Mitochondrial size. Medical search. Frequent questions

We have characterised retinal mitochondrial ageing in a key vertebrate model organism, that provides a basis for future studies of retinal diseases that are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. (ucl.ac.uk)
The goal is to define an effective post-exposure, non-invasive intervention strategy to mitigate a primary cause of loud-sound induced hearing loss mitochondrial dysfunction and overproduction of reactive oxygen species. (dtic.mil)
Given that young adults born premature also demonstrate skeletal muscle dysfunction, future studies are merited to determine whether this dysfunction as well as reduced aerobic capacity is due to reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and metabolic dysfunction. (frontiersin.org)
Dozens of rare diseases have been shown to result from this type of mitochondrial dysfunction. (eurekalert.org)
Lowering of mitochondrial activity and dysfunction are known to be closely related to cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (dojindo.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to play a role in bipolar disorder, and several controlled trials have examined whether nutritional supplements that support energy production in the mitochondria can treat bipolar depression. (thecarlatreport.com)
These changes mimic those observed in diabetes and insulin resistance and, if sustained, may result in mitochondrial dysfunction in the prediabetic/insulin-resistant state. (diabetesjournals.org)
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the major intracellular lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). (jneurosci.org)
However, the causative factors involved in the mitochondrial dysfunction in human AD are not well understood. (jneurosci.org)
The levels of translocationally arrested mitochondrial APP directly correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction. (jneurosci.org)
Collectively, these results suggest that abnormal accumulation of APP across mitochondrial import channels, causing mitochondrial dysfunction, is a hallmark of human AD pathology. (jneurosci.org)
Progressive mitochondrial accumulation of incompletely translocated APP caused mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired cellular energy metabolism. (jneurosci.org)
This has therefore led to the hypothesis that autism may be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. (nih.gov)
There is therefore a vital need to utilise novel imaging techniques, such as near-infrared spectroscopy, that will allow non-invasive measurement of metabolic markers for neuronal activity such as cytochrome c oxidase, in order to better establish the link between autism and mitochondrial dysfunction. (nih.gov)
Both α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). (springer.com)
Although the mechanisms underlying PD remain elusive, α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been recognized as major contributors [ 1 , 57 ]. (springer.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction and Parkinson's disease - near-infrared photobiomodulation as a potential therapeutic strategy. (ntu.edu.sg)
Given that dopaminergic neurons affected in Parkinson's disease (PD) are particularly susceptible to energy fluctuations by their high basal energy demand, it is not surprising to note that mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a compelling candidate underlying PD. (ntu.edu.sg)
In this review, we provide an update on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD and how PBM may help mitigate the neurodegenerative process. (ntu.edu.sg)
Certain mitochondrial DNA mutations have been found to result in mitochondrial dysfunction and have been found to be heavily implicated in the aging process as well as various age-related disorders and diseases. (bartleby.com)
Mitochondrial function or the ability to generate energy through OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation) is vital for cell homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of nearly all chronic diseases ( Pieczenik and Neustadt, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Relevant to the studies presented in this manuscript, mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to the perpetuation of metabolic inflammation caused by nutrient excess. (frontiersin.org)
Besides OXPHOS, mitochondrial dysfunction is also present in the examination of mitochondrial morphology, the balance of mitochondrial network formation, and fission and fusion. (frontiersin.org)

Although its precise biological function remains unclear, its proximity to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) makes it an excellent candidate to participate in mtDNA replication, metabolism and maintenance. (mdpi.com)
In fact, NUMTs have often been unintentionally discovered by researchers who were looking for mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). (wikipedia.org)
After the release of the mtDNA to the cytoplasm, due to the mitochondrial alteration and morphological changes, mtDNA is transferred into the nucleus by one of the various predicted methods and are eventually inserted by double-stranded break repair processes into the nuclear DNA (nDNA). (wikipedia.org)
Although, the extended translocation of mtDNA fragments and their co-amplification with free mitochondrial DNA has been problematic in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders, in the study of population genetics, and phylogenetic analyses, scientists have used NUMTs as the genetic markers to figure out the relative rate of nuclear and mitochondrial mutation and recreating the evolutionary tree. (wikipedia.org)
The integration and recombination of cytoplasmic mtDNA into the nuclear DNA is called nuclear mitochondrial DNA, which is abbreviated as NUMT. (wikipedia.org)
This genetic material is known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. (medlineplus.gov)
The multidisciplinary research team set out to learn whether maternal age is important in the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, both in the mother and in the child as a result of transmission. (eurekalert.org)
In addition to the cellular energy sensor AMP kinase, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor cofactors PGC1α ( 5 , 6 , 7 ) and possibly PGC1β ( 8 ) activate mitochondrial biogenesis and increase OXPHOS gene expression by increasing the transcription, translation, and activation of the transcription factors necessary for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication. (diabetesjournals.org)
Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases are rare disorders whose prevalence is estimated around 1 in 5000. (bmj.com)
Methods We analysed the whole mtDNA in a cohort of 743 patients suspected of manifesting a mitochondrial disease, after excluding deletions and common mutations. (bmj.com)
Recently, several mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) point mutations have been associated with MICM. (nih.gov)
As several components of the metazoan mitochondrial DNA replisome are likely phage-derived, these findings raise the possibility that the rolling circle mtDNA replication mechanism may be ancestral among metazoans. (escholarship.org)
Because of the increased awareness on the importance of metabolism and bioenergetics in a wide variety of human diseases, more and more mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies are performed to study the link between mtDNA sequence variation and disease development. (northwestern.edu)
Mitochondrial genome-wide association studies have established the connection between mtDNA and a wide variety of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. (northwestern.edu)
Enrichment of mtDNA is achieved through selective amplification of the mitochondrial genome with long-range PCR. (northwestern.edu)
Single-end 50 or 75bp reads are enough for mapping mtDNA reads to the mitochondrial reference genome. (northwestern.edu)
Standard mtDNA-seq bioinformatics service includes sequencing data QC, alignment to the reference mitochondrial genome, and variant analysis. (northwestern.edu)
Does the long-range PCR performed to enrich mtDNA from total gDNA amplify NUMTs (nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences)? (northwestern.edu)
However, recently it became apparent that the mitochondrial genome, despite its small size, is crucial for the study of human evolution and disease, as mtDNA mutations lead to some serious diseases. (bartleby.com)
The DNA from the mitochondria is called the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), this DNA has over 16,000 base pairs (bps) that can be used to view the the lineage of a person's history. (bartleby.com)
In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes necessary for the intramitochondrial synthesis of these 13 polypeptides. (medscape.com)
Located within the mitochondrial matrix, and lacking the efficient repair mechanisms available to nuclear DNA, mtDNA has a relatively high rate of mutation. (medscape.com)
Kearns Sayre Syndrome (OMIM #530000) occurs as a result of large-scale single deletions (or rearrangements) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which are usually not inherited but occur spontaneously, probably at the germ-cell level or very early in embryonic development. (medscape.com)

Containing 37 genes, mitochondrial DNA has an essential role in the production of necessary compounds, such as required enzymes for the proper function of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondrial DNA contains 37 genes, all of which are essential for normal mitochondrial function. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in at least three mitochondrial genes can cause cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, which is a condition that can affect several parts of the body, including the muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles), the heart, the brain, or the liver. (medlineplus.gov)
The mitochondrial genes associated with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency provide instructions for making proteins that are part of a large enzyme group (complex) called cytochrome c oxidase (also known as complex IV). (medlineplus.gov)
We hypothesized a HFD may affect expression of genes involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. (diabetesjournals.org)
Combined, these results suggest a mechanism whereby HFD downregulates genes necessary for OXPHOS and mitochondrial biogenesis. (diabetesjournals.org)
We review such studies reporting decreased activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and reduced gene expression of mitochondrial genes, in particular genes of respiratory chain complexes, in individuals with autism. (nih.gov)
We investigated to what extent the cuticle inward barrier function depends on the genotype, comprising mitochondrial and nuclear genes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and investigated the contribution of interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genotypes (mito-nuclear interactions) on this function. (peerj.com)
Herein, we interfered the muscle expression of the Drosophila genes Marf and Opa1, two genes that encode for proteins promoting mitochondrial fusion, orthologues of human MFN2 and OPA1. (upv.es)
About 2000 completely sequenced mitochondrial genomes are available from the NCBI RefSeq data base together with manually curated annotations of their protein-coding genes, rRNAs, and tRNAs. (scienceopen.com)
While most researchers tend to overlook it because of its small size, the mitochondrial genome contains genes that are essential for cellular energetics and survival (Fig. 1). (northwestern.edu)
There are 16,569 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA which only code for 37 genes. (bartleby.com)
A deletion anywhere in the mitochondrial genome may affect transcription or translation of genes that were not affected by the deletion. (medscape.com)

NUMT, pronounced "new might", is an acronym for "nuclear mitochondrial DNA" segment or genetic locus coined by evolutionary geneticist, Jose V. Lopez, which describes a transposition of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
More and more NUMT sequences, with different size and length, in the diverse number of Eukaryotes, have been detected as more whole genome sequencing of different organisms accumulates. (wikipedia.org)
NUMTs have been reported in all studied eukaryotes, and nearly all mitochondrial genome regions can be integrated into the nuclear genome. (wikipedia.org)
The first application of the NUMT term in the domestic cat (Felis catus) example was striking, since mitochondrial gene number and content were amplified 38-76X in the cat nuclear genome, besides being transposed from the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
These parts of the mitochondrial genome have been reported to be the most frequently employed. (wikipedia.org)
the evidence of such translocation has been seen through the comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequence with the genome sequence of the counterparts. (wikipedia.org)
The possible presence of organelle DNA inside the nuclear genome was suggested after the finding of homologous structure to the mitochondrial DNA, which was shortly after the discovery of the presence of an independent DNA within the organelles in 1967. (wikipedia.org)
Initial evidence that DNA could move among cell compartments came when fragments of chloroplast DNA were found in the maize mitochondrial genome with the help of cross-hybridization, between chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, and physical mapping of homologous regions. (wikipedia.org)
Mitohormesis, an adaptive response caused by different insults affecting the mitochondrial network, triggers a response from the nuclear genome inducing several pathways that promote longevity and metabolic health. (upv.es)
Nearly all mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and imported into mitochondria after synthesis on cytosolic ribosomes. (escholarship.org)
We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Menochilus sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781) and compared it with that of other insects. (scienceopen.com)
MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation. (scienceopen.com)
The mitochondrial genome is an independent genetic system in each eukaryotic cell outside the nuclear genome. (northwestern.edu)
Because of the small size of the genome, usually there is more than enough coverage even with heavy multiplexing. (northwestern.edu)
Until recent years, the mitochondrial genome, located in the mitochondrion, and the genetic information encoded by it have been given little attention. (bartleby.com)
Mitochondrial DNA is just a small part of the genome. (bartleby.com)
The mitochondrial genome is a 16569 base-pair closed circular loop of double-stranded DNA found in multiple copies within the mitochondrial matrix. (medscape.com)
The mitochondrial genome encodes the genetic information for the 13 polypeptide subunits essential for the process of oxidative phosphorylation. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] The mitochondrial genome is remarkably concise, containing little noncoding capacity and no introns. (medscape.com)
[ 5 ] The deletions vary in size and location on the mitochondrial genome in different individuals, although a common deletion of 4.9kB is present in at least a third of patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome. (medscape.com)
Johan Jakobsson and his team tries to understand how the human brain is so different in complexity and size to the brains of other great apes, even though our coding genome is almost identical. (lu.se)

Furthermore, in AD brains, mitochondrially associated APP formed stable ∼480 kDa complexes with the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOM40) import channel and a super complex of ∼620 kDa with both mitochondrial TOM40 and the translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane 23 (TIM23) import channel TIM23 in an "N in mitochondria -C out cytoplasm " orientation. (jneurosci.org)
Long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCHAD) is 1 of 3 enzymatic activities that make up the trifunctional protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (medscape.com)

The cat NUMTs sequences did not appear to be functional due to the finding of multiple mutations, the differences in mitochondrial and nuclear genetic codes, and the apparent insertion within typically inert centromere regions. (wikipedia.org)
As people age, mitochondrial DNA accumulates damaging mutations, including deletions and other changes. (medlineplus.gov)
The discovery of a "maternal age effect" by a team of Penn State scientists that could be used to predict the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations in maternal egg cells -- and the transmission of these mutations to children -- could provide valuable insights for genetic counseling. (eurekalert.org)
Mitochondrial myopathies are associated with mitochondrial diseases which are caused by certain nuclear DNA deletions and mutations. (sbwire.com)

At the molecular and structural level, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function are altered in diabetes, as well as in insulin-resistant relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Calorie restriction is known to extend lifespan among organisms by a debating mechanism underlying nitric oxide-driven mitochondrial biogenesis. (peerj.com)
Accompanying with the up-regulation of signal transducers and respiratory chain signatures, mitochondrial biogenesis occurs with the elevation of adenosine triphosphate levels upon exposure of mouse skeletal muscles to the mimetics of calorie restriction. (peerj.com)
In conclusion, calorie restriction-triggered nitric oxide provides antioxidative protection and alleviates telomere attrition via mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby maintaining chromosomal stability and integrity, which are the hallmarks of longevity. (peerj.com)

How can a heterogeneous group of mitochondrial deletions lead to a similar phenotype? (medscape.com)

As a result, reactive oxygen species easily damage mitochondrial DNA, causing cells to malfunction and ultimately to die. (medlineplus.gov)
We offer a wide assortment of fluorescent probes for analyzing aspects of normal mitochondrial activity in live cells, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium flux. (stratech.co.uk)

A distinctive feature of the early stages of apoptosis is the disruption of normal mitochondrial function. (stratech.co.uk)

Substantial evidence has shown that αSyn toxicity may directly disrupt mitochondrial function. (springer.com)
Valinomycin, an ionophore antibiotic, was used to disrupt mitochondrial function in PC12 cells, and MitoTracker Deep Red FM was used to monitor the effects. (moleculardevices.com)

Overexpression of ClpP reduces αSyn-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through enhancing the level of Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD2), and suppresses the accumulation of αSyn S129 phosphorylation and promotes neuronal morphology in neurons derived from PD patient iPS cells carrying αSyn A53T mutant. (springer.com)
Cells were imaged in the transmitted light (TL) channel of the MiniMax cytometer to obtain cell counts and assess morphology, and in the red fluorescent channel to measure mitochondrial activity. (moleculardevices.com)
In the present study, we examine the specific impacts of MSCs on mitochondrial morphology and function in host tissues. (frontiersin.org)
MSC co-culture with skin fibroblasts from mitochondrial disease patients rescued aberrant mitochondrial morphology from a fission state to a more fused appearance indicating an effect of MSC co-culture on host cell mitochondrial network formation. (frontiersin.org)
Collectively, our data indicate that MSC therapy rescues impaired mitochondrial morphology, enhances host metabolic capacity, and induces widespread host gene shifting. (frontiersin.org)
At present, little is known about the impact of MSC therapy on mitochondrial function and morphology. (frontiersin.org)
Fmt mutants were initially identified for their abnormal mitochondrial morphology, with mitochondria often forming clusters. (lu.se)

Understanding the role of mitochondrial function during the aging process could help biomarker identification and the development of novel strategies for healthy aging. (upv.es)

Inhibition of Autophagy Prevents Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) Protection on Cardiac Myocytes Against Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Injury, Ca2+ Homeostasis and Associated Apoptosis. (abcam.com)
It plays a key role in mitochondrial homeostasis through selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria, and is an essential component of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. (stratech.co.uk)
This enabled them to identify a Zinc finger protein (ZNF) specifically expressed in humans and not chimpanzees and demonstrate that the human-specific ZNF (named ZNF558) is crucial for both mitochondrial homeostasis and early human brain development. (lu.se)

Cardiac mitochondrial function is altered in a variety of inherited and acquired cardiovascular diseases. (jci.org)
Many mitochondrial diseases affect more than one system in the human body," said Kateryna Makova, professor of biology and one of the study's primary investigators. (eurekalert.org)
For many mitochondrial diseases, 70 to 80 percent of molecules need to have the disease-causing variant for the disease to manifest itself. (eurekalert.org)
We have some predictive power now and can assist genetic counselors in advising couples about the chances of mitochondrial diseases being passed to the next generation," Makova said. (eurekalert.org)
Recently, evidence has accrued that a significant proportion of individuals with autism have concomitant diseases such as mitochondrial disease and abnormalities of energy generation. (nih.gov)
This buildup of lactic acid may help distinguish a mitochondrial disorder from other metabolic diseases. (msdmanuals.com)

Testing different combinations of mito-nuclear genotypes, we show that the inward barrier efficiency is modulated by the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes independently. (peerj.com)
We present an in silico approach for the reconstruction of complete mitochondrial genomes of non-model organisms directly from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data-mitochondrial baiting and iterative mapping (MITObim). (scienceopen.com)
The method is straightforward even if only (i) distantly related mitochondrial genomes or (ii) mitochondrial barcode sequences are available as starting-reference sequences or seeds, respectively. (scienceopen.com)
The approach overcomes the limitations of traditional strategies for obtaining mitochondrial genomes for species with little or no mitochondrial sequence information at hand and represents a fast and highly efficient in silico alternative to laborious conventional strategies relying on initial long-range PCR. (scienceopen.com)

Investigation of temporal gene expression of several mitochondrial-related markers indicated fission as the dominant mechanism contributing to the changes observed over time. (ucl.ac.uk)

Super Ubiquinol CoQ10 with Enhanced Mitochondrial Support™ is formulated with a highly bioavailable form of coenzyme Q10 called ubiquinol and augmented with the adaptogen PrimaVie® shilajit, which has been shown in preclinical models to promote mitochondrial energy production. (lifeextension.com)

Although studies suggest that αSyn and its missense mutant, A53T, preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria, the mechanisms by which αSyn and mitochondrial proteins regulate each other to trigger mitochondrial and neuronal toxicity are poorly understood. (springer.com)

In preclinical models shilajit has been shown to enhance mitochondrial energy production. (lifeextension.com)
A recent approach towards forestalling dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD involves near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM), which is thought to enhance mitochondrial function of stimulated cells through augmenting the activity of cytochrome C oxidase. (ntu.edu.sg)

Once the cells have been identified via their nuclear stain in one fluorescence channel of an imaging system, their mitochondrial activity can be measured on a per-cell basis as fluorescence in a second channel corresponding to the specific mitochondrial dye used. (moleculardevices.com)

Utilizing a small molecule mitochondrial fission inhibitor, mitochondrial division inhibitor-1, the results so far have demonstrated that inhibition of the mitochondrial fission process significantly attenuates NIHL and reduces damage to the tissues of the inner ear resulting from a single acute sound exposure. (dtic.mil)
This new field of study is called mitochondrial dynamics and it reveals how abnormalities in the life cycle of mitochondria (including the ways mitochondria divide (fission), join together (fusion) and are eliminated) result in disease causing changes in cell growth and survival. (queensu.ca)

Camptothecin induced mitochondrial membrane potential changes were measured with JC-10™ (Cat No. 22204 ) and JC-1 (Cat No. 22200 ) in Jurkat cells. (stratech.co.uk)

Inhibition of miR-421 Preserves Mitochondrial Function and Protects against Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis via Pink1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy. (abcam.com)
Thallium's similar size to potassium results in early stimulation then inhibition of potassium-dependent processes. (medscape.com)

for instance, it is shown that sequences of mitochondrial origin promote nuclear DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (wikipedia.org)
and estimation of the age of the human race from polymorphism rates, Y-chromosome diversity, linkage block size, and divergence of duplicate sequences. (icr.org)

Accumulation of APP across mitochondrial import channels, which varied with the severity of AD, inhibited the entry of nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits IV and Vb proteins, which was associated with decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity and increased levels of H 2 O 2 . (jneurosci.org)
Mitochondrial accumulation of APP was also observed in the cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neuronal types in the category III AD brains. (jneurosci.org)

This study opens new avenues to explore the link of mitochondrial dynamics and inter-organ communication, as well as their relationship with muscle-related pathologies, or in which muscle aging is a risk factor for their appearance. (upv.es)

Moreover, prior RT seemed to impair mitochondrial adaptations to ET. (bvsalud.org)

Recent studies have identified the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) as a regulator of mitochondrial function in tissues specialized for thermogenesis, such as brown adipose. (jci.org)
Obesity and type 2 diabetes have been associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and reduced mitochondrial mass and function. (diabetesjournals.org)
He is also working on new ways to image the bacteria-sized mitochondria, such as new "super resolution" light microscopes, which will allow researchers to see the organelles better and thereby better understand their function. (queensu.ca)
Employing in vitro cell culture of inherited mitochondrial disease and an in vivo animal experimental model of low-grade inflammation (high fat feeding), we show human-derived MSCs to alter mitochondrial function. (frontiersin.org)
KEY POINTS Resistance training is largely underappreciated as a method to improve endurance performance, despite reports showing it may improve mitochondrial function. (bvsalud.org)

Mitochondrial DNA is the small circular chromosome that is found inside mitochondria. (bartleby.com)

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10, ubiquinone) is an antioxidant, produced naturally in humans, that is also a cofactor for mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation. (msdmanuals.com)

GENOMIC AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN FORENSIC DENTISTRY The genomic DNA is found in the nucleus of each cell in the human body and represents a DNA source for most forensic applications. (bartleby.com)

Deficiency in ClpP induces an overload of mitochondrial misfolded/unfolded proteins, suppresses mitochondrial respiratory activity, increases mitochondrial oxidative damage and causes cell death. (springer.com)
These precursor proteins are translocated into mitochondria by the TOM complex, a protein-conducting channel in the mitochondrial outer membrane. (escholarship.org)

In humans, mitochondrial DNA spans about 16,500 DNA building blocks (base pairs), representing a small fraction of the total DNA in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Cells that have high energy demands, such as those in the inner ear that are critical for hearing, are particularly sensitive to the effects of mitochondrial DNA damage. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitochondrial condition in the carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP) treated Parkin-expressing HeLa cells was compared with untreated cells using Mitophagy Detection Kit (MD01, MT02) and JC-1 MitoMP Detection Kit (MT09). (dojindo.com)
Both dyes have been successfully for dymanic and in situ quantitative measurements, to screen for inhibitors of the mitochondrial transition pore, to assess the functionality of mitochondria in living cells, and can be used to discrimate between viable and non-viable cell populations. (stratech.co.uk)
PC12 cells showed a concentrationdependent reduction in mitochondrial labeling when treated with valinomycin. (moleculardevices.com)
Mitochondrial disorders cause mitochondria to stop working properly, so that less and less energy is generated within the cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Compared to control rats, male rats exposed to 14 days of postnatal hyperoxia then aged to 1 year demonstrated higher skeletal muscle fatigability, lower muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, more mitochondrial damage, and higher glycolytic enzyme expression. (frontiersin.org)

A ) Schematic of the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis pathway and downstream lipoic acid synthesis. (elifesciences.org)
Schematic demonstrating mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation and effects of long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) deficiency. (medscape.com)

Changes in mitochondrial DNA are among the best-studied genetic factors associated with age-related hearing loss. (medlineplus.gov)
Some of the genetic changes alter single DNA building blocks (nucleotides), whereas others rearrange larger segments of mitochondrial DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
However, if it is tiny -- if there is a severe decrease in mitochondrial molecules during the egg-cell development -- then the genetic makeup of the child might differ dramatically from that of the mother. (eurekalert.org)
The identification of an underlying maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA defect in familial cases of cardiomyopathy may considerably influence the management and genetic counseling of affected patients. (nih.gov)
But so much other genetic data profoundly disagrees with this (e.g. the genetic age of pretty much any allelic variation in humans should be no more than the mitochondrial age of Eve, more or less, and this is absolutely not what is found) that Biblical literalists can only rationally accept such drastically different processes than we observe now that one can draw no conclusions about what happened back then. (stackexchange.com)

The change in ratio of red to green fluorescence is used as a indicator of mitochondrial condition. (dojindo.com)
This enabled red mitochondrial fluorescence to be quantified and reported by the software for the cytoplasmic area around the nucleus. (moleculardevices.com)
For each analysis case, mitochondrial response to compound treatment was graphed as average mitochondrial fluorescence per cell vs. compound concentration, and IC 50 values were calculated automatically by the software. (moleculardevices.com)

This application highlight shows how the SpectraMax ® i3 Multi-Mode Detection Platform can be used to assess mitochondrial toxicity with cellular imaging . (moleculardevices.com)

Is Type 2 Diabetes a Primary Mitochondrial Disorder? (mdpi.com)

We propose that FMT mediates efficient mitophagy by preventing mitochondrial clustering, thereby allowing mitochondria to be captured more effectively by autophagosomes, rather than by acting as a direct mitophagy receptor. (lu.se)

Despite these findings suggesting that mitochondria might be a key link between αSyn toxicity and neuronal degeneration in PD, the field still lacks an understanding of how αSyn abnormality and mitochondrial functional deficiency influence each other. (springer.com)

Interestingly, mitochondrial translocation of APP was incomplete because of an internal acidic domain present between 220 and 290 amino acids. (jneurosci.org)

However, NUMTs differ in number and size across different species. (wikipedia.org)
This study also examined the mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity of A. interioris , as it could contribute to our understanding of the biogeography and life history of this eel species. (scielo.br)

This finding is especially important for mothers who have a mitochondrial disease. (eurekalert.org)
Knowing the size of the bottleneck allows us to predict, within a range, the percentage of disease-carrying molecules that will be passed on to the child. (eurekalert.org)
Mitochondrial myopathies affect mitochondria which is responsible for energy production within a cell associated with mitochondrial disease. (sbwire.com)

Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F1F0 ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. (joplink.net)
Mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (F(1)F(0) ATP synthase or Complex V) produces ATP from ADP in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain. (joplink.net)
Levels of mitochondrial complexes I-IV in the ET-only group increased 32-66%, while those in the RT+ET group increased 1-11% ( time , P (bvsalud.org)

2021). Mild Muscle Mitochondrial Fusion Distress Extends Drosophila Lifespan through an Early and Systemic Metabolome Reorganization. (upv.es)

Moreover, apolipoprotein genotype analysis revealed that AD subjects with the E3/E4 alleles had the highest content of mitochondrial APP. (jneurosci.org)

The following chromosomal conditions are associated with changes in the structure or number of copies of mitochondrial dna. (medlineplus.gov)
Is Y-chromosomal Adam younger than Mitochondrial Eve? (stackexchange.com)
A Christian claimed to me that: the Y-chromosomal Adam is way younger than the Mitochondrial Eve . (stackexchange.com)
He argued that this was consistent with the biblical account: that Noah is Y-Chromosomal Adam and Eve is Mitochondrial Eve. (stackexchange.com)
The best estimates right now are that Mitochondrial Eve lived 200+-13 kya, while Y-chromosomal Adam lived 142+-15 kya. (stackexchange.com)

Intracellular oxidants and mitochondrial damage of AM were determined using confocal microscopy. (cdc.gov)

We demonstrate that mild mitochondrial muscle disturbance plays an important role in Drosophila fitness and reveals metabolic connections between tissues. (upv.es)
In vivo experiments confirmed mitochondrial abundance and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates were elevated in host tissues following MSC treatment. (frontiersin.org)

Mitochondrial DNA is a small part of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell. (bartleby.com)

Since the resulting nuclear identification masks do not include the cytoplasmic area where mitochondrial fluorescent staining occurs, the masks were extended or 'grown' outward by 4 pixels, or 7.5 µm. (moleculardevices.com)
The molecular defect occurs in the mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP). (medscape.com)

A collapse in mitochondrial membrane and redox potential may induce unwanted loss of cell viability and be a cause of various pathologies. (stratech.co.uk)

Compensating for the loss of ClpP in the substantia nigra of αSyn A53T mice by viral expression of ClpP suppresses mitochondrial oxidative damage, and reduces αSyn pathology and behavioral deficits of mice. (springer.com)

Using transmission electron microscopy, we examined the mitochondrial ultrastructure of zebrafish photoreceptors and RPE from 5 days post fertilisation (dpf) through to late adulthood (3 years). (ucl.ac.uk)
The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), generated by the electron transport chain, is a key parameter necessary for healthy mitochondrial functioning. (stratech.co.uk)

Anatomy1

Phenomena and Processes1

Dysfunction23

MtDNA23

Genes13

Genome21

Inner mitochon2

Mutations4

Biogenesis4

Deletions1

Reactive oxygen2

Normal mitochondrial function1

Disrupt mitochondrial function2

Morphology7

Role of mitochondrial1

Homeostasis3

Diseases6

Genomes4

Several mitochondrial1

Promote mitochondrial1

Trigger mitochondrial1

Enhance mitochondrial2

Specific mitochondrial1

Fission2

Membrane Potential Changes1

Inhibition2

Sequences2

Accumulation2

Dynamics1

Impair1

Function5

Chromosome1

Adenosine triphosphate1

Genomic1

Proteins2

Cells6

Skeletal muscle1

Schematic2

Genetic5

Fluorescence3

Cellular1

Disorder1

Mitophagy1

Abnormality1

Translocation1

Species2

Disease3

Complexes3

20211

Genotype1

Chromosomal5

Intracellular1

Tissues2

Eukaryotic1

Occurs2

Induce1

Damage1

Electron2