• Despite a disparity in gene content, all mtDNAs encode at least two components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, including cytochrome c oxidase I (Cox1). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Typical triploblastic animal mtDNAs contain genes that encode the large and small subunit ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and 13 proteins that are all components of the oxidative phosphorylation process: ATPase subunits 6 and 8 (ATP6 and 8), cytochrome b (Cyt b), cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1-3 (Cox1-3) and NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1-6 and 4L (ND1-6 and 4L). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In view to find putative mitochondrial genes in alternative reading frames on both coding and "presupposed" non-coding strands, numerous complete mtDNA genomes have been analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two genes encoding putative internalin proteins were chosen for further study. (omictools.com)
  • Rapid and comprehensive analysis of putative proteinous allergens ( allergenome ) by applying such a proteomic strategy … With allergenomics, we can not only detect and assign the putative allergens (proteins specifically interacting with IgE antibodies in a patient's blood) in a short time, but also analyze the quantitative and qualitative change of the antigens, depending on the surroundings and environmental conditions of an allergenic causative. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Ubiquitin functions as a reversible post-translational modifier of proteins to regulate many different cellular processes such as DNA repair, chromatin dynamics, cell cycle regulation, membrane and protein trafficking, endocytosis, autophagy, but most notably proteasome-dependent protein degradation [2-4]. (123dok.net)
  • a novel epstein-barr virus-latent membrane protein-1-specific t-cell receptor for tcr gene therapy. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • here, we describe a tcr gene transfer regimen to rapidly and reliably generate t-cells specific to ebv-encoded latent membrane protein-1 (lmp1), which is a potential target for t-cell-based immunotherapy. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Cell damage was assessed using MTT assays, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate and flow cytometry were used to detect the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential respectively. (sdbonline.org)
  • GSOs also mitigated the deleterious effects of GLU on the mitochondrial membrane potential and Cyt C release, thus alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased GSH levels and CAT activity in both cells and Drosophila brain tissue. (sdbonline.org)
  • O-linked found in mucous fluids, but can also be present in membrane and secretory proteins, 3 or more sugars linked by N-acetylglalactosamine (GalNAc)--connected to serine, theronine. (freezingblue.com)
  • Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. (thermofisher.com)
  • Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. (thermofisher.com)
  • Mitochondrial gene loss and functional transfer to the nucleus is an ongoing process in many lineages of plants, resulting in substantial variation across species in mitochondrial gene content. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most, if not all of these transfers seem to be the result of a gene being transferred from the mitochondrial genome of one species to that of another. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sequences of amplified cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO I), cytochrome oxidase b (cyt b), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), 18s and 28s rDNA regions were analysed to confirm the number of sibling species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The 18s, 28s rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO I), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome b oxidase (cytb) sequences confirmed that the species belonged to the Argentipes complex. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Leishmania mini-circle kinetoplastid, heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and internal transcribed spacer I DNA along with human blood were detected from sibling species A only, which has not previously been considered to be a vector. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Limitations of the application of the COI sequences in evaluating species-differentiation are well known ( Sbordoni 2010 ), often determined by horizontal gene exchanges or hybridization, that cannot be disclosed with the mitochondrial genome. (arphahub.com)
  • Using an understudied taxon (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) found on a tropical island (Mauritius) where native flora and fauna have been threatened by 400 years of habitat modification and introduced species, we tested whether estimated incidences of diversity and complementarity were similar when measured by standard morphological alpha-taxonomy or phylogenetic diversity (PD) based on a standardized mitochondrial barcode and corroborating nuclear marker. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate the effects of cisplatin on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, expressions of genes related to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and the factors related to mitochondrial biosynthesis in skeletal muscle. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
  • Ubiquitin fusion to other r-proteins, such as P1 or P2, and even to non-ribosomal proteins such as actin, has been reported in diverse genera of rare single-celled algae as, for example, Bigelowiella [6]. (123dok.net)
  • actin related protein 1B [Source:H. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Chemotaxis of neutrophils involves movement of pseudopodia and polymerization of cytoskeletal proteins or actin. (medscape.com)
  • Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. (thermofisher.com)
  • Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)
  • In a cell, antisense DNA serves as the template for producing messenger RNA (mRNA), which directs the synthesis of a protein. (genome.gov)
  • We conclude that ubiquitin might serve as a cis-acting molecular chaperone that assists in the folding and synthesis of the fused eL40 and eS31 ribosomal proteins. (123dok.net)
  • At the start codon, peptide synthesis initiates when the 40 s subunit acquires the 60 s subunit with other translation initiation factors. (nature.com)
  • The 28S subunit of the mammalian mitoribosome may play a crucial and characteristic role in translation initiation. (thermofisher.com)
  • 40S ribosomal protein S16' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS16 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Plant mitochondrial genomes contain genes for their own rRNA subunits as well as for some of the ribosomal proteins and tRNAs required for translation (Figure 1 ), but many necessary ribosomal protein and tRNA genes are located in the nuclear genome, so their gene products must be imported into the mitochondrion [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The number of mitochondrial protein genes is believed to vary from 3 to 67, while the tRNA gene content varies from 0 to 27 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. (thermofisher.com)
  • Divergence in one region of 18S rRNA appears to be the result of a gene conversion event, in which recombination with a homologous gene of chloroplast origin led to the complete replacement of a helix in this ribosomal RNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An examination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region-based mitotyping suggested that a significant majority, exceeding 80%, of globally sampled random-bred and pure-bred cats could be categorized into 12 predominant mitotypes. (bvsalud.org)
  • These subcellular organelles contain a genome that differs from the nuclear genome and is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • These essential subcellular organelles contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is an extrachromosomal genetic element. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mitochondrial genomes of flowering plants exhibit a number of characteristics that distinguish them from the mitochondrial genomes of other eukaryotes [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes also contain numerous introns, some of which have been split such that the resulting gene fragments must be transcribed separately and then trans- spliced together [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The size and complexity of plant mitochondrial genomes, especially when compared with animals and fungi, make them powerful models for exploring the forces affecting eukaryotic genome structure and evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are segments of 5′UTR mRNA sequences that can initiate and terminate translation upstream of protein-coding start codons. (nature.com)
  • Specific uORFs are known to control protein expression by tuning translation rates of downstream protein-coding sequences, and potential uORFs have been identified in ~50% of all human protein-coding genes 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Previously, researchers could only analyze two to three proteins and DNA sequences at a time, and were unable to see the true complexities of the interactions among proteins and DNA that occur in living cells. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • they bind many different sequences in a variety of protein-DNA combinations. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • It is generated by proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins in which it is fused either to itself, constituting a polyubiquitin precursor of head-to-tail monomers, or as a single N-terminal moiety to ribosomal proteins. (123dok.net)
  • Herein, we used the amenable yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study whether ubiquitin facilitates the expression of the fused eL40 (Ubi1 and Ubi2 precursors) and eS31 (Ubi3 precursor) ribosomal proteins. (123dok.net)
  • Pseudogenes corresponding to this gene have been found on chromosomes 3 and 13. (thermofisher.com)
  • A pseudogene corresponding to this gene is found on chromosome 7p. (antibodies-online.cn)
  • The protein belongs to the S9P family of ribosomal proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • It belongs to a ribosomal protein family that is divided into three groups based on sequence similarity: * Eubacterial S16. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a member of this family, Silene latifolia . (biomedcentral.com)
  • DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40). (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Glycosyl hydrolases family 2, Beta galactosidase small chain, Domain of unknown function(DUF4981) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hs. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • The mitochondrial gene content is highly variable across eukaryotes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Understanding the role of the ubiquitin fused to ribosomal proteins becomes relevant, as these proteins are practically invariably eS31 and eL40 in the different eukaryotes. (123dok.net)
  • In most eukaryotes studied, ubiquitin is encoded by two classes of genes: (i) The first comprises genes coding for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to ribosomal proteins (r-proteins), most commonly eL40 and eS31. (123dok.net)
  • To do so, they coupled findings from 238 DNA-protein-binding experiments performed by the ENCODE project - a massive, multiyear international effort to identify the functional elements of the human genome - with a laboratory-based technique to identify binding patterns among the proteins themselves. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The ENCODE, for the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements , project was a five-year collaboration of more than 440 scientists in 32 labs around the world to reveal the complex interplay among regulatory regions, proteins and RNA molecules that governs when and how genes are expressed. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • If scanning ribosomes encountering uORFs prematurely initiate translation in the 5′UTR, upon reaching the uORF termination codon the ribosome may dissociate from the mRNA transcript, or the 40 s subunit may resume scanning after the 60 s subunit is lost. (nature.com)
  • Studies of the gau ORF will shed light on the origin of novel genes and their functions in organelles and could also have medical implications for human diseases that are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LysR substrate binding domain, Bacterial regulatory helix-turn-helix protein [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • They studied 128 proteins, called trans-acting factors , which are known to regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory regions within the genome. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Before our work, only the combination of two or three regulatory proteins were studied, which oversimplified how gene regulators collaborate to find their targets," Xie said. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • 1) "native" tRNAs encoded in the mitochondrial genome and inherited from the α-proteobacterial progenitor of mitochondria, 2) chloroplast-like tRNAs, which are also encoded in the mitochondrial genome but which were acquired by functional gene transfer from the chloroplast genome during land plant evolution, and 3) nuclear-encoded tRNAs imported from the cytosol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even assuming expanded wobble-pairing rules, the mitochondrial genome can support translation of only 17 of the 61 sense codons, which code for only 9 of the 20 amino acids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We show that uORF variants introducing new stop codons, or strengthening existing stop codons, are under strong negative selection comparable to protein-coding missense variants. (nature.com)
  • Thus, the spatial combination of uORFs and protein-coding start codons can produce different effects on downstream protein translation. (nature.com)
  • However, in order to strengthen the signal given by COI , we added a nuclear gene to the study, namely the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 ( ITS2 ). (arphahub.com)
  • The phylogeny created from mitochondrial CO I and cytochrome b data and from the nuclear ITS2 region supports the existence of only two groups of flies (termed A and B) from Phlebotomus ( Euphlebotomus ) argentipes complex instead of the previously proposed three. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently DNA sequence analysis of conserved regions of Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) or mitochondrial markers (e.g. cytochrome oxidase subunit I or cytochrome b oxidase) have been used. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These collections were at first investigated through analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene I ( COI ). (arphahub.com)
  • A protein consists of one or more chains of amino acids (called polypeptides) whose sequence is encoded in a gene. (genome.gov)
  • The length of the deduced protein is approximately 100 amino acids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ubiquitin is a small eukaryotic protein of 76 amino acids whose name (i.e., it occurs ubiquitously) results from its remarkable evolutionary conservation [1]. (123dok.net)