotherapies, we have used the relatively BRAF inhibitor-resistant SM1 cell line derived from mice transgenic for the mutation. (thetechnoant.info)
Anaphase3
Phosphorylation3
  • ZM447439 plainly suppressed H3 phosphorylation in the adult CEM cells, nevertheless, levels of phosphorylated H3 were relatively unchanged in CEM/AKB4 cells when treated with up to 4 mM ZM447439. (others-signal.com)
  • its long-term silencing affects cell survival and cell cycle distribution as well as decreases CDK1 activity correlated with reduced phosphorylation of CDK1. (nih.gov)
  • We propose that phosphorylation of importin- α 1 is a general mechanism for the spatial and temporal control of mitotic spindle assembly by CDK1 - cyclin B1 that acts through the release of SAFs such as TPX2 and KIFC1 from inhibitory complexes that restrict spindle assembly. (fdocument.org)
Phases8
  • Previously called: counter streaming centrifugation) Centrifugal elutriation can be used to separate cells in different phases of the cell cycle based on their size and sedimentation velocity (related to sedimentation coefficient). (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the consistent growth patterns throughout the cell cycle, centrifugal elutriation can separate cells into G1, S, G2, and M phases by increasing size (and increasing sedimentation coefficients) with diminished resolution between G2 and M phases due to cellular heterogeneity and lack of a distinct size change. (wikipedia.org)
  • G1, S, G2 and M phases are the traditional subdivisions of a typical mammalian cell cycle. (medscape.com)
  • The G1 phase, gap 1 phase, or growth 1 phase, is the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • Within the cell cycle, there is a stringent set of regulations known as the cell cycle control system that controls the timing and coordination of the phases to ensure a correct order of events. (wikipedia.org)
  • Complexes of cyclin that are active during other phases of the cell cycle are kept inactivated to prevent any cell-cycle events from occurring out of order. (wikipedia.org)
  • the post-mitotic and pre-mitotic phases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cell cycle phases in the unequal mother/daughter cell cycles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (vt.edu)
Regulation4
  • Cell cycle regulation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae polo-like kinase Cdc5p. (vt.edu)
  • Drosophila is well suited for studying cell-cycle regulation during the formation of a multicellular organism, in large part because of its developmental use of cell cycles that differ in structure from canonical G1-S-G2-M cycles and the availability of genetic tools. (sdbonline.org)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The regulation of Aurora A RNA, protein and kinase activity is dependent of cell cycle with peaking in the transition of G2 to mitotic phase [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication10
  • For example, chimeric histone H2B-GFP constructs can be made and used to measure DNA content and determine replication status as a means of discerning cell phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell cycle is a series of steps that cells must undergo for replication. (biolegend.com)
  • Telophase - Each new daughter cell begins to recover from replication by loosening DNA compaction, reforming nuclear membranes, and breaking down the mitotic spindle. (biolegend.com)
  • The initiation of cell replication begins with extracellular signals. (biolegend.com)
  • Coordinating DNA replication with cell division: Current status of the licensing concept. (vt.edu)
  • These variations on the theme of DNA replication and division have been studied in strains of fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe , carrying mutations that interfere with the function of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1:Cdc13) without impeding the roles of DNA-replication loading-factor (Cdc18) and S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1:Cig2). (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • Furthermore, the G1 phase is characterized by the accumulation of essential components required for DNA replication. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Therefore, during the G1 phase, the cell amasses energy resources, ensuring that the subsequent DNA replication in the S phase is executed seamlessly. (microbiologynote.com)
  • These cellular processes are self-sufficiency in growth signals (oncogene addiction), insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals (loss of tumor suppressors), evading programmed cell death (anti-apoptosis), limitless replication potential (aberrant cell cycle), sustained angiogenesis, and invasion/metastasis. (medscape.com)
  • Centrioles duplicate once per cell cycle during the S phase in a manner similar to DNA replication. (bmbreports.org)
CDK11
  • Examples include Cdk1:Clb5 and its inhibitor Sic1 at the G1/S checkpoint in budding yeast, APC:Cdc20 and its inhibitor MCC at the mitotic checkpoint, and PP2A:B55 and its inhibitor, alpha-endosulfine, at the mitotic-exit checkpoint. (ox.ac.uk)
Vitro2
  • Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. (lookformedical.com)
  • Herein, we investigated whether RNAi-interfering nanoparticles could deliver siRNA to NSCLC cells and silence PLK1 expression in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
Kinetochore2
Genome2
  • However, genome-wide mapping studies in different cell lines have shown a lack of enrichment of the FKH motif, suggesting an alternative mode of chromatin recruitment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell lines expressing either wild-type or DNA binding deficient GFP-tagged FOXM1 were used for genome-wide mapping studies comparing the distribution of the DNA binding deficient protein to the wild-type. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathways5
  • Signaling pathways ultimately lead to the activation of transcription factors that regulate genes involved in the cell cycle. (biolegend.com)
  • Using microarray-based transcriptome analyses, we aimed to identify the signaling pathways involved in mediating cardioprotection in H9c2 cells overexpressing renin-b. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pantethine boosts antitumor immunity, including the polarization of myeloid and dendritic cells towards enhanced IFN-driven antigen presentation pathways and improved the development of hypermetabolic effector CD8+ T cells endowed with potential antitumor activity. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • In addition to it, taxol also interferes with a number of biochemical pathways and protein to bring about apoptosis and cell death. (ijpsr.com)
Yeast9
  • 18. Yeast histone H3 lysine 4 demethylase Jhd2 regulates mitotic rDNA condensation. (nih.gov)
  • Inactivation of the pre-mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation factor Pfs2 in fission yeast causes lethal cell cycle defects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mechanisms that help the yeast cell cycle clock tick: G2 cyclins transcriptionally activate G2 cyclins and repress G1 cyclins. (vt.edu)
  • Kinetic analysis of a molecular model of the budding yeast cell cycle. (vt.edu)
  • Integrative analysis of cell cycle control in budding yeast. (vt.edu)
  • Orchestrating the cell cycle in yeast: sequential localization of key mitotic regulators at the spindle pole and the bud neck. (vt.edu)
  • Bela Novak trained as a biochemical engineer and started his research career as an experimental cell biologist working on the fission yeast cell cycle with Prof. Murdoch Mitchison. (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • Being well-versed in the experimental literature, he easily communicates with experimentalists, evidenced by his joint Cell and Nature publications with Dr Frank Uhlmann (CRUK, LRI) and Dr Wolfgang Zachariae (MPI, Martinsried) on the budding yeast cell cycle and meiosis. (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • Chlamydomonas ( Chlamydomonas refers to Chlamydomonas reinhardti throughout) is a unicellular green alga with genetics similar to yeast, but which, unlike yeast, has centrioles (known as basal bodies) that are virtually identical to centrioles of vertebrate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein Kinase1
  • Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine-threonine protein kinase which is overexpressed in cancer cells, and plays a major role in regulating tumor growth. (oncotarget.com)
Cyclin-depend1
Genetic8
  • Genetic and biochemical evaluation of the importance of Cdc6 in regulating mitotic exit. (vt.edu)
  • On the other hand, it has been reported that exposure to some xenoestrogens and to estrogenic metabolites promotes the production of free radicals through the hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) reduction cycle, by means of the P 450 oxidase and reductase enzymes, giving origin to the production of oxygen reactive species which might damage the genetic material [33]. (researchgate.net)
  • Using a genetic assay for loss of heterozygosity, we found that this centrin mutant showed increased genomic instability compared to wild-type cells, and we determined that the increase in genomic instability was due to a 100-fold increase in chromosome loss rates compared to wild type. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genetic instability of G1 cell line is possibly associated with the failure of the mitotic checkpoint and functional inactivation of p53. (org.ua)
  • These cell lines have been clonally selected from your similar mother or father cell lines, MHCC97, they have an identical genetic background. (pi3k-inhibitors.com)
  • Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms initiate the progression of cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Human cancers arise via a multistep mutagenic process reflective of genetic and epigenetic changes that drive progressive transformation of normal cells into highly malignant counterparts. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the complexity of genetic alterations in cancer, some cures have been achieved in certain malignancies with combination chemotherapy, such as childhood leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, and diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (medscape.com)
Mammalian1
  • There is about 5 times more Ku than DNA-PK in mammalian cells. (nih.gov)
Cytoplasm4
  • Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is evidenced by a variable cell population consisting of small, round tumor cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and of large, polygonal-shaped tumor cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, which often contains diagnostic cross striations (arrow). (medscape.com)
  • They may range from highly differentiated neoplasms containing rhabdomyoblasts with large amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm and cross striations similar to that of poorly differentiated tumor cells (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The cells are polyhedral and have abundant granular cytoplasm with well-defined cell borders. (medscape.com)
  • Oncocytic cells in the thyroid are often called Hürthle cells, and oncocytic change is defined as cellular enlargement characterized by an abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm as a result of accumulation of altered mitochondria. (medscape.com)
Undergo3
  • The cells may then undergo one of several fates. (smpdb.ca)
  • The tetraploid cell may undergo unequal cell division producing aneuploid daughter cells. (smpdb.ca)
  • Towards the culmination of the G1 phase, the cell's mitochondria , the powerhouse of the cell, undergo fusion, forming an interconnected network. (microbiologynote.com)
Transition4
  • CDK2 is sequentially activated by the E-type cyclins (E1, E2 and E3) and A-type cyclins (A1, A2 and A3) during the G1-S-phase transition, as well as in the S-phase progression. (medscape.com)
  • Proteolysis and the G1-S transition: the SCF connection. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • At cycle 14, the embryo cellularizes and initiates zygotic transcription at the midblastula transition (MBT) (Merkle, 2009). (sdbonline.org)
  • Only upon achieving this can the cell transition to the S phase. (microbiologynote.com)
Ends of spindle1
  • Whereas the minus ends of spindle MTs cluster together at the spindle poles, their plus ends grow toward the cell equator and capture the kinetochores. (wellnessadvantage.com)
Synthesis6
  • [ 67 , 68 ] While CDKs are expressed throughout the cell cycle, cyclin levels fluctuate during the cell cycle as a result of coordinated synthesis and ubiquitin-proteosome-mediated degradation to ensure the correct temporal activation of each CDK. (medscape.com)
  • consisting of gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2). (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • During G1 phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and protein that are required for DNA synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order for the cell to continue through the G1-pm, there must be a high amount of growth factors and a steady rate of protein synthesis, otherwise the cell will move into G0 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell is engaged in a myriad of processes, from protein synthesis and DNA transcription to signal processing and material uptake. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (lookformedical.com)
Kinetochores1
  • Association of spindle assembly checkpoint component XMAD2 with unattached kinetochores. (vt.edu)
Eukaryotic cell2
Centrosome3
  • Cells from which centrioles and centrosomes are ablated can still form bipolar spindles via a centrosome-independent self-organization process, but the effectiveness of such spindles in terms of chromosome segregation has not been carefully measured. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Centrosome abnormalities can drive the initiation and progression of cancers in multiple ways. (bmbreports.org)
  • We highlight various cancer-promoting mechanisms exerted by cells with centrosome abnormalities and how these cells possessing oncogenic potential can be monitored. (bmbreports.org)
Cellular8
  • The term Langerhans cell histiocytosis is generally preferred to the older term, histiocytosis X. This newer name emphasizes the histogenesis of the condition by specifying the type of lesional cell and removes the connotation of the unknown ("X") because its cellular basis has now been clarified. (medscape.com)
  • Specifically, a variety of other cellular populations have been identified that possess phenotypic characteristics similar to Langerhans cells, including expression of CD207 and Birbeck granules. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, in addition to epidermal Langerhans cells, other potential cellular origins for LCH include dermal langerin+ dendritic cells, lymphoid tissue-resident langerin+ dendritic cells, and monocytes that can be induced by local environmental stimuli to acquire a Langerhans cell phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • In our body's cells, the self-replicating Centrioles are a paired cellular, short, fibrous, rod-shaped organelles, which function in the organization of the mitotic spindle during cell division . (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • Site-specific DNA binding by p53 in RLE, HTB 125, HTB 133, and MCF-7 cells was increased when they were treated with Red No. 3, which suggests that cellular DNA was damaged by this colorant. (researchgate.net)
  • The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • High expression of RHAMM v1/v2 in p53 wild type cells (MCF-7) induced cellular apoptosis in response to ionizing radiation. (oncotarget.com)
  • Under native conditions, both in resting and proliferating cells, over 95% of cellular NPM protein exists as an oligomer. (haematologica.org)
MRNA2
  • The first thirteen cell cycles of Drosophila embryogenesis involve nearly synchronous nuclear divisions driven by stockpiles of maternally expressed mRNA and protein. (sdbonline.org)
  • Interestingly, mRNA in silico analysis established that SMARCB1 expression correlates with the response to chemotherapy of osteosarcoma patients, but there was no reliable correlation between SMARCB1 expression level and metastasis, response to neoadjuvant therapy, overall survival, and progression-free survival. (silverchair.com)
Differentiation3
  • This process involves the migration, growth, and differentiation of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, which line the inside wall of blood vessels. (nih.gov)
  • therefore, definitive differentiation of Hürthle cell carcinoma from Hürthle-cell adenoma is based on vascular invasion and/or capsular invasion, as well as on permanent histologic sections or extrathyroidal tumor spread and lymph node and systemic metastases. (medscape.com)
  • A la I Conferència i Taller Internacional sobre diferenciació dels antígens leucocitaris humans , celebrada a París el 1982, fou aprovada la terminologia CD (cúmul o grup de diferenciació [18] o cluster of differentiation en anglès). (wikipedia.org)
Survival4
  • Arguments supporting the reactive nature of LCH include the occurrence of spontaneous remissions, the extensive elaboration of multiple cytokines by dendritic cells and T-cells (the so-called cytokine storm) in LCH lesions, and the good survival rate in patients without organ dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • In humans, VNN1 expression correlates with improved survival and immune cell infiltration in soft-tissue sarcomas, but not in osteosarcomas. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
  • In a retrospective study of 28 pediatric patients with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma published in 2018, Häußler et al found the 5-year overall survival rate to be 91.3%, with the median period of progression-free survival reported to be 46 months. (medscape.com)
  • These authors emphasize a shorter progression-free and overall survival of the patients demonstrating an altered expression of this gene. (silverchair.com)
Phase41
  • Cell synchronization is a process by which cells in a culture at different stages of the cell cycle are brought to the same phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Physical fractionation is a process by which continuously dividing cells are separated into phase-enriched populations based on characteristics such as the following: Cell density Cell size The presence of cell surface epitopes marked by antibodies Light scatter Fluorescent emission by labeled cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Given that cells take on varying morphologies and surface markers throughout the cell cycle, these traits can be used to separate by phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • For quantitative cell cycle analysis, cells are usually fixed with ethanol and stained with DNA-binding dyes like propidium iodide, Hoechst 33342, DAPI, 7-Aminoactinomysin D, Mithramycin, DRAQ5, or TO-PRO-3, allowing for determination of phase by DNA quantity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Light scatter measurements can be used to determine characteristics like size, allowing for distinction of cell phase without tagging. (wikipedia.org)
  • To summarize, flow cytometry alone can be used to gather quantitative data about cell cycle phase distribution, but flow cytometry in coordination with FACS can be used to gather quantitative data and separate cells by phase for further study. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 70 ] The first cyclins to be expressed following mitogenic or growth factor stimulation are the D-type cyclins (D1, D2 and D3), which form active holoenzymes with CDK4 and CDK6 and allow cells to leave from G0 phase to enter into the G1 phase. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequently, CDK2 plays a crucial role in order to complete the G1 phase and initiate S phase. (medscape.com)
  • For example, the master regulator of apoptosis, p53, transcriptionally controls the gene expression of p21 WAF1/CIP1 in response to DNA damage signals or withdrawal of growth factors, and TGF-β, a major tumor suppressor, plays a crucial role in regulating the expression and activation of both p15 INK4b and p27 KIP1 , which ultimately results in arresting cell cycle at G1 phase. (medscape.com)
  • Progression from G1 into S phase following release from nitrogen starvation also required pfs2+ function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Temporal control of ubiquitin-proteasome mediated protein degradation is critical for normal G1 and S phase progression. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • To more accurately measure the number of cells in S phase, BrdU can be used in addition to a DNA dye. (biolegend.com)
  • BrdU is incorporated into DNA during S-phase of the cell cycle as a thymidine substitute. (biolegend.com)
  • Cells can be pulse-labeled with BrdU and any cells in S-phase during that time interval will be positive when stained with an anti-BrdU antibody. (biolegend.com)
  • A typical cell cycle profile will contain two distinct peaks representing cells in G0/G1 and G2/M. Cells that fall between these peaks are in S-phase. (biolegend.com)
  • Ramos cells loaded with BrdU for 1.5 hours (left) or as no load controls (right) stained using the Phase-Flow™ FITC BrdU Kit and DAPI. (biolegend.com)
  • Around 30 to 40 percent of cell cycle time is spent in the G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The duration of each phase, including the G1 phase, is different in many different types of cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • G1 phase and the other subphases of the cell cycle may be affected by limiting growth factors such as nutrient supply, temperature, and room for growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, the normal physiological temperature is around 37 °C (98.6 °F). G1 phase is particularly important in the cell cycle because it determines whether a cell commits to division or to leaving the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • If a cell is signaled to remain undivided, instead of moving onto the S phase, it will leave the G1 phase and move into a state of dormancy called the G0 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most nonproliferating vertebrate cells will enter the G0 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • During G1 phase, the G1/S cyclin activity rises significantly near the end of the G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The restriction point (R) in the G1 phase is different from a checkpoint because it does not determine whether cell conditions are ideal to move on to the next phase, but it changes the course of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • After a vertebrate cell has been in the G1 phase for about three hours, the cell enters a restriction point in which it is decided whether the cell will move forward with the G1 phase or move into the dormant G0 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • After R and before S, the cell is known as being in G1-ps, or the pre S phase interval of the G1 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some authors will say that the restriction point and the G1/S checkpoint are one and the same, but more recent studies have argued that there are two different points in the G1 phase that check the progression of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first restriction point is growth-factor dependent and determines whether the cell moves into the G0 phase, while the second checkpoint is nutritionally-dependent and determines whether the cell moves into the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The G1/S checkpoint is the point between G1 phase and the S phase in which the cell is cleared for progression into the S phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reasons the cell would not move into the S phase include insufficient cell growth, damaged DNA, or other preparations have not been completed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once a 'decision' is made to proceed, the cell unequivocally enters into a qualitatively different biochemical state, which makes the transitions from one cell cycle phase to the next switch-like and irreversible. (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • Gefitinib molecular weight Without drug therapy, the cell cycle profile of CEM/AKB4 cells appeared similar to that of CEM with no change compared of cells in each phase of the cycle. (others-signal.com)
  • The term "quiescent" is only applicable in the context of cell division, referring to the G0 phase where the cell exits the cell cycle. (microbiologynote.com)
  • At the microscopic level, the G1 phase may not exhibit significant visible changes, but at the molecular and biochemical level, the cell is bustling with activity. (microbiologynote.com)
  • One of the primary undertakings during this phase is the intensive growth of the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
  • As the cell progresses through the G1 phase, there is a notable increase in its size and volume. (microbiologynote.com)
  • and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE. (lookformedical.com)
  • Later, Drs Schiff, Horwitz, and coworkers in 1979 investigated and verified the potent cytotoxic properties of Paclitaxel on the growth of human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and also its ability to block cell division in late G2 or M phase of cell cycle 8, 9 . (ijpsr.com)
  • Tubulin-targeting agents inhibit normal function of mitotic spindle, leading to a halt of the cell cycle at mitotic phase and a subsequent cell death [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, cells with damaged DNA in G1 phase avoid replicating that damage by arresting at the G1/S interface. (oncohemakey.com)
  • The G1/S phase checkpoint is the best understood. (oncohemakey.com)
Kinase2
  • The obtained results were an optimal concentration of nocodazole of 50 ng/mL in LNCaP AI cells, a decrease in levels of aurora kinase after the initial incubation times in LNCaP AI cells with the peptide, consistent levels of the markers with what was previously studied in PC3, and an ideal NOC concentration could not be found regarding MCF7 cells. (freedissertation.com)
  • During the last two decades, several studies have shown amplification and overexpression of Aurora kinase A (AURKA) in several GI malignancies. (biomedcentral.com)
Stimulates1
  • 1998) . In pRb-deficient cells, E2F1 stimulates this promoter. (nih.gov)
Genes5
  • By transcriptome profiling, we identified increased gene expression of several genes encoding glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters, while the transcript levels of TCA-cycle enzymes were decreased. (bvsalud.org)
  • Numerous genes that participate in DNA metabolism were also markedly repressed in arrested fibroblasts apparently as a result of cell synchronization behind the G 1 checkpoint. (nih.gov)
  • Based on functional enrichment analyses, up-regulated polyploidy genes appeared to implicate several functions, which primarily include cell/nuclear division, ATP binding, metabolic process, and mitochondrial activity, whereas that of down-regulated genes primarily included apoptosis and immune processes. (plos.org)
  • This latter study identified just 270 sites total, again located primarily in promoter regions associated with cell cycle genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)
Haploid cells1
  • Live cell imaging reveals an increased rate in cell death during G1 in haploid cells that is consistent with an elevated rate of chromosome loss, and analysis of cell death versus centriole copy number argues against a role for multipolar spindles in this process. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor cells3
  • therapeutic_agents C1909 therapeutic_agents C C177537 GDC Value Terminology C121778 Sotevtamab A humanized, immunoglobulin (Ig) G2 monoclonal antibody against the secreted form of human clusterin (sCLU) expressed by tumor cells, with potential antineoplastic and anti-metastatic activities. (nih.gov)
  • Based on the circumstantial evidence that tumor cells which display genomic instability also frequently show aberrations in centriole structure or copy number [ 1 , 2 ], it has been proposed that centrioles may participate in the maintenance of genomic stability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells. (lookformedical.com)
Mechanisms6
  • renin-c) encoding a cytosolic renin isoform have been discovered that may in contrast to the commonly known secretory renin (renin-a) exert protective effects Here, we analyzed the effect of renin-a and renin-b overexpression in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts on apoptosis and necrosis as well as on potential mechanisms involved in cell death processes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sister chromatid separation and chromosome re-duplication are regulated by different mechanisms in response to spindle damage. (vt.edu)
  • In his hands, these models proved successful in uncovering basic principles and molecular mechanisms of cell cycle control. (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • The driving passion of molecular cell biologists is to understand the molecular mechanisms that control important aspects of cell physiology, but this ambition is often limited by the wealth of molecular details currently known about these mechanisms. (cellcycle.org.uk)
  • Minimal gene transcription occurs during this developmental stage, so cell cycles are regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms. (sdbonline.org)
  • One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). (lookformedical.com)
Dendritic cells3
  • In 1868, Paul Langerhans discovered the epidermal dendritic cells that now bear his name. (medscape.com)
  • The mutation was also found in CD34+ hematopoietic cell progenitors and mature dendritic cells of patients, with mouse models, demonstrating that BRAF V600E mutation is sufficient to develop an LCH phenotype. (medscape.com)
  • that is histopathological y very simi- T cel s, B cel s, natural kil er cel s, LMP1 of EBV can transform ro- lar to that caused by hepatitis B vi- macrophages, and dendritic cells, dent fibroblasts and is expressed rus (HBV) in humans, but it does so and this humanized mouse model in most of the human cancers as- through a different mechanism. (who.int)
Saccharomyces1
Xenopus1
  • Importin- α has also been shown to play a role in the control of mitotic spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts (Gruss et al. (fdocument.org)
Division7
  • In our body, the Cell Cycle (Cell Division Cycle) is an ordered sequence of events, culminating in cell growth and cell division into two daughter cells, regulated by temporal activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) . (wellnessadvantage.com)
  • At the G1/S checkpoint, formation of the G1/S cyclin with Cdk to form a complex commits the cell to a new division cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternatively, it may exit the cell cycle without undergoing cell division, a process termed mitotic slippage or adaptation. (smpdb.ca)
  • However, it is unclear if these defects are indirectly caused by abnormal centriole structure or copy number, or if instead they represent pleiotropic effects due to the direct participation of centrin in the cell division process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It ensures that the cell is equipped with the requisite resources for division, leading to the generation of genetically congruent daughter cells. (microbiologynote.com)
  • All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION . (lookformedical.com)
  • Chromokinesin represents a kinesin superfamily regulating cell division through chromosome and spindle. (cusabio.com)
Kinases2
  • Biochemical triggers known as cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) switch on cell cycles events at the corrected time and in the correct order to prevent any mistakes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cdc6 cooperates with Sic1 and Hct1 to inactivate mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases. (vt.edu)
Functions2
  • Significant insights into the roles of many cell-cycle regulators have come from studying their functions in Drosophila. (sdbonline.org)
  • The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. (lookformedical.com)
Transcription2
  • In addition to a constitutively occupied E2F1-Sp1 site immediately upstream of the cyclin E transcription start region, there is downstream a cell cycle-regulated site (termed CERM) that may function as a cyclin E-repressor module. (nih.gov)
  • The Forkhead (FKH) transcription factor FOXM1 is a key regulator of the cell cycle and is overexpressed in most types of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Apoptosis6
  • However, with respect to apoptosis, the effects of OGD were almost completely abolished in renin-b cells but interestingly also moderately diminished in renin-a cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • while the rate of necrosis and apoptosis was aggravated in renin-a cells, it was attenuated in renin-b cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Besides, cells overexpressing renin-b exhibited even reduced mitochondrial mediated apoptosis rates under anoxia, when compared with normoxic conditions, as indicated by Annexin V labeling. (bvsalud.org)
  • Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. (lookformedical.com)
  • In comparison, in p53 mutated cells (MDA-MB-231) RHAMM v1/v2 was expressed sparsely resulting in resistance towards irradiation induced apoptosis. (oncotarget.com)
  • Activation/overexpression of Aurora A has been suggested to override mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, leading to the resistance to taxol-induced apoptosis [ 3 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone2
  • 14. Coordination of Cell Cycle Progression and Mitotic Spindle Assembly Involves Histone H3 Lysine 4 Methylation by Set1/COMPASS. (nih.gov)
  • CEM and CEM/AKB4 cells were treated for 24 hr with increasing concentrations of ZM447439 and the quantities of phosphorylated Histone H3 determined by western blotting. (others-signal.com)
Restriction1
  • Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. (lookformedical.com)
Genomic integrity1
  • A model is proposed in which Nopo interacts with the Ben-Uev1A heterodimer to form a functional E2-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex required during syncytial embryogenesis for genomic integrity, cell-cycle progression, and the continuation of development. (sdbonline.org)
Intracellular1
  • Notably, LCH cells have been found to express markers of both resting epidermal Langerhans cells (CD1a, intracellular major histocompatibility complex II [MHCII], Birbeck granules) and activated Langerhans cells (including CD54 and CD58). (medscape.com)