Mitotic phases phases of the cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Maturation-promoting factor (abbreviated MPF, also called mitosis-promoting factor or M-Phase-promoting factor) is the cyclin-Cdk complex that was discovered first in frog eggs. (wikipedia.org)
MPF promotes the entrance into mitosis (the M phase) from the G2 phase by phosphorylating multiple proteins needed during mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Fusing plasmodia whose cell cycles were out of phase with each other led to a synchronous mitosis in the next mitotic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
The CDK1 subunit is now free and can bind to cyclin B, activate MPF, and make the cell enter mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
condensins, which enable chromatin condensation (see prophase) various microtubule-associated proteins involved in mitotic spindle formation lamins, interaction contributing to degradation of the nuclear envelope Histones, H1 and H3 Golgi matrix, to cause fragmentation MPF phosphorylates inhibitory sites on myosin early in mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
In intact cells, cyclin degradation begins shortly after the onset of anaphase (late anaphase), the period of mitosis when sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite spindle poles. (wikipedia.org)
Plk1 protein and activity are low in G1, accumulate during S and G2/M phases, and are rapidly reduced in the late stages of mitosis [ 7 ]. (nature.com)
synthesis .of :proteins necessary for mitosis and retardation of mitotic kinetics. (erowid.org)
Haploid organisms reproduce via mitosis cell division and have one set of chromosomes. (phys.org)
A) In haplontic life cycles mitosis is limited to the haploid phase, with plasmogamy of gametes followed by meiosis. (phys.org)
B) In diplontic life cycles, mitosis only occurs in the diploid phase with haploid cells only functioning as gametes. (phys.org)
D) The dikaryotic life cycle is an alternative to alternation of haploid and diploid generations which lacks diploid mitosis and instead has a phase with two nuclear genotypes undergoing synchronous division. (phys.org)
During the "M phase" of the cell cycle (mitosis) Geminin stabilizes the replication factor Cdt1 promoting DNA replication during the next cell cycle. (prospecbio.com)
Moreover, inhibition of Geminin during mitosis (by RNAi) causes destabilization of Cdt1 protein and impairment of DNA replication during the next cell cycle. (prospecbio.com)
A major focus is on mechanisms underlying cell cycle transitions, including exit from mitosis and entry into S-phase. (unclineberger.org)
During licensing, which occurs in late mitosis and early G1, post-mitotic unreplicated chromatin binds several protein complexes. (nih.gov)
Our results establish a crucial role for E4F during early embryonic cell cycles and reveal an unexpected function for E4F in mitosis. (cnrs.fr)
Finally, in the G2 phase, cells continue to grow and prepare for mitosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Analysis of the mcd1 mutant and cell cycle-dependent expression pattern of Mcd1p suggest that this protein functions in chromosome morphogenesis from S phase through mitosis. (nih.gov)
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. (kegg.jp)
It is required in higher cells for entry into S-phase and mitosis. (caslab.com)
A fifth phase has been identified, G0, in which the cell is resting just after mitosis but still carrying out normal functions. (coursehero.com)
The M phase consists of mitosis, in which the cell divides, producing two new, identical cells. (coursehero.com)
Interphase is collectively the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases of mitosis, in which a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and grows again. (coursehero.com)
The centrosome will organize a complex structure of microtubules , the mitotic spindle, involved in mitosis. (coursehero.com)
Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)

Triggers the formation of mitotic spindle through microtubule instability. (wikipedia.org)
these structures serve as the poles of the mitotic spindle, helping to organize the microtubules that segregate the duplicated chromosomes. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Consistent with these observations, we found that E4F localizes to the mitotic spindle during the M phase of early embryos. (cnrs.fr)
We have previously shown mitotic spindle aberrations in cultured primary and immortalized human airway epithelial cells exposed to single-walled carbon nanotube s (SWCNT). (cdc.gov)
In order to investigate whether mitotic spindle damage was unique to SWCNT, we examined mitotic spindle aberrations following dosing of cells to multi-walled carbon nanotube s (MWCNT) at concentrations anticipated in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
The monopolar phenotype of the disrupted mitotic spindles and the G1/S block in the cell cycle is in sharp contrast to the multi-polar spindle and the G2 block in the cell cycle observed in SWCNT-induced disruption. (cdc.gov)
Our results demonstrate significant disruption of the mitotic spindle by MWCNT at occupationally relevant doses. (cdc.gov)
These checkpoints may stop the cell cycle after DNA damage, loss of DNA replication or disruption of the mitotic spindle, in order for repair processes to take place. (tocris.com)
Centrioles play critical roles in organizing the assembly of the mitotic spindle and templating the formation of primary cilia. (elifesciences.org)
Centrosomes nucleate the formation of the microtubule cytoskeleton in interphase cells and form the poles of the mitotic spindle during cell division. (elifesciences.org)
A centromere , the point on a chromosome that attaches to the spindle fibers with a kinetochore during cell division, attaches the sister chromatids. (coursehero.com)
The mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a key regulator of the Spindle assembly checkpoint, which ensures the correct chromosome segregation. (lu.se)
Occupational exposure limits with proteins such as topoisomerase inhibitors, and mitotic and meiotic spindle poisons. (cdc.gov)

The MPF is also called the M phase kinase because of its ability to phosphorylate target proteins at a specific point in the cell cycle and thus control their ability to function. (wikipedia.org)
Immediately following fertilization, the fruit fly embryo undergoes 13 rapid, synchronous, syncytial nuclear division cycles driven by maternal genes and proteins. (vt.edu)
Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
These interactions, primarily through modifications of the phosphorylation status of proteins involved in licensing and initiation, determine whether replication will occur on a specific template during a specific time of the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
During the first stage called G1, cells monitor their environment and, when the requisite signals are received, the cells synthesize RNA and proteins to induce growth. (bdbiosciences.com)
Several cell cycle-associated proteins, such as Ki-67, are also used as indicators of cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
In normal cells, each stage of the cell cycle is tightly regulated, however in cancer cells many genes and proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are mutated or over expressed. (tocris.com)
When cells are about to divide, they make a new set of centrioles by assembling a variety of proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)

the formation of a cilium or flagellum and the assembly of a centrosome, which will in turn organize many of a cell's cytoplasmic or mitotic microtubules. (cellimagelibrary.org)
During the G2 phase, a structure in the cytoplasm of animal cells that coordinates the formation of microtubules, called a centrosome , allows cell division to proceed during reproduction. (coursehero.com)

In this study, we explored the role of Plk1 in the classical kidney fibrosis model, UUO, and cultured fibroblast and renal tubular epithelial cells by using specific Plk1 inhibitors, genetic silencing, and heterozygous global knockout mice. (nature.com)
Polo-like kinase (PLK) inhibitors targets the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Furthermore, we identify the transcription factor Gli1, expressed in medial IZ cells, as an antagonist of E(Spl) and Gsk3β/PKA, and demonstrate that the neurogenesis-promoting activity of Gli1 accounts for the reduced sensitivity of medial IZ progenitors to neurogenesis inhibitors and their increased propensity to differentiate. (biologists.com)
Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)

A series of signal transduction events starting from the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) to binding of E2F -target transcription to phosphorylation of Rb helps maintain cell-cycle progression. (bdbiosciences.com)
Centriole duplication occurs once per cell cycle and is regulated by Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4). (elifesciences.org)
CDK1, also named as CDC2, belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family and CDC2/CDKX subfamily.CDC2 plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)
CDC2 is a catalytic subunit of the highly conserved protein kinase complex known as M-phase promoting factor (MPF) , which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)

This protein was found to also interact with DNA polymerase alpha/primase and mediate the phosphorylation of the large p180 subunit, which suggests a regulatory role in DNA replication during the S-phase of the cell cycle. (cancerindex.org)
This protein also forms a core subunit of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NURD) complex that epigenetically regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation. (cancerindex.org)
Tan IIA inhibited proliferation of mouse keratinocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced apoptosis, resulting in S phase arrest accompanied by down-regulation of pCdk2 and cyclin A protein expression. (hindawi.com)
The relationship between lysate protein concentration from paclitaxel-treated and hydroxyurea-treated HeLa cells and the absorbance at 450 nm using the PathScan ® RP Phospho-Aurora A (Thr288) Sandwich ELISA Kit #41333 is shown in the upper figure. (cellsignal.com)
The rapid protocol (RP) PathScan ® RP Phospho-Aurora A (Thr288) Sandwich ELISA Kit is a solid phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects endogenous levels of Aurora A protein phosphorylated at Thr288 in a reduced assay time of 1.5 hours. (cellsignal.com)
Geminin is a 25 kDa nuclear protein, which inhibits DNA replication and is degraded during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. (prospecbio.com)
Numerical simulations reproduce the main features of wild-type mitotic cycles: patterns of protein accumulation and degradation, lengthening of later cycles, and arrest in interphase 14. (vt.edu)
The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
The function of this protein in normal cell physiology remains largely unknown. (cnrs.fr)
Progress in understanding tumor stromal biology has been constrained in part because cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a heterogeneous population with limited cell-type-specific protein markers. (aacrjournals.org)
ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)
By performing cell biological and biochemical experiments using human cells, Moyer and Holland show that PLK4 interacts with a protein called STIL that is found in the central part of the centriole. (elifesciences.org)
The modification of STIL at a specific location by PLK4 was needed to link it to another protein in the outer wall of the centriole, and was also necessary for the cells to build new centrioles. (elifesciences.org)
A cell spends most of its time in interphase, during which it mostly performs its normal functions, such as protein synthesis. (coursehero.com)

It stimulates the mitotic and meiotic phases of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)

Embryos lacking E4F die at the peri-implantation stage, while in vitro-cultured E4F(-/-) blastocysts exhibit defects in mitotic progression, chromosomal missegregation, and increased apoptosis. (cnrs.fr)
When conditions are right, cells enter the S stage of the cell cycle and commit to DNA synthesis and replicate their chromosomal DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)
The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)

The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the cellular mechanisms whereby Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro in keratinocytes, the target cells in psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
2 Despite having high metabolic activity, human CECs (hCECs) do not proliferate in vivo because these cells arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (lww.com)
Interest in ALMS1 is heightened by the recent discovery of its involvement in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest, a process with potential relevance to regenerative medicine. (springer.com)
Mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest are of great interest partly because reversing this process could provide a way to stimulate cardiac regeneration after injury [ 17 ]. (springer.com)
The model is consistent with mutations that introduce subtle changes in the number of mitotic cycles before interphase arrest. (vt.edu)
Pack LR, Daigh LH, Meyer T. Putting the brakes on the cell cycle: mechanisms of cellular growth arrest. (bdbiosciences.com)
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)

Regulatory interactions occur on licensed or unlicensed chromatin as a response to environmental conditions that determine whether cells proceed or halt their progression through the cell cycle. (nih.gov)
The cells are usually large and polygonal, containing abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, a large nucleus with open chromatin, a prominent eosinophilic nucleolus, and an occasional intracellular lumina containing red blood cells 1,4-7 . (bvsalud.org)

MWCNT induced a dose responsive increase in disrupted centrosomes, abnormal mitotic spindles and aneuploid chromosome number. (cdc.gov)

Geminin has 2 roles in 2 different stages of the cell cycle: Geminin is a negative regulator of DNA replication during the "S phase" of the cell cycle. (prospecbio.com)
Inhibition of Geminin during the "S phase" (by RNAi) results in an additional round of replication of portions of the genome. (prospecbio.com)
In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
The molecular interactions involved in DNA replication insure coordinated replication of the entire genome once and only once per cell cycle. (nih.gov)
Initiation of DNA replication, occurring throughout S-phase, requires binding of additional factors that recruit the components of the replication machinery. (nih.gov)
With each replication event the amount of dye in the cell is decreased, leading to a characteristic pattern. (bdbiosciences.com)
Interphase is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication , while M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of the cell prepare for the cell to divide into two new cells. (coursehero.com)
During the S phase, the replication of the cell's genetic material, DNA, occurs. (coursehero.com)

Many potential anticancer mechanisms of these compounds were proposed, including the inhibition of cell proliferation, changes in enzyme activity and immune regulation ( 21 , 22 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
Cell division, proliferation, and apoptosis and death are integral parts of life. (bdbiosciences.com)
Cell proliferation is an increase in the number of cells as a result of growth and division. (bdbiosciences.com)
The balance of cell proliferation and apoptosis is important for both development and normal tissue homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)
A number of techniques are used to assess cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Using analogs to these nucleosides provides a way to measure cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
Fluorescent or nonfluorescent cytoplasmic proliferation dyes can also be used as a measure cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
BD Biosciences offers BD Horizon™ Violet Proliferation Dye 450 and BD Horizon™ CFSE for the detection of cell proliferation with the violet laser and blue laser, respectively, which facilitates the use of larger panels. (bdbiosciences.com)
In this local there is a group of cells with unique morphology and derivated from specific steps of proliferation process and cell diferentiation, that will generate the neuron. (fapesp.br)
However, the description of cell that initiates the proliferation in this region is still controversial. (fapesp.br)
The study of proliferation at periventricular region occured after delivery of 2% arabinofuranoside (Ara-C) and the mitotic cell cycle marker BrdU (50 mg/kg, i.p. (fapesp.br)
The knockdown of KSRP inhibited the proliferation of MCF7 and MCF7/adriamycin (MCF7/ADR) cells. (bvsalud.org)

It also highlights strategies for enhancing replicative stress in cancer cells to force mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (tocris.com)
Further experiments proved that it induced cell death by mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)
We could confirm the increased polyploidy upon Mps1 inhibition in neuroblastoma cell lines and PDX model, leading to mitotic catastrophe activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. (lu.se)

Many interphase cells in a multicellular animal contain a small, non-motile cilium, or 'primary cilium' that grows from one centriole. (cellimagelibrary.org)

8 - 12 Cases of CCND1/MYC double translocation are relatively frequent in mantle cell lymphoma. (haematologica.org)

The S. cerevisiae MCD1 (mitotic chromosome determinant) gene was identified in genetic screens for genes important for chromosome structure. (nih.gov)
We present a model for mitotic chromosome structure that incorporates this previously unsuspected link. (nih.gov)

Results Primary B cells exogenously expressing Bcl2 , Myc and Ccnd1 showed factor-independent growth ability, enhanced colony-forming capability and aggressive oncogenicity, unlike the cases observed with the expression of any combination of only two of the genes. (haematologica.org)
These genes are transcriptionally deregulated as the partner genes of IgH translocation, and are thus thought to perform crucial roles in human B-cell lymphomagenesis. (haematologica.org)
2 A synergistic effect resulting from a combination of two genes from BCL2 , MYC and CCND1 has been implicated in human B-cell lymphomagenesis. (haematologica.org)
7 Importantly, it is believed that other hitherto unknown genes also play important roles in lymphomagenesis in addition to the synergistic effects of the aforementioned two oncogenes since human B-cell lymphomas often show a variety of genes subject to alterations and/or deregulated expression. (haematologica.org)
Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes identified an overrepresentation of genes related to the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
We discovered an unprecedented burst of differential expression of cell cycle related genes at one particular point during transition to flowering. (biomedcentral.com)

CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)

The effect.of LSD-25 on cell cycle was studied in embryos of Pleurodeies waltlii Michah treated at the end of gastrulation. (erowid.org)

The data further showed that monopolar mitotic spindles comprised 95% of the disrupted mitoses. (cdc.gov)

During the transition of G2 to M phase, cdk1 is de-phosphorylated by CDC25. (wikipedia.org)
clarification needed] MPF must be activated in order for the cell to transition from G2 to M phase. (wikipedia.org)
There are three amino acid residues responsible for this G2 to M phase transition. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, Plk1 also prevented partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (pEMT) of tubular epithelial cells via autophagy pathway. (nature.com)
According to GlobalData, Phase II drugs for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma have a 40% phase transition success rate (PTSR) indication benchmark for progressing into Phase III. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
GlobalData tracks drug-specific phase transition and likelihood of approval scores, in addition to indication benchmarks based off 18 years of historical drug development data. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
Floral transition is a critical event in the life cycle of a flowering plant as it determines its reproductive success. (biomedcentral.com)

Conditional mutation of Smc5 in mouse embryonic stem cells perturbs condensin localization and mitotic progression. (nih.gov)
Because human mesenchymal stem cells are known to be sensitive to their mechanical environments, we investigated the mechanotransductive potential of Descemet membrane-like microtopography (DLT) to differentiate human mesenchymal stem cells into CEC-like cells. (lww.com)
Master molds with inverted DLT were produced by 2-photon lithography (2-PL). To measure the mechanotransductive potential of DLT, mesenchymal stem cells were cultivated on silicone or collagen imprints with DLT. (lww.com)
Artificial reproduction of Descemet membrane with respect to topography and similar stiffness offers a potential innovative way to bioengineer a functional CEC monolayer from autologous stem cells. (lww.com)
Mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been extensively defined both molecularly and functionally at steady state, while regenerative stress induces immunophenotypical changes that limit high purity isolation and analysis. (lu.se)
Moreover, in contrast to previous reports, we found that MAC-1 expression inversely correlates with cell cycling, and global transcriptome analysis showed that regenerating MAC-1 + HSCs share molecular features with stem cells with low mitotic history. (lu.se)
HSCs share molecular features with stem cells with low mitotic history. (lu.se)
Recent news of an impending clinical cell transplantation trial in Parkinson's disease using parthenogenetic stem cells as a source of donor tissue have raised hopes in the patient community and sparked discussion in the research community. (lu.se)

Due to its key role in the eukaryotic cell cycles, Plk1 has been one of the most validated drug targets for cancer treatment. (nature.com)

A re-evaluation of parameters of cell kinetics in view of our increasing knowledge of the molecular pathways of cell cycle control may provide more prognostic information for the management of patients with malignant lymphomas. (bmj.com)
Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)

The mitotic cyclins can be grouped as cyclins A & B. These cyclins have a nine residue sequence in the N-terminal region called the "destruction box", which can be recognized by the ubiquitin ligase enzyme which destroys the cyclins when appropriate. (wikipedia.org)
During these mitotic cycles, there are barely detectable oscillations in the total level of B-type cyclins. (vt.edu)
Mitotic cyclins stably associate with CDC2 and function as regulatory subunits. (caslab.com)

In CKD patients or obstructive mice model, we observed that Plk1, a critical mitotic regulator, was upregulated in kidneys. (nature.com)

My lab studies the role of ubiquitin signaling in cell cycle, genome stability and cancer. (unclineberger.org)
Both are governed by the APC/C, an essential cell cycle E3 ubiquitin ligase that both promotes mitotic exit and restrains S-phase entry. (unclineberger.org)
Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. (intechopen.com)

As cells become damaged or are no longer needed, they undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death, a normal physiological process that occurs during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Apoptosis controls the orderly death of damaged cells, whereas necrosis occurs as a result of tissue damage, causing the loss of both damaged and surrounding cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

however, Gper1 and PR levels are reduced in both stromal and epithelial cells in a time-specific manner. (springer.com)
Micrograph is of a thin section cut from an epithelial cell in the developing thymus of a newborn rat. (cellimagelibrary.org)

To the contrary, MPF is also present in somatic cells, where it induces entry into M phase of the mitotic cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Treatment of HeLa cells with paclitaxel induces phosphorylation of Aurora A at Thr288 while treatment with hydroxyurea ablates phosphorylation. (cellsignal.com)

Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)

Piceatannol dose-dependently inhibited differentiation mixture-induced phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR)/insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/Akt pathway in the early phase of adipogenesis. (oregonstate.edu)
Notably, it was a poor substrate of P-glycoprotein and exhibited potent cytotoxicity against drug-resistant tumor cells. (bvsalud.org)

Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
The period of the cell cycle when CELLS divide their nucleus and cytoplasm. (bvsalud.org)

C) Life cycles may alternative between haploid and diploid mitotic phases and may show morphological differences between ploidies as in Allomyces. (phys.org)

This gene thus plays a role in both cell-cycle and epigenetic regulation. (cancerindex.org)
The objective of this study was to identify additional cooperative gene(s) associated with BCL2 and MYC or MYC and CCND1 in human B-cell lymphomagenesis. (haematologica.org)

Taken together, our study reveals an anti-adipogenic function of piceatannol and highlights IR and its downstream insulin signaling as novel targets for piceatannol in the early phase of adipogenesis. (oregonstate.edu)

In 1971, two independent teams of researchers (Yoshio Masui and Clement Markert, as well as Dennis Smith and Robert Ecker) found that frog oocytes arrested in G2 could be induced to enter M phase by microinjection of cytoplasm from oocytes that had been hormonally stimulated with progesterone. (wikipedia.org)

The entire cells in periventricular region were BrdU-ir, but with variation in density of staining. (fapesp.br)

Conclusions Bcl2 , Myc and Ccnd1 or Bcl2 , Myc and CCND3 synergistically transformed mouse primary B cells into aggressive malignant cells. (haematologica.org)
Epithelioid angiosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm found in vascular endothelial cells. (bvsalud.org)

For a cell to progress through the cycle and replicate, it must pass through checkpoints between phases to ensure that DNA is replicated correctly and that chromosomes segregate. (tocris.com)
Each cell in our bodies contains over two meters of DNA, which is divided into 46 packages of information called chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
This means that they also need to copy all of their DNA and then deliver identical sets of chromosomes to each new cell. (elifesciences.org)
Animal cells use structures called centrioles to help them divide their sets of chromosomes accurately. (elifesciences.org)
if too many or too few centrioles are built, cell division errors can occur that lead to the generation of new cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes. (elifesciences.org)
In eukaryotic cells , DNA is found in structures called chromosomes. (coursehero.com)

J Cell Sci, 2016 Apr 15. (nih.gov)
Are Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson's Disease Ready for the Clinic in 2016? (lu.se)
A second press release [2] has indicated stem cell source, resulting in widespread excitement that the program is planning to move forward very rapidly, with all of the patients being enrolled in the Correspondence to: Roger A. Barker, John van Geest Centre first quarter of 2016 and interim results being shared for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Univer- in October 2016. (lu.se)

Genetic alterations of BCL2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2), MYC [v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (avian)] and CCND1 (cyclin D1) are the most frequently found alterations in human B-cell lymphomas. (haematologica.org)
This endocardial Notch signaling can in turn non-cell autonomously initiate myocardial Erbb2 and BMP signaling to promote cardiomyocyte reprogramming and heart regeneration, whereas its inhibition through either using tissue-specific genetic-based strategies or altering blood flow impairs this reparative event. (elifesciences.org)
Cells are also programmed for death at the genetic level as a response to DNA damages through the process of apoptosis. (bdbiosciences.com)
Catastrophic genetic damage can occur if cells progress to the next phase of the cell cycle before the previous phase is properly completed. (tocris.com)
The results presented by Moyer and Holland help us to understand how dividing cells build the complex machinery that enables them to pass on their genetic material accurately. (elifesciences.org)
Interphase comprises the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases, in which the cell grows and replicates its genetic material. (coursehero.com)
When the genetic information containing the "blueprint" for these substances is disrupted, cell homeostasis is disrupted, resulting in a wide-range of immediate and/or delayed toxicological effects. (cdc.gov)

Background A synergistic effect resulting from a combination of BCL2 and MYC or MYC and CCND1 has been implicated in human B-cell lymphomas. (haematologica.org)

A complete blood cell count (CBC) with differential should be obtained, including examination of the peripheral blood smear if the differential is abnormal. (medscape.com)

If cells containing damaged DNA were to divide, the errors would be transmitted to daughter cells, generating genomic instability and resulting in tumorigenesis or apoptosis . (tocris.com)

We summarized that four main organic sulfides in garlic, diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), S‑allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) and allicin, may contribute to the regulation of tumor cell apoptosis, migration and the cell cycle. (spandidos-publications.com)

To sustain life, cells divide, proliferate and die, or exist in a quiescent state. (bdbiosciences.com)
1 After cell division, cells either enter another cell cycle or reduce their CDK activity and enter the quiescent state. (bdbiosciences.com)
In quiescent cells, centrioles dock at the plasma membrane and act as basal bodies that template the formation of cilia and flagella ( Breslow and Holland, 2019 ). (elifesciences.org)

Therefore, based on clinical experience as well as cytotoxic activity against multiple human cancer cells, we hypothesized that induction of apoptosis is the underlying mechanism for the treatment of psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
The company develops small molecule drugs that target various phases of cell cycle control for the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
The active ingredients in garlic oil correspond mainly to a family of organosulfur molecules, which selectively increase redox stress in cancer cells, leading to apoptosis and death ( 23 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
LRRC15 was expressed on stromal fibroblasts in many solid tumors (e.g., breast, head and neck, lung, pancreatic) as well as directly on a subset of cancer cells of mesenchymal origin (e.g., sarcoma, melanoma, glioblastoma). (aacrjournals.org)
Adapted from the 2015 Cancer Product Guide, Edition 3, this poster summarizes the stages of the cell cycle and DNA repair. (tocris.com)
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the effects of IMB5036 on cancer cells by in vitro assays, a molecular docking model and in vivo tumour models. (bvsalud.org)
Targeting the cell cycle has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment with special interest in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
It is designed to treat micrometastatic disease (or breast cancer cells that have escaped the breast and regional lymph nodes but which have not yet had an established identifiable metastasis). (medscape.com)
Approval of ribociclib was based on interim analysis results from the pivotal phase 3 MONALEESA-2 trial in postmenopausal women who received no prior systemic therapy for their advanced breast cancer. (medscape.com)

In this paper, we propose a dynamical model for the molecular events underlying these early nuclear division cycles in Drosophila. (vt.edu)
During the cell growth and division cycle, the centrioles duplicate at a time around the beginning of the S-phase, when DNA replicates. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)
This suggests that the modification of STIL by PLK4 is important for normal cell division across different species. (elifesciences.org)
The cell cycle is a series of carefully regulated events, including periods of growth, rest, and cell division. (coursehero.com)
Interphase, the part of the cell cycle between division events, includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and undergoes its usual functions. (coursehero.com)
Most cells spend nearly all of their time in this part of cell division, growing in size and carrying out the normal functions of the cell. (coursehero.com)
When the cell receives signals for division, it moves to the S phase. (coursehero.com)
In this way, to corroborate the ultrastructural characterization of the cells, mainly that entered in cycle of division, can contribute to solve the debate. (fapesp.br)

This result demonstrated that mitotic entry was controlled by a diffusible cytoplasmic factor and not by a "nuclear clock. (wikipedia.org)

In the final stages of the process, dying cells become fragmented into apoptotic bodies and consequently are eliminated by phagocytic cells without significant inflammatory damage to surrounding cells. (bdbiosciences.com)

Furthermore, the piceatannol-suppressed mitotic clonal expansion was accompanied by reduced activation of the insulin-signaling pathway. (oregonstate.edu)

Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
Consequently, Klf2a then activates endocardial Notch signaling which results in the non-cell autonomous initiation of myocardial Erbb2 and BMP signaling to promote cardiomyocyte reprogramming and heart regeneration. (elifesciences.org)
Piceatannol, natural polyphenolic stilbene, inhibits adipogenesis via modulation of mitotic clonal expansion and insulin receptor-dependent insulin signaling in early phase of differentiation. (oregonstate.edu)

The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase, the phase between mitotic events, and the mitotic phase, where the mother cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
and the M phase, the fourth phase of the cell cycle, when a cell divides. (coursehero.com)

Most animal cells contain two to four centrioles. (cellimagelibrary.org)
In this way, centrioles participate in organizing the cell cytoskeleton. (cellimagelibrary.org)
With only two to four centrioles per cell, clear images of centrioles in multicellular organisms are difficult to find. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Cells in which PLK4 was unable to modify STIL had too few centrioles when they were beginning to divide. (elifesciences.org)

Loss of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) bears disastrous consequences for the patient, including corneal clouding and blindness. (lww.com)
1 If the number of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) falls below a certain threshold because of traumatic injury, disease, or normal aging processes, functionality of the CE is decreased, and the cornea swells and becomes milky, leading to eventual vision loss. (lww.com)
The histologic hallmark of AE is represented by the presence of sheets and groups of atypical endothelial cells with prominent epithelioid morphologies. (bvsalud.org)

During the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, DNA polymerases incorporate a variety of nucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine) into the newly extending strands of DNA. (bdbiosciences.com)

Bifurcation analysis of the differential equations reveals the dependence of mitotic oscillations on cycle number, and how this dependence is altered by mutations. (vt.edu)

Clinically, grade 3B follicular lymphoma is treated like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma . (medscape.com)
Plogosertib is under clinical development by Cyclacel Pharmaceuticals and currently in Phase II for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
About 4% of cases of diffuse large B-cell cell lymphoma possess BCL2/MYC double translocations, suggesting a synergistic effect of BCL2 and MYC in lymphoma development. (haematologica.org)

During G1 and S phase, the CDK1 subunit of MPF is inactive due to an inhibitory enzyme, Wee1. (wikipedia.org)

When the body needs to make more cells, for example during growth or repair, existing cells divide in two in order to replicate themselves. (elifesciences.org)
Human fibroblast monocultures were found to be insufficient to fully replicate in vivo fibrosis outcomes suggesting in vitro predictive potential depends upon more advanced cell culture in vitro models. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy13

Organisms5

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs70

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Mitosis26

Spindle13

Proteins10

Centrosome2

Inhibitors4

Kinase4

Protein14

Meiotic1

Chromosomal3

Arrest7

Chromatin2

Centrosomes1

Replication9

Proliferation17

Catastrophe3

Interphase cells1

Mantle cell lym1

Chromosome2

Genes6

Cell's1

Embryos1

Monopolar1

Transition8

Stem cells8

Eukaryotic cell1

Pathways3

Cyclins3

Regulator1

Ubiquitin3

Occurs2

Epithelial2

Induces2

Progression through the cell cycle1

Substrate2

Nucleus2

Morphological1

Gene2

Targets1

Cytoplasm1

BrdU1

Malignant2

Chromosomes6

20163

Genetic7

Lymphomas1

Abnormal1

Genomic1

Regulation1

Quiescent3

Cancer11

Division9

Nuclear1

Apoptotic1

Pathway1

Signaling3

Divides2

Centrioles4

Endothelial cells3

Synthesis1

Differential1

Diffuse3

Subunit1

Replicate2