MitochondriaLocated in the inner mitochonOuter membraneTranslocaseGeneGlutamateNuclear and mitochondrial genomesRespirationOxidativeMetabolitesAspartatePutativeMitochondrionCalcium-binding mitocCytosolEnzymesPyruvate carrierTransmembraneIntermembrane spaceElectron carriersMoleculesDysfunctionMutationsEndoplasmic reticulumNADHTransporterSeries of protein complexesGenomeYeastSubfamilySubstrateRespiratoryComplexesCell membranesDefectsAmino acidsCytosolicProtonsSubcellularRegulationPathwayDouble membraneMtDNAGenesHomologyChemiosmosisCellsDependentProcessesDeficiency
Mitochondria20
- Mitochondrial energetic adaptations encompass a plethora of conserved processes that maintain cell and organismal fitness and survival in the changing environment by adjusting the respiratory capacity of mitochondria. (nature.com)
- Gilkerson, R. W., Selker, J. M. L. & Capaldi, R. A. The cristal membrane of mitochondria is the principal site of oxidative phosphorylation. (nature.com)
- Mitochondria have a distinctive oblong or oval shape and are bounded by a double membrane. (nir1000.com)
- The number of mitochondria within a cell varies depending on the type and function of the cell. (nir1000.com)
- Mitochondria have their own DNA, ribosomes and can make their own proteins. (nir1000.com)
- Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. (nir1000.com)
- The aerobic organisms use mitochondria as the main generator of energy for the realization of its vital functions. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
- The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. (vumc.org)
- Within the cell, TSPO is predominantly located in mitochondria, specifically in the outer mitochondrial membrane. (uni-regensburg.de)
- Dicarboxylate carriers (DIC) and voltage-dependent anion channels (VDAC) control succinate release from mitochondria to cytosol. (haematologica.org)
- A class of nucleotide translocases found abundantly in mitochondria that function as integral components of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (nih.gov)
- Initially, the dimerization of mitofusins results in the tethering of the outer membranes of adjoining mitochondria. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- Coyne, L.P. and Chen, X.J. (2018) mPOS - a novel trigger of cell death with implications for neurodegeneration (Special Issue: ROS and Mitochondria in Modulating Nervous System Function). (upstate.edu)
- The protein forms a homodimer embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane. (ayassbioscience.com)
- In the majority of cases, Rf genes produce proteins that bind specifically to the CMS conferring transcripts in the mitochondria and promote processing events leading to a strong reduction in the production of mitochondrial CMS-inducing proteins (reviewed in Chen and Liu, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Three of these are isoenzymes from the ATP-Mg/Pi carrier in charge of the web flux of adenine nucleotides into or away of mitochondria. (ecolowood.com)
- The protein encoded by this gene is part of an MPC1/MPC2 heterodimer that is responsible for transporting pyruvate into mitochondria. (nih.gov)
- The difficulty in understanding and treating human pathologies caused by mitochondrial dysfunction arises from the complex relationships between mitochondria and other cellular processes, as well as the genetic background of such diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
- The C-terminal region is essential for protein import into mitochondria via the general import pathway but is not necessary for import via the carrier pathway. (or.jp)
- Studies indicate that GLUT10 may also be involved in the functioning of mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Located in the inner mitochon3
- Aralar is an integral membrane protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The encoded protein, Aralar1, is a multi-pass membrane protein located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The electron carriers then enter the electron transport chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where oxidative phosphorylation takes place. (microbiologynote.com)
Outer membrane2
- The intermembrane space is the narrow space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane, while the mitochondrial matrix is the area that is completely enclosed by the innermost membrane. (nir1000.com)
- The extension is located in the outer membrane and so TIM17-2 links the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. (or.jp)
Translocase2
- Members of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) family exchange ADP for ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane, an activity that is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (elsevierpure.com)
- Subsequently, acyl-carnitines are translocated across the inner mitochondrial membrane by cartinine acyl translocase. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene22
- Calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein Aralar1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A12 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- The gene produces a 74.8 kDa protein composed of 678 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. (nature.com)
- 1] "The gene mutated in adult-onset type II citrullinaemia encodes a putative mitochondrial carrier protein. (tcdb.org)
- Gene and protein expressions were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
- The gene Uncoupling protein 2 ( UCP2 ), which is involved in both these metabolic pathways, demonstrated significant changes in mRNA level after transfection. (biomedcentral.com)
- The uncoupling protein 1 ( UCP1 ) gene is thought to be extremely expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) that capabilities in thermogenesis. (aabioetica.org)
- This gene encodes a member of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family, and can function as a cellular transcription factor. (cancerindex.org)
- What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
- For this reason, mitochondrial carrier gene expression needs tight regulation. (cancerindex.org)
- This gene is a member of the mitochondrial carrier subfamily of solute carrier protein genes. (ayassbioscience.com)
- The product of this gene functions as a gated pore that translocates ADP from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix and ATP from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytoplasm. (ayassbioscience.com)
- This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
- [2] For,proteins cannot come into being without software (DNA or gene). (questionsonislam.com)
- Gene Ontology (GO) terms that describe the function of a complex, the biological process in which it participates, or its cellular location. (yeastgenome.org)
- This CpG web-site is connected with the PRKG1 gene, which encodes cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase 1 and is involved with understanding, memory, and circadian rhythm regulation (Langmesser et al. (trpv1inhibitor.com)
- Defects in this gene are a cause of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency. (nih.gov)
- Several transcript variants, some protein coding and one non-protein coding, have been found for this gene. (nih.gov)
- Identification and characterization of novel MPC1 gene variants causing mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency. (nih.gov)
- Quental et al identified a homozygous 1-bp deletion (117delC) in the BCKDHA gene (this gene codes for the alpha subunit of the BCKD enzyme complex, specifically E1) in Portuguese Gypsies and estimated the carrier frequency for this deletion to be as high as 1.4% (about 1 case per 71 live births). (medscape.com)
- The SLC2A10 gene provides instructions for making a protein called GLUT10. (medlineplus.gov)
- Alterations in the GLUT10 protein caused by SLC2A10 gene variations may also affect TGF-β signaling and increase the risk of blood vessel problems in diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
Glutamate2
- Aralar, along with the protein encoded by SLC25A13, are both calcium-binding aspartate/glutamate carriers which are substrates in the TIMM8A/TIMM13 complex. (wikipedia.org)
- Exchange of 13C enriched TCA cycle intermediates with the NMR-observed glutamate pool in the cytosol is achieved by the coordinated activity of two types forex autopilot robot carrier proteins that span the mitochondrial membrane.Li, Y. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)
Nuclear and mitochondrial genomes1
- The importance of studying such systems in the last few decades resides in how they deepen our understanding of the interactions between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes as well as the importance CMS has in applied agriculture (e.g., in hybrid production). (frontiersin.org)
Respiration7
- These changes can promote mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics that in turn support mitochondrial respiration. (nature.com)
- Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for proteins that are involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, which occur in cellular respiration. (nir1000.com)
- Thus ANTs and the OXPHOS machinery physically interact and functionally cooperate to enhance ANT transport capacity and mitochondrial respiration. (elsevierpure.com)
- Cellular respiration is a vital metabolic process that occurs within cells, enabling the conversion of energy stored in carbohydrates into energy carriers, most notably adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (microbiologynote.com)
- The energy released during cellular respiration, in the form of ATP and other energy carriers, fuels various anabolic processes within the cell . (microbiologynote.com)
- Key role in aerobic respiration, in which mitochondrial enzymes accept electrons from electron carriers reduced in glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (yeastgenome.org)
- An example of this would be the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Oxidative4
- In oxidative phosphorylation, energy in the form of ATP is generated within the mitochondrial matrix. (nir1000.com)
- Biomolecules in living organisms are highly exposed to oxidative stress, which is the main cause of damage to nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and polyunsaturated lipids, which finally develops cells mortality. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
- Mitochondrial protein degradation is not triggered by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress. (elifesciences.org)
- C ) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress does not activate autophagy-dependent Tom70-GFP degradation. (elifesciences.org)
Metabolites1
- Finally the porin pore from the mitochondrial external membrane referred to as voltage-dependent anion route (VDAC) is controlled by [Ca2+]cyt [98 108 VDAC is in charge of the passing of mitochondrial metabolites having a molecular pounds (ecolowood.com)
Aspartate1
- As a member of the malate-aspartate NADH shuttle, Aralar is also involved in the transfer of cytosolic reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. (wikipedia.org)
Putative2
- Aralar's C-terminal half shares 28-29% identity with other members of the mitochondrial solute carrier family, including SLC25A11, SLC25A5, SLC25A1, and has 6 putative transmembrane domains like the other members of mitochondrial solute carrier family. (wikipedia.org)
- The yeast metal resistance proteins, which are 850-900 amino acyl residues in length, also exhibit two or three putative TMSs. (tcdb.org)
Mitochondrion1
- The double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts: the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. (nir1000.com)
Calcium-binding mitoc1
- 2] "Characterization of a second member of the subfamily of calcium-binding mitochondrial carriers expressed in human non-excitable tissues. (tcdb.org)
Cytosol7
- A total of 5 enzymes in 2 subcellular compartments (mitochondrial matrix and cytosol) convert ammonia into urea, which is excreted by the kidney (see image below). (medscape.com)
- Apparently, accumulation of virus in the cytosol by lack of transport to the membrane and subsequent egress of virus will decrease or delay re-infections after the first round of infection. (adenosine-receptor.com)
- 1)Mitochondrial Precursor Over-accumulation Stress (mPOS) - We discovered that mitochondrial protein import is readily saturable within the cell and that the cytosol has a limited capacity in degrading unimported proteins. (upstate.edu)
- Various mitochondrial stressors, with or without directly targeting the core protein import machinery, can cause the over-accumulation of unimported proteins in the cytosol. (upstate.edu)
- Thus, mitochondrial damage can directly cause proteostatic stress in the cytosol in a manner independent of bioenergetic defect. (upstate.edu)
- Ribosomes will then be moved out of the nucleus into the cytosol of the cell, where they play a key role in protein synthesis by translating mRNA either on the endoplasmic reticulum or as freely moving ribosomes. (scienceabc.com)
- Citric acidis converted into cis -aconitate by aconitase (ACO), which is transported back into the cytosol with the help of mitochondrial tricarboxylic transporter(s) (MTT) and then decarboxylated into itaconate by cis -aconitate decarboxylase (CAD). (biomedcentral.com)
Enzymes3
- The mitochondrial matrix contains mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, and enzymes. (nir1000.com)
- The oxidation of amino acid residues, the subsequent formation of protein aggregates by cross‐linking and the production of protein fragments may result in the loss of activity and inactivation of enzymes and metabolic pathways, finally ending up with cell death. (psychosocialsomatic.com)
- Enzymes and other proteins use ATP to power reactions, maintain ion gradients across membranes, contract muscle fibers, and transport molecules across cellular membranes. (microbiologynote.com)
Pyruvate carrier2
Transmembrane3
- These motifs contain 2 hydrophobic alpha-helical segments connected by an extensive hydrophilic sequence, resulting in 6 transmembrane portions of the protein. (medscape.com)
- Viroporins compose a group of small hydrophobic transmembrane proteins that can form hydrophilic pores through lipid bilayers. (adenosine-receptor.com)
- Hydropathy analysis had predicted two transmembrane α-helical spanners (TMSs) in the C-terminal regions of these proteins. (tcdb.org)
Intermembrane space4
- This is achieved by oxidizing ubiquinol (ubihydroquinone) which reacts from the membrane phase, reducing cytochrome c in the intermembrane space, and using the free energy change to transport H+ ions across the membrane from the matrix to the inter membrane space. (yeastgenome.org)
- Notably as the mitochondrial Ca2+-uniporter exposes a regulatory Ca2+ binding site in to the intermembrane space it could be triggered by extramitochondrial Ca2+ [106 107 It's been also demonstrated how the PT pore offers exterior binding site for divalent cations and profession of this site by Ca2+ and Mg2+ can be expected to reduce the PT pore open up possibility [99]. (ecolowood.com)
- As electrons are shuttled through the complexes I, III and IV by electron carriers, protons (H + ) are moved from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. (biomedcentral.com)
- Fatty acids, which are often found in chains as CoA-esters, are first transported across the outer mitochondrial membrane by palmitoyl transferase I, resulting in translocation to the intermembrane space and transformation into an acyl-carnitine form. (biomedcentral.com)
Electron carriers4
- The resulting acetyl-CoA molecules enter the Krebs cycle, generating additional carbon dioxide, ATP, and electron carriers (such as NADH and FADH2). (microbiologynote.com)
- This allows the recycling of the electron carriers (NADH) back into their oxidized forms (NAD+), enabling glycolysis to continue. (microbiologynote.com)
- NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers. (nyxnews.com)
- During chemiosmosis, electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Molecules6
- Proteins synthesized from mtDNA also encode for the production of the RNA molecules transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. (nir1000.com)
- Coenzymes are non-protein molecules while cofactors are composed of amino acids. (vumc.org)
- These processes require energy to synthesize complex molecules necessary for cellular growth, maintenance, and functioning. (microbiologynote.com)
- Through a series of interconnected metabolic pathways, the potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of these molecules is harnessed and transferred to energy carriers, which power other essential cellular processes. (microbiologynote.com)
- This table lists all participants of the complex (proteins, small molecules, nucleic acids, etc.) and their respective stoichiometry. (yeastgenome.org)
- The TGF-β signaling pathway is also involved in bone and blood vessel development and the formation of the extracellular matrix, an intricate lattice of proteins and other molecules that forms in the spaces between cells and defines the structure and properties of connective tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
Dysfunction3
- Thus, mitochondrial adaptive cellular processes are important for physiological responses, including to nutrient availability, temperature and physical activity, and their failure leads to diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as metabolic and age-associated diseases and cancer. (nature.com)
- Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with many aging-related neuromuscular degenerative diseases and metabolic disorders. (upstate.edu)
- Mitochondrial dysfunction is certainly a hallmark of virtually all diseases. (ecolowood.com)
Mutations5
- Mitochondrial DNA differs from DNA found in the cell nucleus in that it does not possess the DNA repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations in nuclear DNA. (nir1000.com)
- Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics due to mutations in proteins involved in the fusion-fission machinery represent an important pathogenic mechanism of human diseases. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
- Helix-straightening' mutations result in gain-of-function. (tcdb.org)
- The mutations that cause arterial tortuosity syndrome reduce or eliminate GLUT10 function. (medlineplus.gov)
Endoplasmic reticulum2
- MFN2 is also present in the endoplasmic reticulum, controlling its morphology and facilitating mitochondrial calcium influx from endoplasmic reticulum stores [8]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- A nucleus also contains a nucleolus, which is essential for protein synthesis (and will be explained fully below), as well as connections to the endoplasmic reticulum and the general cellular infrastructure, allowing it to maintain control and regulation of all cell activities. (scienceabc.com)
NADH1
- B the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. (vumc.org)
Transporter3
- The transporter was identified by probing a mammalian-expressed sequence tag database with 2 fungal mitochondrial ornithine carrier protein sequences. (medscape.com)
- In hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, the mitochondrial ornithine transporter ORNT1 is defective. (medscape.com)
- In hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinemia syndrome, the mitochondrial ornithine transporter ORNT1 is defective. (medscape.com)
Series of protein complexes1
- The electron transport chain ETC is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons. (vumc.org)
Genome4
- did not observe CPE of BSR cells infected with BTVM14, which is similar to our mutAUG1 virus, and these authors have suggested a blockade in BTV replication late in infection, since all other viral processes were accomplished like protein translation, genome replication and assembly of viral cores. (adenosine-receptor.com)
- The crucial role of membrane proteins is underscored by the fact that they are encoded by around one third of a given genome and constitute over half of the FDA-approved drug targets. (williams.edu)
- The male sterilizing factors usually consist of unusual genes or open reading frames encoded by the mitochondrial genome. (frontiersin.org)
- The male sterilizing factors are produced by recombination of the mitochondrial genome and consist of unusual genes or open reading frames (ORFs) that usually contain a portion of functional mitochondrial genes and sequences of unknown origin ( Hanson and Bentolila, 2004 ). (frontiersin.org)
Yeast3
- Analogous to its yeast counterpart, human ANTs associate with heterologous partner proteins, including the respiratory supercomplex (RSC) and other solute carriers. (elsevierpure.com)
- Overexpression of the yeast proteins, Al R 1p and Mn R 2p, overcomes toxicity to aluminum and manganese, respectively. (tcdb.org)
- The yeast proteins appear to exhibit broad specificity transporting a wide range of di- and trivalent metal cations. (tcdb.org)
Subfamily1
- Included in this the Ca2+-controlled ATP-Mg/Pi carrier [102-105] belongs to a subfamily of human being Dauricine Ca2+ binding mitochondrial companies named as brief Ca2+ binding mitochondrial companies [105]. (ecolowood.com)
Substrate1
- Furthermore additional mitochondrial substrate companies contain the regulatory Ca2+ binding sites to feeling [Ca2+]cyt aswell. (ecolowood.com)
Respiratory3
- Fig. 1: Regulation of mitochondrial respiratory capacity. (nature.com)
- Fig. 3: Translational control of mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly. (nature.com)
- Fig. 4: Post-translational mechanisms governing respiratory control and the role of mitochondrial membrane dynamics. (nature.com)
Complexes2
- 7] "Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions. (tcdb.org)
- The mitochondrial hydrogen ion gradient is generated as electrons pass through three membrane complexes. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Cell membranes3
- Cells require a constant supply of energy to perform vital functions, including nutrient uptake, protein synthesis, DNA replication, and active transport across cell membranes. (microbiologynote.com)
- Cell membranes made of mindless and unconscious substances such as fat and protein act wisely and are selective consciously. (questionsonislam.com)
- this type of protein moves the simple sugar glucose across cell membranes and helps maintain proper levels of glucose within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Defects1
- This review attempts to provide a summary of the background knowledge and recent developments in mitochondrial processes relating to mitochondrial-associated metabolic diseases arising from defects or deficiencies in mitochondrial function, as well as insights into current and future avenues for investigation. (biomedcentral.com)
Amino acids2
- As with other mitochondrial carrier family proteins, the ornithine carrier is composed of 300 amino acids that constitute 3 repeated motifs of approximately 100 amino acids each. (medscape.com)
- Even if amino acids are biologically present in a place, no protein can form spontaneously. (questionsonislam.com)
Cytosolic4
- Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a cytosolic dynamin-related GTPase, plays a central role in fission by promoting mitochondrial division through its oligomerization into multimeric spiral structures [5]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- This leads to a cytosolic stress that we named mitochondrial Precursor Over-accumulation Stress (mPOS). (upstate.edu)
- 2)mPOS and neuromuscular diseases - Mitochondrial abnormalities and cytosolic protein misfolding are probably the two most important hallmarks of aging and aging-associated degenerative diseases. (upstate.edu)
- by reduced cytosolic phosphorylation potential that suppresses the cell's capability to perform function and control NMDAR1 the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and its own redox condition. (ecolowood.com)
Protons4
- Investigation of UCP3 reconstituted in planar bilayer membranes revealed that it transports protons solely when activated by fatty acids (FA). (aabioetica.org)
- Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- In biology, chemiosmosis refers to the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of the membrane resulting in the generation of an electrochemical gradient that can be used to drive ATP synthesis. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Hydrogen ions, or protons, will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of lower proton concentration, and an electrochemical concentration gradient of protons across a membrane can be harnessed to make ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Subcellular1
- Fission is necessary for proper mitochondrial transport, which depends on the specific energy demands of subcellular regions. (centrodinoferrari.com)
Regulation3
- This basic two-step process has been confirmed in most mammalian cells, although its regulation and the repertoire of specific accessory proteins are likely to be highly context dependent. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- fats's function in meal-associated thermogenesis and the associated penalties for vitality steadiness regulation. (aabioetica.org)
- This regulation of movement is done with the help of carrier/transport proteins on the surface of the nuclear envelope. (scienceabc.com)
Pathway4
- 1 Similarly, succinate may derive from the γ-aminobutyric acid shunt pathway that correlates with levels of expression of the γ-aminobutyric acid transporters solute carrier family 6 members 12 and 13 (SLC6A12, SLC6A13). (haematologica.org)
- These proteins take part in the fusion pathway in two consecutive steps. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- The low potential chain consists of two cyt b hemes, which serve as a pathway through which electrons are transferred across the coupling membrane. (yeastgenome.org)
- This pathway is involved in cell growth and division (proliferation) and the process by which cells mature to carry out special functions (differentiation). (medlineplus.gov)
Double membrane1
- Sitting in the center of a cell, the nucleus is bound in a double membrane, the nuclear envelope, which separates it from the rest of the contents of the cell, including the other organelles. (scienceabc.com)
MtDNA1
- 3)We investigate the mechanism of mitochondrial DNA recombination, replication and repair in healthy cells and mtDNA instability in human diseases. (upstate.edu)
Genes3
- Holding and protecting the cell's genetic material is the most important function of the nucleus, as this chromosomal DNA controls which genes are expressed, and which proteins are synthesized, essentially directing all activities that go on in the cell. (scienceabc.com)
- In the majority of cases, Rf genes produce proteins that act directly on the CMS conferring mitochondrial transcripts by binding them specifically and promoting processing events. (frontiersin.org)
- Real-time qPCR was used to quantify mRNA transcripts of 26 genes associated with ruminal epithelial function. (biomedcentral.com)
Homology1
- UCP3's properties, similar to its excessive homology to different mitochondrial carriers, particularly to UCP2, its quick lifetime and low specificity of UCP3 antibodies , have hindered progress in understanding its organic operate and transport mechanism over many years. (aabioetica.org)
Chemiosmosis2
- Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- During chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of reactions that make up the electron transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane, establishing an electrochemical gradient. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Cells21
- Overexpression of Aralar1 augments mitochondrial metabolism and increases insulin secretion in pancreatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Insulin is a protein secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas known as β-cells. (virtualmedstudent.com)
- Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that perform essential cell functions. (nir1000.com)
- ATP is the body's main source of energy and is used by cells to perform important functions, such as muscle contraction and cell division. (nir1000.com)
- BTV release from BSR cells is mainly dependent on CPE through the permeabilization of the membrane likely induced by NS3, whereas BTV release from KC cells is dependent on budding. (adenosine-receptor.com)
- Virus release from BSR cells is solely dependent on NS3 expression, whereas virus release from KC cells is strongly reduced by either lack of NS3, NS3a or both proteins. (adenosine-receptor.com)
- Further research is needed to unravel the specific role of each of these non-structural proteins in virus release from insect cells. (adenosine-receptor.com)
- Using a microarray expression analysis, this study explored the function of apoO in liver cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- HepG2 cells were treated either with oleic acid or tumor necrosis factor-α for 24 h. mRNA and protein expression of apoO were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- This study could enable the function of apoO in liver cells to be elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)
- Figure 1 shows apoO mRNA and protein levels in cells treated with oleic acid (OA) compared with the levels in control cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- ApoO mRNA and protein changes in HepG2 cells pretreated with 1 mmol/L OA for 24 h. (biomedcentral.com)
- To explore the effect of inflammatory stimulus on the expression of apoO, we detected apoO mRNA and protein expression changes in HepG2 cells pretreated for 24 h with 100 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). (biomedcentral.com)
- Levels of ApoO mRNA and protein in HepG2 cells pretreated with 100 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mitochondrial proteins are degraded by autophagy in aged cells. (elifesciences.org)
- Wild-type cells were treated with concanamycin A for 4 hr, stained with mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescent dyes DiOC 6 ( A ) or TMRM ( B ), and analyzed by flow cytometry. (elifesciences.org)
- Representative images showing mitochondrial aggregation and fragmentation in FCCP and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treated cells are shown. (elifesciences.org)
- Protein expression and function of organic anion transporters in short-term and long-term cultures of Huh7 human hepatoma cells. (cancerindex.org)
- Simply put, a nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in all eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic and chromosomal information of an organism. (scienceabc.com)
- However, cells also need to exchange nutrients, chemicals and information with the environment, which they achieve with the help of proteins embedded into the membrane that serve as specific and efficient gateways. (williams.edu)
- All of the building blocks of the fish like cells, tissues, organs, oil and protein are full of evidences showing the Creator. (questionsonislam.com)
Dependent2
- Before fusion, curving of the outer membranes is promoted by the phospholipase D-dependent hydrolysis of cardiolipin. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of OXPHOS expression and function inhibits ANT-dependent ADP/ATP exchange. (elsevierpure.com)
Processes2
- Mitochondrial fusion and fission are fundamental processes underlying cellular dynamics [1]. (centrodinoferrari.com)
- An alternative infectious processes and may contribute to high case fatal- approach attempts to identify mechanisms shared by most ity rates by impairing adaptive immune function. (cdc.gov)
Deficiency4
- Often citrin deficiency is characterized by strong preference for protein-rich and/or lipid-rich foods and aversion to carbohydrate-rich foods. (nih.gov)
- Beyond age one year, many children with citrin deficiency develop a protein-rich and/or lipid-rich food preference and aversion to carbohydrate-rich foods. (nih.gov)
- By mechanisms that are not well understood, a lack (deficiency) of functional GLUT10 protein leads to overactivity (upregulation) of TGF-β signaling. (medlineplus.gov)
- Changes in mitochondrial function related to GLUT10 deficiency may also affect cardiovascular system development, but the relationship between mitochondrial function and the specific signs and symptoms of arterial tortuosity syndrome is unclear. (medlineplus.gov)