AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
InterphaseChromosome PositioningPolytene ChromosomesChromosomesChromosomes, HumanChromatinIn Situ Hybridization, FluorescenceChromosomes, PlantCell NucleusChromosome MappingChromosome BandingX ChromosomeChromosome AberrationsChromosomes, Human, Pair 1Sex ChromosomesChromosome SegregationMitosisChromosomes, Human, Pair 11Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7Chromosomes, BacterialChromosomes, Human, Pair 17Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9Chromosome DeletionChromosomes, Human, Pair 21Chromosomes, FungalChromosomes, Human, Pair 13Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and XChromosomes, Human, Pair 22Chromosomes, MammalianChromosome PaintingChromosomes, Human, Pair 2Chromosome PairingChromosomes, Human, Pair 8Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16MetaphaseChromosomes, Human, Pair 4Chromosome DisordersKaryotypingChromosomes, Human, Pair 14Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12Chromosomes, Human, XChromosomes, Artificial, BacterialChromosomes, Human, YChromosomes, Human, Pair 5Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19Chromosomes, Human, 1-3Chromosomes, Artificial, YeastChromosomes, Human, Pair 15CentromereChromosomes, Human, 16-18Chromosome BreakageChromosomes, Human, Pair 20Chromosomes, Human, 13-15Spindle ApparatusGenetic LinkageMolecular Sequence DataChromosomes, Human, 21-22 and YMicrotubulesChromosome InversionTranslocation, GeneticAneuploidyRing ChromosomesGenetic MarkersMeiosisChromosomes, Human, 4-5Base SequenceChromosome StructuresX Chromosome InactivationHybrid CellsChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneChromosomes, InsectMutationProphaseCell CycleChromosomes, Human, 19-20TrisomyKinetochoresCentrosomeHeLa CellsRecombination, GeneticCytogeneticsCell Cycle ProteinsPhenotypeDNA ProbesNuclear ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceDNATelophaseCloning, MolecularLod ScoreTelomerePedigreeCrosses, GeneticMicrosatellite RepeatsDrosophila melanogasterTubulinAlleles
MicrotubulesAnaphaseNucleiNucleusTelophaseMetaphase plateCentromeresSegregationMicrotubuleCentromereProteinsAneuploidyHomologousProphasePolesChromosomalKinetochoresCondenseChromatidsChromatin fibersTypes of chromosomesIndividual chromosomesMaintenance of chromosomesFragmentsCellsCompactionFibersHuman chromosomesAbnormalCell'sPhosphorylationProteinReplicationNuclear envelopeHumansMolecularGenomicKinetochoreCondensinSingle chromosomeStagesUndergoesStructuresStructuralDerivativeCopiesKinasesDiploid cellOrganizationOrganismPhasesStructurePairsGenomeINVERSIONGeneticBreakageMeiosisFormMigrate
Microtubules13
Anaphase8
Nuclei9
Nucleus12
  • Inactivation of CIP2A-TOPBP1 caused acentric fragments to disperse throughout the mitotic cytoplasm, stochastically partition into the nucleus of both daughter cells and aberrantly misaccumulate as cytoplasmic DNA. (nature.com)
  • Similarly, the large ribosomal RNA gene clusters that reside on different chromosomes manage to find each other in almost every cell nucleus to form another easily discernable nuclear entity, the nucleolus [ 27 - 29 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conformation of replicated segments of chromosome fibres in human S-phase nucleus,' Chromosome Res. (nanomedicine.com)
  • Chromosomes, the thread-like structures, are found in the cell nucleus of all animal and plant cells. (leatoc.pics)
  • In order for the chromosomes to be separated successfully during mitosis or meiosis, the membrane of the __nucleus______ must be disassembled. (iwantonlineclasshelp.com)
  • Our lab, along with several other labs in the world, has been trying to understand the architecture of the nucleus and what could be the structural basis of mitotic memory," said the researchers while talking to India Science Wire. (hastakshepnews.com)
  • However, during cell division, the nuclear envelope and matrix essential for the structural and architectural integrity of the interphase nucleus are disassembled, and chromosome territories are condensed into mitotic chromosomes, only to be reassembled and re-established in the daughter nucleus. (hastakshepnews.com)
  • The researchers compared the qualitative and quantitative protein compositions of the interphase nucleus and the mitotic chromosomes from fruit fly cell lines using techniques such as Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The data analysis using bioinformatic approaches to identify the proteins in the NuMat and MiCS revealed a two-thirds overlap between them. (hastakshepnews.com)
  • Our hypothesis states that the proteins that make the nuclear matrix of the interphase nucleus, during cell division are disassembled and packaged into the mitotic chromosomes and these serve as mitotic memory to guide the re-establishment of nuclear architecture in daughter cells," researchers explain. (hastakshepnews.com)
  • Chromosomes are made of a material called chromatin, which is dispersed throughout the cell nucleus during interphase. (visionlearning.com)
  • In interphase cells, GTP-bound Ran (Ran-GTP) is the major form in nucleus while GDP-bound Ran (Ran-GDP) is the predominant form in cytoplasm. (nih.gov)
  • Speckled pattern distributed throughout the interphase nucleus with characteristic heterogeneity in the size, brightness and distribution of the speckles. (cdc.gov)
Telophase2
Metaphase plate3
Centromeres3
  • In binary fission, there is no involvement of the mitotic apparatus like the centrioles, mitotic spindle, centromeres, and kinetochores. (differencebetween.net)
  • nature structural & molecular biology Abstract In the early stages of mitosis, cohesin is released from chromosome arms but not from centromeres. (cbinsights.com)
  • Cohesion at centromeres is protected by Shugoshin (SGO1) 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , giving rise to the typical X-shaped structure of human chromosomes. (cbinsights.com)
Segregation13
Microtubule5
  • Centromere-associated protein-E (CENP-E) is an essential mitotic kinesin that is required for efficient, stable microtubule capture at kinetochores. (rupress.org)
  • At kinetochore-microtubule plus ends, the kinesin-8 family member Kif18A is essential to align mitotic chromosomes at the spindle equator during cell division, but how it accomplishes this function is unclear. (nih.gov)
  • In interphase cells, Kif18A uses this activity to reduce the overall dynamicity of microtubule plus ends and effectively constrains the distance over which plus ends grow and shrink. (nih.gov)
  • During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. (lookformedical.com)
  • Additional observations suggest an in vivo role of RanBP2 in interphase microtubule organization. (nih.gov)
Centromere4
Proteins10
  • These thread-shaped structures are present at the interphase for a longer time accumulating nutrients, synthesizing proteins, and generating new organelles. (differencebetween.com)
  • 3419. M.A. Mancini, D. He, I.I. Ouspenski, B.R. Brinkley, 'Dynamic continuity of nuclear and mitotic matrix proteins in the cell cycle,' J. Cell Biochem. (nanomedicine.com)
  • A chromosome consists of proteins and DNA organized into genes. (leatoc.pics)
  • Chromosome 4 probably contains 1000 to 1100 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. (leatoc.pics)
  • Chromosome organization poses a remarkable physical problem with many biological consequences: How can molecular interactions between proteins at the nanometer scale organize micron-long chromatinized DNA molecules, insulating or facilitating interactions between specific genomic elements? (fudenberg.team)
  • New Delhi, February 26: Researchers from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( CSIR-CCMB ) have identified the proteins that make up the interphase nuclear scaffold called the Nuclear Matrix (NuMat) and the Mitotic Chromosome Scaffold (MiCS). (hastakshepnews.com)
  • This means, during the process of condensing the genetic material for cell division, the proteins of the nuclear matrix are packaged and passed on to the daughter cells in the form of a mitotic chromosome, which now serves as a form of mitotic memory for the precise re-establishment of mitotic memory," researchers point out. (hastakshepnews.com)
  • During interphase, several kinetochore proteins stably bind to NPCs (e.g. (nih.gov)
  • G1 phase is the first phase of the interphase of the cell cycle in which cell shows a growth by synthesizing proteins and other molecules. (ventolaphotography.com)
  • G2 phase is the third phase of interphase of the cell cycle in which cell prepares for nuclear division by making necessary proteins and other components. (ventolaphotography.com)
Aneuploidy3
  • Uneven distribution of sister chromatids in mitosis or failure to repair DNA breaks results in aneuploidy or chromosome translocations, which are two prevalent forms of genomic instability in cancer cells. (packard.org)
  • Moreover, aneuploidy arising from mitotic divisions is a hallmark of many types of solid tumors. (nih.gov)
  • examples include aneuploidy (atypical chromosome number), deletion (loss of part of a chromosome), duplications (extra copies of a region of a chromosome), inversion (when part of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Homologous12
Prophase6
Poles1
Chromosomal7
  • Nuclear motions are transmitted to chromosomes by telomere bouquet formation, a transient chromosomal configuration in which telomeres are clustered in specific regions of the nuclear envelope, often near the centrosome. (usal-csic.es)
  • The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. (lookformedical.com)
  • A terminal section of a chromosome which has a specialized structure and which is involved in chromosomal replication and stability. (lookformedical.com)
  • Opposite to the mitotic spindle, the separation of chromosomal replication is done through the cell membrane. (differencebetween.net)
  • Changes in the structure or quantity of chromosomes , which are strands of condensed genetic material, are known as chromosomal aberrations or abnormalities. (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • In an organism, any visible abnormality in chromosome number or structure from the diploid set is known as chromosomal aberration . (schleiden-eifel.de)
  • Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Kinetochores4
  • 2019). EML4, through its WD40 repeats, interacts with NUDC and recruits it to the kinetochores of the mitotic spindle (Chen et al. (reactome.org)
  • The relationship between NPCs and mitotic kinetochores is both surprisingly intimate and poorly understood. (nih.gov)
  • Several other nucleoporins that do not associate with kinetochores have also been shown to have important mitotic roles, including Nup214, Nup98, and TPR. (nih.gov)
  • Disruption of RanBP2 association with kinetochores causes defective mitotic spindle assembly. (nih.gov)
Condense1
Chromatids6
Chromatin fibers1
Types of chromosomes2
Individual chromosomes2
Maintenance of chromosomes1
  • Finally, we discuss a likely molecular mechanism of loop extrusion by structural maintenance of chromosomes complexes. (fudenberg.team)
Fragments5
  • Here we tracked micronucleated chromosomes with live-cell imaging and show that acentric fragments cluster in close spatial proximity throughout mitosis for asymmetric inheritance by a single daughter cell. (nature.com)
  • Mitotic clustering facilitates the reassembly of acentric fragments into rearranged chromosomes lacking the extensive DNA copy-number losses that are characteristic of canonical chromothripsis. (nature.com)
  • The stochastic inheritance of chromosome fragments by both newly formed daughter cells could in part contribute to the alternating DNA copy-number states that are characteristic of chromothripsis 2 . (nature.com)
  • Mitotic clustering drives the unequal inheritance of acentric fragments by a single daughter cell, providing an explanation for the origins of distinct patterns of chromothripsis found across diverse cancer types and congenital disorders. (nature.com)
  • Such structures are a result of chromosome fragments or entire acentric chromosomes which are lost during a cell division. (bvsalud.org)
Cells25
  • Many interphase cells in a multicellular animal contain a small, non-motile cilium, or 'primary cilium' that grows from one centriole. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • is the target of an important class of anticancer medicines but tumor cells can become resistant by reducing the association of the enzyme with chromosomes. (immune-source.com)
  • on chromosomes is very short (?15 s) in live cells (Tavormina et al. (immune-source.com)
  • to chromosomes in cells (Linka et al. (immune-source.com)
  • Mitosis ends with 2 identical cells , each with 2N chromosomes and 2X DNA content. (howto.org)
  • The result of mitosis is two identical daughter cells , genetically identical to the original cell, all having 2N chromosomes. (howto.org)
  • ChromEMT: Visualizing 3D chromatin structure and compaction in interphase and mitotic cells. (4dnucleome.org)
  • 3412. L.G. Koss, 'Characteristics of chromosomes in polarized normal human bronchial cells provide a blueprint for nuclear organization,' Cytogenet. (nanomedicine.com)
  • How do chromosomes move in plant cells? (leatoc.pics)
  • A karyotype is a test used to identify and evaluate the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. (leatoc.pics)
  • Chromosome 3 contains nearly 200 million base pairs (the building blocks of DNA) and represents about 6.5% of all DNA in cells. (leatoc.pics)
  • Do plant cells have chromosomes? (leatoc.pics)
  • During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, creating two new cells. (leatoc.pics)
  • The interphase is a preparatory phase, wherein the cells prepare themselves for the upcoming nuclear and cytoplasmic division. (androbose.in)
  • Interphase is the phase in which the cell grows till it can divide it's genetic material and the cytoplasm into two halves i.e. capable of producing two daughter cells. (androbose.in)
  • The researchers also speculate that the constituents of mitotic memory are critical for normal functioning and that their dysfunction may lead to misregulation of the cells causing abnormalities such as cancers and developmental diseases or disorders. (hastakshepnews.com)
  • In Cell Division I: The Cell Cycle , we learned that Flemming observed how chromosomes became visible in patterns that repeated each time the cells of fire salamanders divided. (visionlearning.com)
  • Interphase is characterized by cell growth and DNA replication , while M is the phase of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes of the cell prepare for the cell to divide into two new cells. (coursehero.com)
  • In eukaryotic cells , DNA is found in structures called chromosomes. (coursehero.com)
  • Chromosomes are studied by cytogenetic techniques and are best studied at mitotic or meiotic metaphase, although some studies, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods, may utilize interphase cells. (clinicalsci.info)
  • a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Cell division gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is maintained. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells. (ventolaphotography.com)
Compaction2
  • 2012 This dramatic transformation of interphase chromatin to a set of actually tractable condensed chromosomes is definitely complete within minutes yet must achieve not just linear compaction but also individualization of each chromosome (Giménez-Abián et al. (immune-source.com)
  • As a postdoc, I am working on what drives the compaction of mitotic chromosomes (spoiler: it's not condensins! (earnshawlab.com)
Fibers2
  • On the basis of in vitro structures and electron microscopy (EM) studies, the hierarchical model is that 11-nanometer DNA-nucleosome polymers fold into 30- and subsequently into 120- and 300- to 700-nanometer fibers and mitotic chromosomes. (4dnucleome.org)
  • The condensed chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers with the help of protein complex, kinetochore. (androbose.in)
Human chromosomes2
Abnormal2
Cell's1
Phosphorylation2
  • That is needed during mitotic leave to change mitotic histone phosphorylation [46]. (angiogenesis-blog.com)
  • 2019). At mitotic entry, EML4 undergoes phosphorylation (Pollmann et al. (reactome.org)
Protein3
Replication1
  • We use a combination of molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, and microscopy to visualize nuclear positioning and folding dynamics of specific chromosome regions and individual gene loci and to relate this to regulation of transcription and replication. (illinois.edu)
Nuclear envelope1
  • Ran is a Ras-family GTPase that plays critical roles in multiple cellular processes including nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, nuclear envelope assembly and mitotic spindle assembly. (nih.gov)
Humans5
  • Humans normally have two copies of this chromosome. (leatoc.pics)
  • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes: 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes called autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y. Each parent contributes one chromosome to each pair, so the offspring gets half of the chromosomes from the mother and the other half from the mother. (leatoc.pics)
  • Humans are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes numbering _______46______ total. (iwantonlineclasshelp.com)
  • While humans have 46 chromosomes and dogs have 78, one kind of ant has only 2 chromosomes and a type of protozoan has nearly 16,000! (visionlearning.com)
  • These are some of the most common cytogenetically visible rearrangements in humans - for example , the pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 is found in over. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Molecular4
  • Our group's studies will provide a better molecular understanding of chromosome instability in human cancers and may ultimately lead to new strategies to treat them. (packard.org)
  • Although defects in bouquet formation compromise gamete production and viability, the molecular basis that controls how the beginning and end of the bouquet stage is established, how long chromosome movements last, and whether these movements are stochastic or follow a predictable pattern are some of the questions that remain to be deciphered. (usal-csic.es)
  • In our lab we try to understand the molecular basis of chromosome dynamics during gametogenesis by developing new computational tools for segmentation and unsupervised time series analysis, spectral evaluation, motif discovery and causal network discovery in chromosome movements in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, one of the model systems in which chromosome dynamics during the telomere bouquet stage has been explored in the greatest detail. (usal-csic.es)
  • Based on several studies from our lab over the years, we propose a new hypothesis to address the molecular and structural basis of mitotic memory. (hastakshepnews.com)
Genomic1
  • Studies using a derivative of chromosome conformation capture (3C) known as 'Hi-C' have revealed that long-range genomic contacts segregate TADs into an active (A) and inactive (B) compartment [ 37 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Kinetochore1
  • Thus, CENP-E is required for enhancing recruitment of its binding partner BubR1 to each unattached kinetochore and for stimulating BubR1 kinase activity, implicating it as an essential amplifier of a basal mitotic checkpoint signal. (rupress.org)
Condensin1
  • 2008 It is not known if the chromosome core region is definitely enriched with DNA inside a positively supercoiled topological state but Atropine this can be inferred from the fact that condensin localization is mostly restricted to the core region of chromosomes (Maeshima and Laemmli 2003 Ono et al. (immune-source.com)
Single chromosome1
  • In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1). (lookformedical.com)
Stages7
Undergoes1
  • Interphase, the part of the cell cycle between division events, includes the G1, S, and G2 phases, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and undergoes its usual functions. (coursehero.com)
Structures5
Structural1
Derivative1
Copies2
Kinases1
  • 2015). It is possible that other mitotic kinases, besides NEK6 and NEK7, also phosphorylate EML4. (reactome.org)
Diploid cell1
  • If a normal diploid cell is 2n, the chromosome content of a double tetrasomic cell is designated. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Organization1
  • Using ChromEMT (ChromEM tomography), we reveal the ultrastructure and three-dimensional (3D) organization of individual chromatin polymers, megabase domains, and mitotic chromosomes. (4dnucleome.org)
Organism2
Phases6
Structure7
Pairs4
Genome1
  • Cohesin has a dual role, as it not only holds together sister DNAs but also builds the DNA loops that shape the interphase genome. (cbinsights.com)
INVERSION2
  • R-banding is a cytogenetic technique that produces inversion of G-band staining on chromosomes. (leatoc.pics)
  • A comparison of human and chimpanzee genes in the region of this inversion indicates that two genes-ROCK1 and USP14-that are adjacent on chimpanzee chromosome 17 (which corresponds to human chromosome 18) are more distantly positioned on human chromosome 18. (schleiden-eifel.de)
Genetic3
  • These studies implicate a potential mechanism suppressing the loss of genetic material after chromosome pulverization, although how distinct patterns of rearrangements arise in cancer and germline disorders remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. (leatoc.pics)
  • Some genes have a variety of different forms found at the same genetic position or locus on a chromosome. (leatoc.pics)
Breakage2
Meiosis1
  • Quantitative approaches to understanding the dynamics of the self-assembled spindle and studying its relationship to chromosome dynamics in meiosis. (usal-csic.es)
Form3
Migrate1