Mitochondria dynamically change their morphology via fusion and fission, a process called mitochondrial dynamics. (biomed.news)
This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that high SRC cells fuse mitochondria in response to glucose restriction, enhancing tolerance to energy deficiency, but undergo less mitochondrial oxidative stress compared to low SRC cells. (biomed.news)
Under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, PDT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that precisely damage the mitochondria of tumor cells and break single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to activate MCD@TMPyP4@DOX self-disassembly for release of DOX and DNAzyme. (bvsalud.org)
The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (lookformedical.com)
Biogenesis1
Carballal S, Vitvitsky V, Kumar R, Hanna DA, Libiad M, Gupta A, Jones JW, Banerjee R (2021) Hydrogen sulfide stimulates lipid biogenesis from glutamine that is dependent on the mitochondrial NAD(P)H pool. (bioblast.at)
Membrane potential3
The green line of respiration though complex IV, as soon as ATP synthase starts to generate ATP, begins to drop and limits respiration though complex IV with a maximum membrane potential at around 120mV, well below that 140mV needed for ROS generation. (blogspot.com)
So we can limit respiration by inhibiting complex IV using this system at a membrane potential below 140mV with limited ROS generation or we can inhibit it at above 140mV accepting ROS generation using the Mitchell concept. (blogspot.com)
Measurements of oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and patch-clamp electrophysiology show BT2 increases proton conductance across the mitochondrial inner membrane independently of its inhibitory effect on BCKDK. (biomed.news)
Respiratory chain2
To critically investigate the in vivo role of the respirasome, we generated homozygous knockin mice that have normal levels of respiratory chain complexes but profoundly decreased levels of respirasomes. (biomed.news)
Surprisingly, the mutant mice are healthy, with preserved respiratory chain capacity and normal exercise performance. (biomed.news)
Metabolic7
I have accepted various concepts about the acute control of delta psi and ROS production when metabolic substrate is supplied in excess of metabolic needs. (blogspot.com)
The data suggest the therapeutic efficacy of BT2 may be attributable to the well-documented effects of mitochondrial uncoupling in alleviating cardiovascular and metabolic disease. (biomed.news)
Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics respond rapidly to metabolic cues, and are linked to the initiation and progression of diverse human cancers. (biomed.news)
Based the dual action of OA in metabolic regulation and mitochondrial dynamics, further results revealed that mitochondrial functional status and spare respiratory capacity (SRC) of cancer cells had a close correlation with mitochondrial metabolic plasticity, and played important roles in the susceptibility to cancer therapy aiming at glucose restriction. (biomed.news)
Thus, inhibiting mitochondrial fusion breaks mitochondrial metabolic plasticity and increases cancer cell susceptibility to glucose restriction therapy. (biomed.news)
Collectively, these finding indicate that combining a GLUT1 inhibitor with a mitochondrial fusion inhibitor can work synergistically in cancer therapy and, more broadly, suggest that the incorporations of mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic regulation may become the targetable vulnerabilities bypassing the genotypic heterogeneity of multiple malignancies. (biomed.news)
Young MP, Schug ZT, Booth DM, Yule DI, Mikoshiba K, Hajnóczky G, Joseph SK (2021) Metabolic adaptation to the chronic loss of Ca 2+ signaling induced by knockout of IP 3 receptors or the mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter. (bioblast.at)
Substrate1
This is not a physiological model, it just looks at how manipulating delta psi with substrate/inhibitors controls ROS generation. (blogspot.com)
Oxidation1
The peak values of delta psi and ROS generation are under succinate oxidation and delta psi is modified using either an uncoupler or complex II inhibitor, so, as so often, we are a long way from physiology here but the general principle that ROS generation rises rapidly above a threshold delta psi appears to hold good today. (blogspot.com)
Respiration4
Summary so far: The very high membrane voltages needed to inhibit respiration at complex IV will cause excess ROS generation. (blogspot.com)
This system monitors the ATP:ADP ratio and limits respiration (and membrane voltage to minimal ROS generating levels) based on rising ATP levels. (blogspot.com)
That's right: Ca2+ ions dephosphorylate complex IV to allow respiration to proceed to a higher membrane voltage with the acceptance of high ROS generation. (blogspot.com)
Iadarola DM, Joshi A, Caldwell CB, Gohil VM (2021) Choline restores respiration in Psd1-deficient yeast by replenishing mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine. (bioblast.at)
Physiology1
Our findings show that high levels of respirasomes are dispensable for maintaining bioenergetics and physiology in mice but raise questions about their alternate functions, such as those relating to the regulation of protein stability and prevention of age-associated protein aggregation. (biomed.news)
Production1
BT2 is roughly five-fold less potent than the prototypical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and phenocopies DNP in lowering de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial superoxide production. (biomed.news)
Effects1
These effects translated to rodents, where UA improved exercise capacity in two different mouse models of age-related decline of muscle function, as well as in young rats. (lsd1receptor.com)
Pool1
The basic idea is that a replete ATP pool allows delta psi to rise and generate ROS. (blogspot.com)
Green2
The green line of respiration though complex IV, as soon as ATP synthase starts to generate ATP, begins to drop and limits respiration though complex IV with a maximum membrane potential at around 120mV, well below that 140mV needed for ROS generation. (blogspot.com)
Mostly it's phosphorylated and so behaves like the green line from the second graph and ROS are minimised. (blogspot.com)
Model1
This is not a physiological model, it just looks at how manipulating delta psi with substrate/inhibitors controls ROS generation. (blogspot.com)