Mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondria lacking cardiolipin. Medical search. Frequent questions

One of the underlying mechanisms of long COVID may be mitochondrial dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
Nonetheless their association with mitochondrial dysfunction highlights this organelle as an important player during CNS homeostasis and disease. (frontiersin.org)
Dysfunction of mitochondria and UPS increases with age and correlates with many age-related diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. (hindawi.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been associated with ageing and most of the so-called age-related diseases [ 13 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
They are by definition dysfunction of mitochondria, which normally provide cell energy. (medlink.com)
Initially these disorders were named according to symptoms (later the cause was found to be mitochondrial dysfunction and more specifically maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA variations). (medlink.com)
Dox is a mitochondrial toxin, and mitochondrial damage is central to Dox-induced cardiac dysfunction and cell death [ 8 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of the expression of histone deacetylases, and aggregation of pathogenic forms of proteins are among the most common and significant pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. (actanaturae.ru)
Both α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). (springer.com)
Although the mechanisms underlying PD remain elusive, α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been recognized as major contributors [ 1 , 57 ]. (springer.com)
Dysfunction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) is a major cause of human mitochondrial diseases. (biorxiv.org)

Like the other phospholipid scramblase family members (PLS1, PLS2, PLS4), PLS3 is a type II plasma membrane protein that is rich in proline and integral in apoptosis, or programmed cell death. (wikipedia.org)
These NFPs are a chemoattractant for host phagocytes and can be recognised by formyl peptide receptors on the plasma membrane [ 8 , 9 ]. (nature.com)
part of these networks is also established by contacts of the mitochondria with organelles (e.g., with endoplasmic reticulum, plasma membrane, and peroxisomes) [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Phosphatidylserine is located entirely on the inner layer of the plasma membrane. (gerli.com)
The in-folding of plasma membrane in some bacterial cells that carry respiratory enzymes. (eduhyme.com)
MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
We further observed mitochondria-released H2 O2 directly at the surface of the organelle and in the bulk cytosol, but not in the nucleus or at the plasma membrane, pointing to steep gradients emanating from mitochondria. (biomed.news)

How do mitochondria release immunostimulatory mtDNA? (nature.com)
These DAMPs include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), cardiolipin, N-formyl peptides (NFPs), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also metabolites such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and succinate [ 3 ]. (nature.com)
Due to its bacterial ancestry, mitochondrial formylation of methionine is required for translation initiation of mtDNA-derived mRNA [ 7 ] and will therefore be recognised by the same formyl peptide receptors. (nature.com)
Additionally, exacerbated type I IFN responses triggered by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), failures in mitophagy, ER-mitochondria communication and mtROS production promote neurodegeneration. (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondria provide most of the cellular energy via their oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system, which requires the coordinated expression of genes encoded by both the nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA). (biomed.news)
Like the prokaryotic system, mitochondria have no membrane-based compartmentalization to separate the different steps of mtDNA maintenance and expression and depend entirely on nDNA-encoded factors imported into the organelle. (biomed.news)
Our understanding of mitochondrial transcription in mammalian cells has largely progressed, but the mechanisms regulating mtDNA gene expression are still poorly understood despite their profound importance for human disease. (biomed.news)
Here, we review mechanisms of mitochondrial gene expression with a focus on the recent findings in the field of mammalian mtDNA transcription and disease phenotypes caused by defects in proteins involved in this process. (biomed.news)
The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. (regenerativemedicine.net)
Mitochondria are also platforms for antiviral signalling2 and, due to their bacterial origin, mtDNA and other mitochondrial components trigger innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology2,3. (regenerativemedicine.net)

For instance, the association of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in a juxtaposition known as Mitochondria-Associated Membrane (MAM), has an important role in controlling mitochondria biogenesis, Ca 2+ release, and lipid synthesis and apoptosis [ 10 , 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
[10] Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)

The regulation of apoptosis is critical for both cell development and tissue homeostasis Although phospholipid scramblase is thought to exist in all eukaryotic cells, PLS3 is a protein that is novel to the mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Cardiolipin is a mitochondrion-specific phospholipid found in both the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes Many studies speculate that cardiolipin is a likely player in mitochondrial apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
it was found that during apoptosis, cardiolipin in the outer membrane of the mitochondria increased from 10% to 30% saturation. (wikipedia.org)
Finding that cardiolipin concentration in the outer mitochondrial membrane increased during apoptosis (as well as knowing the function that PLS3 plays in mitochondrial apoptotic effects) clued Lee in to the fact that PLS3 may have effects on this cardiolipin membrane redistribution. (wikipedia.org)
It was deduced experimentally that a lack of proper oxidative phosphorylation is directly linked with mitochondrial apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, this PLS3-induced redistribution of cardiolipin during apoptosis has major effects on mitochondrial function. (wikipedia.org)
Many of the pro-inflammatory pathways activated during cell death occur upon mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), the pivotal commitment point to cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis. (nature.com)
Caspases, while dispensable for cell death during mitochondrial apoptosis, inhibit activation of pro-inflammatory pathways after MOMP. (nature.com)
Moreover, mitochondria control cell death through apoptosis and supply Ca 2+ and metabolites required for cellular homeodynamics [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Fission also regulates apoptosis through segregation of the most critically injured mitochondria [1, 4]. (centrodinoferrari.com)

The space between the two membranes is referred to as the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria and the intermembrane space in mitochondria [ 6 ]. (nature.com)
These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space , inner membrane , cristae , and matrix . (wikipedia.org)

MFN2 is also present in the endoplasmic reticulum, controlling its morphology and facilitating mitochondrial calcium influx from endoplasmic reticulum stores [8]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Lipid transport proteins at membrane contacts, where organelles are closely apposed, are critical in redistributing lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are made, to other cellular membranes. (rupress.org)
These include the heat shock protein 70 in the endoplasmic reticulum and conserved nuclear membrane proteins. (preprints.org)

In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (hindawi.com)
This review provides an overview of the basic molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial fusion and focuses on the alteration in mitochondrial DNA amount resulting from impairment of mitochondrial dynamics. (centrodinoferrari.com)

On the other hand, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is essential for CNS health maintenance and leading to the induction of IL-10 and reduction of TNF-α secretion, increased cell viability and diminished cell injury in addition to reduced oxidative stress. (frontiersin.org)
A recent study showed that mitochondria clustering around the perinuclear region can act as signaling for increased oxidative stress affecting hypoxia inducible promoters [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Overexpression of ClpP reduces αSyn-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through enhancing the level of Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD2), and suppresses the accumulation of αSyn S129 phosphorylation and promotes neuronal morphology in neurons derived from PD patient iPS cells carrying αSyn A53T mutant. (springer.com)

This newly found member of the scramblase family is "responsible for phospholipid translocation between two lipid compartments," the inner mitochondrial membrane and the outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria both have a double phospholipid membrane layer-the inner and outer membrane. (nature.com)
The inner membrane encapsulates the cytosol of gram-negative bacteria and the matrix of mitochondria and is rich in the phospholipid cardiolipin. (nature.com)
[22] A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . (wikipedia.org)

Thus, although previously solely seen as power suppliers to organelles and molecular processes, it is now well established that mitochondria have many other important roles, including during immune responses. (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that provide essential metabolic functions and represent the major bioenergetic hub of eukaryotic cell. (hindawi.com)
Mitochondria are the energy producing organelles in eukaryotic cell providing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mitochondria are highly dynamic, complex organelles that continuously alter their shape, ranging between two opposite processes, fission and fusion, in response to several stimuli and the metabolic demands of the cell. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Such protein-mediated transfer is especially important for maintaining organelles disconnected from secretory pathways, like mitochondria. (rupress.org)
[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
The cell that lacks a distinct nucleus and other specialized membrane bound organelles. (eduhyme.com)
An organism whose cell contains a membrane bound distinct nucleus along with other specialized organelles enclosed in membranes. (eduhyme.com)
Mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles of endosymbiotic origin that produce most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) ( Mitchell, 2011 ). (biorxiv.org)
H2 O2 production by mitochondria is implicated in regulating processes inside and outside these organelles. (biomed.news)

Beyond the organelle dynamics, the constant interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) has become an emerging aspect of healthy mitochondria. (hindawi.com)

Moreover, nonreversible mitochondrial damage targets the organelle to a specific autophagic removal, namely, mitophagy. (hindawi.com)
Additionally, mitophagy, autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria, is affected by Dox in a manner contributing to toxicity. (oncotarget.com)

Some of these mitochondrial-activated inflammatory pathways can be traced back to the bacterial ancestry of mitochondria. (nature.com)
The bacterial origin of mitochondria suggests that inflammatory pathways found in cytosol-invading bacteria may be relevant to mitochondrial-driven inflammation after MOMP. (nature.com)
In addition, mitochondria harbour many damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can initiate a variety of inflammatory signalling pathways [ 3 ]. (nature.com)
Markers of Parkinson (PD) and Alzheimer (AD) diseases are able to induce innate immune pathways induced by alterations in mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis leading to neuroinflammation. (frontiersin.org)
In this context, the importance of mitochondria and mitochondria-related pathways is unquestionable. (frontiersin.org)
Disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics may influence many cellular and molecular pathways, as calcium-dependent immune activation, transcription factors phosphorylation, cytokine secretion, organelle transference and even cell death. (frontiersin.org)
Selected metabolic pathways in mitochondria. (medlink.com)

Lee's study looked into the consequences of cardiolipin redistribution in the mitochondria and found that cardiolipin plays a critical role in proteins that are involved with oxidative respiration (such as ATP synthase), which in turn affects ATP production. (wikipedia.org)
Blunsom NJ, Gomez-Espinosa E, Ashlin TG, Cockcroft S (2018) Mitochondrial CDP-diacylglycerol synthase activity is due to the peripheral protein, TAMM41 and not due to the integral membrane protein, CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1. (mitophysiology.org)
Naumenko N, Morgenstern M, Rucktäschel R, Warscheid B, Rehling P (2017) INA complex liaises the F 1 F o -ATP synthase membrane motor modules. (uni-goettingen.de)

Many parallels can be drawn between mitochondria and bacteria including their morphology. (nature.com)

To identify determinants of mETC function, we screened a genome-wide human CRISPRi library under oxidative metabolic conditions with selective inhibition of mitochondrial Complex III and identified OCIA domain-containing protein 1 (OCIAD1) as a Complex III assembly factor. (biorxiv.org)
Here, we demonstrate that in a niche-like co-culture system, AML cells took up functional mitochondria from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and inhibition of such mitochondrial transfer by metformin, the most commonly prescribed drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, significantly enhanced the chemosensitivity of AML cells co-cultured with BMSCs. (biomed.news)
The results of this study suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial-linked pyrimidine synthesis in cancer cells results in a more aggressive tumor phenotype. (biomed.news)

We identify mitoguardin-2, a mitochondrial protein at contacts with the ER and/or lipid droplets (LDs), as a lipid transporter. (rupress.org)
These molecules attach to integral membrane proteins, or penetrate the peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer. (eduhyme.com)

OXPHOS depends on the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC), which transfers electrons from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen. (biorxiv.org)
The chemo-sensitizing effect of metformin was acted through reducing the mitochondrial transfer and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in the recipient AML cells. (biomed.news)
In addition, metformin potentiated the antitumor efficacy of cytarabine (Ara-C) in vivo in an NCG immunodeficient mouse xenograft model by inhibiting the mitochondrial transfer and OXPHOS activity in the engrafted human AML cells. (biomed.news)
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) takes place in mitochondria and is the process whereby cells use carbon fuels and oxygen to generate ATP. (biomed.news)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)

An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. (hindawi.com)
Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a cytosolic dynamin-related GTPase, plays a central role in fission by promoting mitochondrial division through its oligomerization into multimeric spiral structures [5]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
For instance, some studies have suggested that in addition to antioxidant enzymes, nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), and other traditional enzymes, novel molecular targets such as mitochondria-targeting hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) donor AP39 and its auxiliary targets have recently been identified as critical participants in H 2 S synthesis for modulating the postischemic cardiomyocyte survival in a manner independent of classical cytosolic signaling mechanisms [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)

Therefore, maintenance of mitochondria activity is necessary for the proper cellular function and survival. (hindawi.com)
In addition, the subcellular distribution of mitochondria can affect the cellular transcriptome and transcription rates. (hindawi.com)
The maintenance of "healthy" and fully functional mitochondria is thus essential for cellular homeodynamics. (hindawi.com)
While these disorders can still be considered rare, defective mitochondrial dynamics seem to play a significant role in the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of more common neurodegenerative diseases, for example, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Mitochondrial fusion and fission are fundamental processes underlying cellular dynamics [1]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria are central hubs for cellular metabolism, coordinating a variety of metabolic reactions crucial for human health. (biomed.news)
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are cellular messengers essential for cellular homeostasis. (biomed.news)
Richter-Dennerlein R, Dennerlein S, Rehling P (2015) Integrating mitochondrial translation into the cellular context. (uni-goettingen.de)

Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). (wikipedia.org)
Mammalian respiratory complex I (CI) is a 45-subunit, redox-driven proton pump that generates an electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane to power ATP synthesis in mitochondria. (biomed.news)
Here, we employed a genetically encoded high-affinity H2 O2 sensor, HyPer7, in mammalian tissue culture cells to investigate different modes of mitochondrial H2 O2 release. (biomed.news)

Permeabilised mitochondria trigger inflammation, in part, through the release of mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). (nature.com)
Although studies suggest that αSyn and its missense mutant, A53T, preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria, the mechanisms by which αSyn and mitochondrial proteins regulate each other to trigger mitochondrial and neuronal toxicity are poorly understood. (springer.com)

Here, we demonstrate that ROS-RET signalling requires increased electron entry and uninterrupted electron flow through the electron transport chain (ETC). We find that in old fruit flies, ROS-RET is abolished when electron flux is decreased and that their mitochondria produce consistently high levels of mtROS. (biomed.news)

ATP-dependent Clp protease (ClpP), a mitochondrial matrix protease, plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial protein turnover and bioenergetics activity. (springer.com)

Some of these mitochondrial DAMPs share similarities with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) found in bacteria and may be derived from their bacterial ancestors. (nature.com)
Recent molecular genetic analyses using Arabidopsis thaliana showed the conservation of nuclear membrane fusion machinery between plants and the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (preprints.org)

Approximately 1.5 billion years ago endosymbiosis between archaebacteria and a prokaryotic cell, driven by increased oxygen levels, led to the formation of mitochondria that we know nowadays [ 4 ]. (nature.com)

To this end, several mechanisms that act at different levels and time points have been developed to ensure mitochondria quality control. (hindawi.com)

For many of these diseases, we still lack a full understanding of their etiology and pathophysiology. (frontiersin.org)
Recent research has revealed important correlation of mitochondrial dynamics and the pathophysiology of brain diseases, as Alzheimer's. (frontiersin.org)
Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics due to mutations in proteins involved in the fusion-fission machinery represent an important pathogenic mechanism of human diseases. (centrodinoferrari.com)
In this review of what is probably the most heterogeneous group of human diseases (the mitochondrial diseases including encephalomyopathies), the author tries to offer the clinician a rational diagnostic framework. (medlink.com)

Here we determine the importance of mitochondrial-linked pyrimidine synthesis for the aggressiveness of cancer cells. (biomed.news)

Wiedemann N, van der Laan M, Hutu DP, Rehling P, Pfanner N (2007) Sorting switch of mitochondrial presequence translocase involves coupling of motor module to respiratory chain. (uni-goettingen.de)

Categorizing and describing a mitochondrial disorder is complicated in part because there are 3 ways to do so. (medlink.com)
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency is an inherited disorder of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation. (siderac.com)
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II deficiency, myopathic form Disease definition The myopathic form of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency, an inherited metabolic disorder that affects mitochondrial oxidation of long chain fatty acids (LCFA), is the most common and the least severe form of CPT II deficiency (see this term). (siderac.com)

Mitochondria, with rare exceptions, are found in all eukaryotic cells. (nature.com)
Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)

A microscopic membrane made up of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. (eduhyme.com)

[1] pl. mitochondria ) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes , such as animals , plants and fungi . (wikipedia.org)

Here, we discuss the importance of these mitochondrial dynamics during neuroinflammation, and how they correlate either with the amelioration or worsening of CNS disease. (frontiersin.org)

Fission is necessary for proper mitochondrial transport, which depends on the specific energy demands of subcellular regions. (centrodinoferrari.com)
among them, mitochondrial fission 1 and mitochondrial fission factor have been proposed to be involved in DRP1 recruitment, although recent in vitro studies seem to not support this hypothesis [6, 7]. (centrodinoferrari.com)

Despite these findings suggesting that mitochondria might be a key link between αSyn toxicity and neuronal degeneration in PD, the field still lacks an understanding of how αSyn abnormality and mitochondrial functional deficiency influence each other. (springer.com)

After reminding the reader of the basic concepts of mitochondrial genetics, she offers examples of disorders due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA and mutations in nuclear DNA. (medlink.com)
The nuclear fusion process in plant reproduction is achieved by the sequential nuclear membrane fusion events. (preprints.org)

Traditionally, MIRI can be due to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation, a reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO), Ca 2+ overload, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. (hindawi.com)

[18] [19] The mitochondrion is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. (wikipedia.org)

In Lee's experiment determining the effect of cardiolipin deprivation on cells, he studied an infected yeast mutant that lacked a cardiolipin creating enzyme, and found that although it was viable, the yeast was "moderately deficient in mitochondrial energy transforming machinery. (wikipedia.org)
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) is the enzyme in the outer mitochondrial membrane that converts long-chain acyl-CoA species to their corresponding long-chain acyl-carnitines for transport into the mitochondria (see Fig. Long‐Term Follow‐Up of Bezafibrate Treatment in Patients With the Myopathic Form of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 2 Deficiency. (siderac.com)
To assess the effects of acylcarnitine accumulation on muscle insulin sensitivity, a model of muscle acylcarnitine accumulation was generated by deleting carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) specifically from skeletal muscle (Cpt2 Sk−/− mice).CPT2 is an irreplaceable enzyme for mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation, converting matrix acylcarnitines to acyl-CoAs. (siderac.com)

Our data suggest that H2 O2 -mediated signaling is initiated only in close proximity to mitochondria and under specific metabolic conditions. (biomed.news)

Deficiency in ClpP induces an overload of mitochondrial misfolded/unfolded proteins, suppresses mitochondrial respiratory activity, increases mitochondrial oxidative damage and causes cell death. (springer.com)

General porins are nature's sieving machinery in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Amongst their many roles, mitochondria play a crucial function in energy production, iron homeostasis, and the biosynthesis of lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids [ 1 , 2 ]. (nature.com)
We aimed to identify the changes of mitochondrial function in rat livers when T2DM develops after NAFLD. (siderac.com)
Cardiomyocytes require large numbers of healthy-functioning mitochondria to ensure sufficient ATP production for contractile function and cell survival. (oncotarget.com)
During injury stimulation, the major effects on the cardiac function may be those involving mitochondria-dominated events along with potential nucleus-governed genetic/epigenetic alternations within the cardiomyocytes as well as the macrophage-led inflammation and T-cell-led immune responses underlying the myocardium-vessel interactive cascade. (hindawi.com)
Substantial evidence has shown that αSyn toxicity may directly disrupt mitochondrial function. (springer.com)
The correlation between mitochondrial function and oncogenesis is complex and is not fully understood. (biomed.news)

Mitochondria, according to the widely accepted "endosymbiotic hypothesis," are the relics of protobacteria that populated anaerobic nucleated cells and endowed them with oxidative metabolism. (medlink.com)
The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. (wikipedia.org)

Structural comparisons of active CI structures from our decylubiquinone-NADH and rotenone-NADH datasets reveal that Q10 reduction at site 1 is not coupled to proton pumping in the membrane arm, which might instead be coupled to Q10 oxidation at site 2. (biomed.news)

This is very important because mitochondria are central in the apoptotic cell pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria have recently emerged as key drivers of inflammation associated with cell death. (nature.com)
In this review, we discuss how mitochondria can initiate inflammation during cell death highlighting parallels with bacterial activation of inflammation. (nature.com)
Moreover, we discuss the roles of mitochondrial inflammation during cell death and how these processes may potentially be harnessed therapeutically, for instance to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
Mitochondrial-driven inflammation can enhance the immunogenicity of cell death. (nature.com)
Is mitochondrial-driven inflammation during cell death driven by bacterial-like DAMPs? (nature.com)
What physiological functions has mitochondrial inflammation during cell death? (nature.com)
Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy . (wikipedia.org)
The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. (wikipedia.org)
A mature red blood cell has no mitochondria, [17] whereas a liver cell can have more than 2000. (wikipedia.org)
Gel like substance enclosed within the cell membrane excluding nucleus. (eduhyme.com)
It is the biological membrane that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. (eduhyme.com)
The process of intake of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane is called pinocytosis, also called drinking of cell. (eduhyme.com)

A large number of unicellular organisms , such as microsporidia , parabasalids and diplomonads , have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures . (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy31

Organisms17

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs126

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes59

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science3

Health Care1

Dysfunction11

Plasma membrane7

MtDNA10

Biogenesis2

Apoptosis10

Intermembrane space2

Endoplasmic reticulum3

Impairment of mitochondrial2

Oxidative stress3

Phospholipid4

Organelles11

Healthy mitochondria1

Mitophagy2

Pathways7

Synthase3

Morphology1

Inhibition3

Lipid2

OXPHOS5

Cytosolic4

Cellular10

Mammalian3

Trigger2

Electron trans1

Protease1

Molecular2

Prokaryotic1

Mechanisms1

Diseases4

Synthesis1

Translocase1

Disorder3

Eukaryotic2

Molecules1

Organelle1

Neuroinflammation1

Fission2

Functional1

Nuclear2

Reactive1

Compartments1

Enzyme3

Metabolic conditions1

Respiratory1

Machinery1

Function6

Widely2

Oxidation1

Cell13

Structures1