Mitochondrial degradation. Medical search. Frequent questions

Herein, we address the complex crosstalk that involves mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial destabilization accompanied by mitophagy, and cell death. (hindawi.com)
Through the newly reported studies, the team found that Parkin proteins encircled damaged mitochondria and targeted them for degradation, demonstrating that mitophagy starts in neurons in the same way as it does in other cell types. (genengnews.com)
The small mitochondrial isoform of the tumor suppressor ARF (smARF) and p62 (also known as sequestosome 1) have been shown to have roles in mitophagy, but the mechanisms underlying the regulation of mitophagy remain largely unknown. (aacrjournals.org)
In contrast to wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), which exhibited decreased mitochondrial proteins due to active mitophagy in hypoxic conditions, Jnk2 −/− MEFs were characterized by impaired mitochondrial clearance and increased ROS production under hypoxic stress. (aacrjournals.org)
Mechanistically, this defect in mitophagy was mediated by decreased levels of p62 at steady state in Jnk2 −/− MEFs as a result of increased steady-state autophagy, which promotes p62 degradation. (aacrjournals.org)
The kinase Jnk2 promotes stress-induced mitophagy by targeting the small mitochondrial form of the tumor suppressor ARF for degradation. (aacrjournals.org)
Moreover, nonreversible mitochondrial damage targets the organelle to a specific autophagic removal, namely, mitophagy. (hindawi.com)
We found that the conserved PTEN-induced putative kinase (PINK1/PINK-1) and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin (PDR-1), which are required for mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), underlie stereotyped differences in heteroplasmy of a deleterious mitochondrial genome mutation (ΔmtDNA) between major somatic tissues types in Caenorhabditis elegans . (biorxiv.org)
To understand more fully how alcohol damages mitochondria, and how this leads to mitophagy, researchers at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) used an advanced imaging technique to investigate changes in mitochondrial function within the livers of mice that were exposed to alcohol. (medicalxpress.com)
The current study determined that mitochondrial injury, specifically depolarization, initiates mitophagy to prevent damaged mitochondria from accumulating in cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Blocking depolarization after ethanol exposure also blocks mitophagy, preventing mitochondrial depletion. (medicalxpress.com)
Dislocation of polypeptides from the mitochondrial outer membrane by the p97/Cdc48-Ufd1-Npl4 adenosine triphosphatase complex is essential for mitochondria-associated degradation and Parkin-mediated mitophagy. (rupress.org)
Recent work using high-resolution microscopy demonstrates the dynamic formation of inter-organelle membrane contact sites between mitochondria and lysosomes, allowing for their direct interaction in a pathway distinct from mitophagy or lysosomal degradation of mitochondrial-derived vesicles. (nih.gov)
Selected degradation of mitochondria by autophagy -mitophagy- has been extensively studied in yeast and animals, but information on mitophagy components in plants is limited. (lu.se)
We propose that FMT mediates efficient mitophagy by preventing mitochondrial clustering, thereby allowing mitochondria to be captured more effectively by autophagosomes, rather than by acting as a direct mitophagy receptor. (lu.se)

While largely indistinguishable from their wildtype littermates, adipocyte-specific Sel1L-deficient mice are cold sensitive associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. (diabetesjournals.org)
One of the underlying mechanisms of long COVID may be mitochondrial dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
Nanoalumina stimulates mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to overactive autophagic degradation and results in apoptosis. (greenmedinfo.com)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
Both α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). (springer.com)
Although the mechanisms underlying PD remain elusive, α-Synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been recognized as major contributors [ 1 , 57 ]. (springer.com)
Mitochondrial function or the ability to generate energy through OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation) is vital for cell homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of nearly all chronic diseases ( Pieczenik and Neustadt, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Relevant to the studies presented in this manuscript, mitochondrial dysfunction is a key contributor to the perpetuation of metabolic inflammation caused by nutrient excess. (frontiersin.org)
Besides OXPHOS, mitochondrial dysfunction is also present in the examination of mitochondrial morphology, the balance of mitochondrial network formation, and fission and fusion. (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been associated with ageing and most of the so-called age-related diseases [ 13 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Importantly, it has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction might precede the metabolic change. (intechopen.com)
A wealth of studies now confirm that PQQ's cell-signaling activity translates into substantial protection against degenerative and age-related conditions, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, 1 heart degeneration, 18-20 brain injury, and cognitive decline. (lifeextension.com)
Mitochondrial and lysosomal function are intricately related and critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis, as highlighted by multiple diseases linked to dysfunction of both organelles. (nih.gov)
Pharmaceutical companies are focusing massive resources to develop a drug that targets mitochondrial dysfunction , 1 one of the major causes of the chronic diseases of aging. (lifeextension.com)
For almost two decades, scientists have known that lipoic acid offers an effective solution to mitochondrial dysfunction. (lifeextension.com)
Fortunately, you don't need to wait for Big Pharma to develop a synthetic, costly version of lipoic acid in order to combat mitochondrial dysfunction . (lifeextension.com)
Lipoic acid increases the abundance of other protective antioxidants while improving mitochondrial function and preventing glycation-induced damage in the kidney and blood vessels of those with diabetes-thus defending against diabetic kidney disease, vision loss, and vascular dysfunction. (lifeextension.com)

Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins, also known as mitochondrial carrier proteins, are proteins which exist in the membranes of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
These factors play a role in the function of mitochondrial membrane transport proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The outer membrane mitochondrial proteins carry out functions for mitochondrial biogenesis and integration between mitochondria and the cellular system. (wikipedia.org)
The TOM complex, part of the TOM/TIM supercomplex, is essential for the translocase of almost all mitochondrial proteins which consists of at least 7 different subunits. (wikipedia.org)
Autophagy is the major pathway involved in the degradation of proteins and organelles, cellular remodeling, and survival during nutrient starvation. (biomedcentral.com)
Although studies suggest that αSyn and its missense mutant, A53T, preferentially accumulate in the mitochondria, the mechanisms by which αSyn and mitochondrial proteins regulate each other to trigger mitochondrial and neuronal toxicity are poorly understood. (springer.com)
Deficiency in ClpP induces an overload of mitochondrial misfolded/unfolded proteins, suppresses mitochondrial respiratory activity, increases mitochondrial oxidative damage and causes cell death. (springer.com)
Mitochondrial proteins are degraded by autophagy in aged cells. (elifesciences.org)
Considering FA, which is due to the decreased expression of the mitochondrial protein, frataxin, this iron accumulation does not occur within protective storage proteins such as mitochondrial ferritin. (curefa.org)
However, the degradation of proteins in lipid bilayer or membrane-encircled organelles requires additional steps because the membranes render these substrates, at least in part, inaccessible to the ubiquitin proteasome system. (rupress.org)
Mitochondria-lysosome contact site tethering is mechanistically regulated by mitochondrial proteins promoting Rab7 GTP hydrolysis, and allows for the bidirectional crosstalk between mitochondria and lysosomes and the regulation of their organelle network dynamics, including mitochondrial fission. (nih.gov)
Failure of ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) for the clearance of ribosome-blocked proteins destined for the mitochondria leads to accumulation of toxic aggregates and mitochondrial toxicity. (mpg.de)
CAT-tailed proteins have a particularly toxic effect on mitochondrial function. (mpg.de)
Among the latter are the mitochondrial chaperones and proteases, which - once clumped - can no longer efficiently perform their normal function of repairing the damaged proteins and eliminating faulty proteins. (mpg.de)
The elimination by the degradation machinery in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial proteins that have been marked as faulty by the attachment of CAT-tails is tricky. (mpg.de)
Therefore, cells have developed another strategy to get rid of faulty mitochondrial proteins and maintain cellular homeostasis", says Park. (mpg.de)

Recent study at IMBB, published in Cell Death and Disease revealed that CISD-1, an iron sulfur cluster binding protein implicated in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorder Wolfram Syndrome type 2, modulates longevity and proteostasis by engaging autophagy and the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis pathway. (forth.gr)
C ) Loss of vacuolar acidity activates autophagy-dependent Tom70-GFP degradation. (elifesciences.org)
D ) Tom70-GFP was monitored for autophagy-dependent degradation using a GFP-cleavage assay in wild-type (WT) and the indicated mutant cells treated with concanamycin A (ConcA) for the indicated time (hr). (elifesciences.org)
C ) Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress does not activate autophagy-dependent Tom70-GFP degradation. (elifesciences.org)
Mfn2-mediated mitochondrial fusion promotes autophagy and suppresses ovarian cancer progression by reducing ROS through AMPK/mTOR/ERK signaling. (nih.gov)
Their findings, published online on March 16 in the journal Autophagy , demonstrated that exposure to alcohol causes a specific type of mitochondrial damage called depolarization. (medicalxpress.com)

PQQ is now linked to favorable effects on cell development, metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. (lifeextension.com)

However, harmful stimuli (such as ischemia-reperfusion, oxidative stress, and toxic chemicals) can change the direction and efficiency of intercellular mitochondrial transfer. (frontiersin.org)
Overexpression of ClpP reduces αSyn-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress through enhancing the level of Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD2), and suppresses the accumulation of αSyn S129 phosphorylation and promotes neuronal morphology in neurons derived from PD patient iPS cells carrying αSyn A53T mutant. (springer.com)
Compensating for the loss of ClpP in the substantia nigra of αSyn A53T mice by viral expression of ClpP suppresses mitochondrial oxidative damage, and reduces αSyn pathology and behavioral deficits of mice. (springer.com)
Mitochondrial protein degradation is not triggered by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or oxidative stress. (elifesciences.org)
These signaling pathways regulate a variety of physiological and molecular processes throughout the body 10 -processes that have an impact on key biomarkers of aging , such as mitochondrial function 11-16 and cellular defense against oxidative stress. (lifeextension.com)
1) disruption of mitochondrial function leading to oxidative stress, (2) abnormalities in vesicle processing, (3) altered proteasomal and lysosomal protein degradation, and (4) a-synuclein aggregation The mutual neurotoxic processes provoked by mutations in these genes in concert with the biological disturbances produced by Mn, most likely, act in synchrony to contribute to the severity, characteristics and onset of both disorders. (cdc.gov)

There are 53 discovered human mitochondrial membrane transporters, with many others that are known to still need discovered. (wikipedia.org)
Analyzing 5′-upstream non-protein-encoding regions of the human mitochondrial function-associated genes, we speculate that mitochondrial functions could be recovered or improved at a transcriptional level. (intechopen.com)

SwissProt ID, Q6UWP7) is destabilized in epithelia by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) impairing mitochondrial function. (wustl.edu)

Recent technological advances are now helping to refine the mitochondrial proteome and are assisting in characterizing mitochondrial protein functions, paving the way for better diagnosis and treatment of mitochondrial diseases. (nature.com)

An interconnected highly integrated system of mitochondrial and cytosolic chaperones and proteases along with the fission/fusion machinery represents the surveillance scaffold of mitostasis. (hindawi.com)

Altered mitochondrial quality control and dynamics may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, but we understand little about these processes in neurons," the investigators noted. (genengnews.com)
The high resolution of the approach should help researchers gain a more detailed understanding of how Parkin and PINK1 affect mitochondrial degradation in Parkinson's disease. (genengnews.com)
S donor with mitochondrial targeting function for treatment of Parkinson's disease. (bvsalud.org)

PINK1 and Parkin target Miro for phosphorylation and degradation to arrest mitochondrial motility. (wustl.edu)
Nakamura is senior author of the researchers' published paper in Science Advances , which is titled, " Longitudinal tracking of neuronal mitochondria delineates PINK1/Parkin-dependent mechanisms of mitochondrial recycling and degradation . (genengnews.com)
We combined time-lapse microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy to track individual mitochondria in neurons lacking the fission-promoting protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and delineate the kinetics of PINK1-dependent pathways of mitochondrial quality control," they pointed out. (genengnews.com)
Mitochondrial quality control is mediated by the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), a cytoprotective protein that is dysregulated in inflammatory lung injury and neurodegenerative diseases. (jci.org)
FBXO7, by mediating PINK1 ubiquitylation and degradation, was sufficient to induce mitochondrial injury and inflammation in experimental pneumonia. (jci.org)
A computational simulation-based screen led to the identification of a small molecule, BC1464, which abrogated FBXO7 and PINK1 association, leading to increased cellular PINK1 concentrations and activities, and limiting mitochondrial damage. (jci.org)
The data highlight a unique opportunity to use small molecule antagonists that disrupt PINK1 interaction with the ubiquitin apparatus to enhance mitochondrial quality, limit inflammatory injury, and maintain neuronal viability. (jci.org)

show that mitochondria can be expelled from cells via extracellular vesicles as a route of quality control that is an alternative to lysosomal degradation. (nature.com)

It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. (curehunter.com)

In multiple species, certain tissue types are prone to acquiring greater loads of mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations relative to others, however the mechanisms that drive these heteroplasmy differences are unknown. (biorxiv.org)

NS1 and NS2 induce STAT2 degradation. (cdc.gov)

Degradation of high-energy phosphates [ 36 ] and decreased mitochondrial respiratory control [ 21 ] were demonstrated in exercised muscle, indicating the energetic impairment. (scielo.org.ar)
Concurrently, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity in these muscles was quantified. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover, the activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex, especially Complexes I and II, decreased in the TOR group but showed recovery in the IBA and POST groups. (bvsalud.org)
The rebound in body temperature and rise in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity in skeletal muscle are involved in enhancing contractile performance and fatigue resistance. (bvsalud.org)

MSC co-culture with skin fibroblasts from mitochondrial disease patients rescued aberrant mitochondrial morphology from a fission state to a more fused appearance indicating an effect of MSC co-culture on host cell mitochondrial network formation. (frontiersin.org)
In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)

JNK2 promotes proteasomal degradation of small mitochondrial ARF and increases steady-state p62 levels. (aacrjournals.org)
Indeed, JNK2 interacted with smARF and promoted its polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. (aacrjournals.org)

Given the complexity of the biological function of mitochondria, researchers have begun to consider rescuing the injured cells through mitochondrial transfer, that is, replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy mitochondria from donor cells. (frontiersin.org)

Concanamycin a treatment causes loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. (elifesciences.org)
Wild-type cells were treated with concanamycin A for 4 hr, stained with mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescent dyes DiOC 6 ( A ) or TMRM ( B ), and analyzed by flow cytometry. (elifesciences.org)

A unique feature of mitochondrial DNA function is the coupling of initiation of transcription with that of replication. (nature.com)
discuss the choice between initiation of either process, and how mitochondrial DNA packaging into nucleoids controls its accessibility and function in human cells. (nature.com)
Normothermic Machine Perfusion of the Liver Supports Protein Translation and Mitochondrial Function While Reducing Protein Degradation and Metabolic Imbalance: A Proteomics Study. (ox.ac.uk)
Substantial evidence has shown that αSyn toxicity may directly disrupt mitochondrial function. (springer.com)
Loss of vacuole function triggers mitochondrial protein degradation. (elifesciences.org)
A ) Schematic illustration showing that loss of vacuolar acidity (2) through aging or concanamycin A (conc A)-mediated inhibition of the Vacuolar H + -ATPase (1) leads to loss of mitochondrial function (3) through an unknown mechanism. (elifesciences.org)
In the present study, we examine the specific impacts of MSCs on mitochondrial morphology and function in host tissues. (frontiersin.org)
Employing in vitro cell culture of inherited mitochondrial disease and an in vivo animal experimental model of low-grade inflammation (high fat feeding), we show human-derived MSCs to alter mitochondrial function. (frontiersin.org)
At present, little is known about the impact of MSC therapy on mitochondrial function and morphology. (frontiersin.org)
Mitofusin-2: Functional switch between mitochondrial function and neurodegeneration. (nih.gov)
Reintroducing PQQ to their diet reversed these effects, increasing mitochondrial numbers and restoring systemic function. (lifeextension.com)
Defective mitochondrial function as a possible mechanism. (cdc.gov)

Heat generation, mediated by mitochondrial respiration in Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT), is important for defense against cold and maintenance of whole-body homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)

In this work, we show that the Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD complex is essential for cold-induced thermogenesis in part by managing mitochondrial dynamics and ER-mitochondria contact in brown adipocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
We anticipate these data will aid in understanding key mitochondrial and metabolic pathways in heart diseases, and further serve as a reference for methodology development in dynamics studies in multiple organ systems. (nature.com)

Alcat1 degradation was partially abrogated in LPS-treated cells that had been silenced for HDAC2 or treated with MLN4924, an inhibitor of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases. (wustl.edu)

Despite these findings suggesting that mitochondria might be a key link between αSyn toxicity and neuronal degeneration in PD, the field still lacks an understanding of how αSyn abnormality and mitochondrial functional deficiency influence each other. (springer.com)

Furthermore, loss of JNK2 resulted in the hyperactivation of inflammasomes and excessive mitochondrial ROS production in bone marrow-derived macrophages and increased susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide-induced mortality in mice. (aacrjournals.org)

The outer mitochondrial membrane forms the border of mitochondria towards the cellular environment. (wikipedia.org)
In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (hindawi.com)
Unless they are removed by degradation, aggregates accumulate preferentially in the mitochondria, the cellular power plants, ultimately blocking energy production. (mpg.de)
NSP1 promotes cellular mRNA degradation and prevents host mRNA translation. (cdc.gov)

Cardiolipin (also known as PDL6) is an indispensable lipid required for mitochondrial respiration that is generated through de novo synthesis and remodeling. (wustl.edu)

Collectively, our data indicate that MSC therapy rescues impaired mitochondrial morphology, enhances host metabolic capacity, and induces widespread host gene shifting. (frontiersin.org)
Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. (curehunter.com)

Fmt mutants were initially identified for their abnormal mitochondrial morphology, with mitochondria often forming clusters. (lu.se)

In recent years, a large number of pharmaceutical compounds and nutritional supplements that can boost mitochondrial bioenergetics efficiency have been developed. (frontiersin.org)
ATP-dependent Clp protease (ClpP), a mitochondrial matrix protease, plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial protein turnover and bioenergetics activity. (springer.com)

Consistent removal of so many injured mitochondria leads to problems such as mitochondrial depletion syndrome, where not enough ATP (or energy) is produced. (medicalxpress.com)

In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)

There are a number of disease states, including Friedreich's ataxia (FA) and sideroblastic anemia, where iron metabolism is dysregulated and leads to mitochondrial iron accumulation. (curefa.org)

Representative images showing mitochondrial aggregation and fragmentation in FCCP and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treated cells are shown. (elifesciences.org)

B ) Loss of vacuolar acidity causes rapid mitochondrial depolarization. (elifesciences.org)
Antimycin A and FCCP cause mitochondrial depolarization. (elifesciences.org)

Thus, LPS increases HDAC2-mediated Alcat1 deacetylation and facilitates SCF-Fbxo28-mediated disposal of Alcat1, thus impairing mitochondrial integrity. (wustl.edu)
We found that dark senescence strongly increases the number and size of mitochondrial clusters in fmt mutants. (lu.se)

The proteostasis network (PN) is an assembly of distinct dynamic molecular pathways that control the functionality of the proteome (proteome homeodynamics) during protein synthesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation. (hindawi.com)

Indeed, neurons have unusually high energy needs and their mitochondria are much more resistant to degradation by Parkin than those in other cell types. (genengnews.com)
Depolarized mitochondria recruit Parkin to the outer mitochondrial membrane, triggering autophagosome formation, rapid lysosomal fusion, and Parkin redistribution," the team noted. (genengnews.com)

They also point to four primary causes of aging: genomic instability, shortening of telomeres, epigenetic alterations, and imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. (medscape.com)

Lastly, Sel1L affects mitochondrial biology as a part of the Hrd1 ERAD complex, as adipocyte-specific Hrd1-deficient mouse, phenocopy Sel1L-deficient mice in terms of mitochondrial phenotype. (diabetesjournals.org)
Hence, our data provide novel molecular insights and platform for future studies into ER-mitochondrial interaction and position Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD at the center of organelle crosstalk. (diabetesjournals.org)

It suggests that mitochondrial recycling is critical to maintaining healthy mitochondria, and disruptions to this process can contribute to neurodegeneration … Our future studies will investigate how these pathways contribute to disease and how they can be targeted therapeutically. (genengnews.com)

If a chemical compound targeting one of these hubs is used, it can not only modify the anticipated biological pathways but also change other unexpected mitochondrial processes ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
The composition of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in each cell is in constant flux through processes of mutation, replication, and degradation. (biorxiv.org)

However, in chronic (or long-term) conditions of alcohol exposure-such as that which occurs after years of alcohol consumption as seen in alcohol addiction-the continual cycle of mitochondrial damage followed by their removal becomes pathogenic, as fewer healthy mitochondria remain each time. (medicalxpress.com)

MRG15 aggravates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis progression by regulating the mitochondrial proteolytic degradation of TUFM. (nih.gov)

Synchrotron microtomography reveals insights into the degradation kinetics of bio-degradable coronary magnesium scaffolds. (bvsalud.org)

In vivo experiments confirmed mitochondrial abundance and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates were elevated in host tissues following MSC treatment. (frontiersin.org)

Heteroplasmy and mosaicism are therefore important determinants of mitochondrial disease pathophysiology. (biorxiv.org)
Mitochondrial DAMPs are associated with liver cell damage and may be able to be used as a biomarker to see a correlation between the severity of disease and liver damage," Zhong said. (medicalxpress.com)

Anatomy1

Phenomena and Processes2

Mitophagy15

Dysfunction17

Proteins16

Autophagy6

Biogenesis1

Oxidative6

Human mitochondrial2

Impairing mitochondrial function1

Characterizing mitochondrial protein1

Chaperones and proteases1

Parkinson's3

PINK17

Lysosomal degradation1

Membranes1

Mechanisms1

Induce1

Respiratory4

Fission2

Proteasomal2

Replacing damaged mitochondria1

Membrane potential2

Function12

Homeostasis2

Dynamics2

Ubiquitin1

Neuronal1

Excessive1

Cellular4

Lipid1

Metabolic2

Morphology1

Bioenergetics2

Mitochondria leads1

Mechanism1

Accumulation1

Fragmentation1

Depolarization2

Increases2

Proteome1

Parkin2

Imbalance1

ERAD2

Neurodegeneration1

Processes2

Healthy mitochondria1

Progression1

Kinetics1

Vivo1

Disease2