Mitochondrial coa substrates. Medical search. Frequent questions

Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) enters the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized in the process of energy production. (wikipedia.org)
At a young age, acetyl-CoA levels are higher in the nucleus and cytosol, and its transport to the nucleus can extend lifespan in worms. (wikipedia.org)
In the presence of oxygen, the pyruvate is directed into mitochondria to be converted into acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) or into alanine by transamination. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
Rabbit Acetyl CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrial ELISA kit is suitable for detecting samples from rabbit species. (elisakit.cc)
This was accompanied by a 70% increase in phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and a 100% increase in phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, confirming downstream signaling from AMPK. (ox.ac.uk)
The krebs cycle converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, which produces 2 ATP,8 NADH, and 2 FADH's per glucose molecule. (studymode.com)
In this study, we demonstrate that ATP citrate lyase (Acly), which metabolizes citrate to generate cytosolic acetyl-CoA and is of clinical interest, can regulate chromatin accessibility to limit myeloid differentiation. (nih.gov)
The bias to myeloid differentiation appeared due to insufficient generation of acetyl-CoA, as exogenous acetate to support alternate compensatory pathways to produce acetyl-CoA reversed this phenotype. (nih.gov)
Acly inhibition thus can promote myelopoiesis through deprivation of acetyl-CoA and altered histone acetylome to regulate C/EBP transcription factor family activity for myeloid differentiation. (nih.gov)
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a substrate for the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. (onlinemathlearning.com)
The citric acid cycle is a complex of many enzymes that convert the by-products of glucose, protein, and fat degradation as pyruvate (glucose and some amino acids) and acetate (fatty acids and some amino acids) into covalently bound CoA moieties to make acetyl CoA, the major entry point substrate for the citric acid cycle ( Figure 4.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
Figure 4.1 The citric acid cycle showing acetyl CoA entry and the formation of NADH and FADH 2 with the liberation of CO 2 and GTP. (veteriankey.com)
ATP generation occurs through beta-oxidation of fat and glucose oxidation through glycolysis, both of which lead to acetyl CoA production. (veteriankey.com)
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a multi-enzyme complex responsible for the generation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate for the Krebs cycle. (msdmanuals.com)
It contains enoyl-CoA hydratase, long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase activities and plays an important role in the metabolism of long chain FATTY ACIDS. (bvsalud.org)

In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (HADHA) and Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (LCAD) catalyze the oxidation of long chain fatty acids, whereas pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyzes glucose oxidation in the heart. (wvu.edu)
Cell-membrane permeable substrates (glucose, pyruvate) may be applied to evaluate their effect on cell physiology, and cell-membrane impermeable substrates (succinate, ADP) are titrated as a cell viability test to assess the fraction of dead cells (dce) with permeable cell membranes and functional mitochondria. (mitoglobal.org)
Muscle mitochondrial function was examined in 6-, 12-, and 19-week-old ZDF (fa/fa) and fa/+ control rats (n = 8-10 per group) using respirometry with pyruvate, glutamate, and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates. (bioblast.at)
Pyruvate is an important substrate in carbohydrate metabolism. (msdmanuals.com)

Normal enzyme function of N -acetylglutamate synthetase (NAGS) deficiency is confined to the hepatic mitochondria and mediates the reaction acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) + glutamate → N -acetylglutamate + CoA. (medscape.com)
The normal function of N -acetylglutamate (NAG), the reaction product, is to act as an activator of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), which is also a mitochondrial enzyme. (medscape.com)
This substance is transesterified with glycine by the mitochondrial enzyme acyl-CoA glycine-N-acyltransferase (glycine-N-acylase) to form 2-methylbutyryl glycine. (hmdb.ca)
The wells are then incubated with a substrate for HRP enzyme. (elisakit.cc)
The product of the enzyme-substrate reaction forms a blue colored complex. (elisakit.cc)
Risk stratification by residual enzyme activity after newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehyrogenase deficiency: data from a cohort study. (medscape.com)
2 We also have to keep in mind that 5-hydroxydecanonate is not a selective inhibitor of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate sensitive K + channels anymore because it is a substrate for the enzyme acyl-CoA synthethase in the electron transport chain of mitochondria, 4 and it is capable of playing a role as an inhibitor of sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate sensitive K + channels. (asahq.org)
Moreover, the FAO enzyme very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase physically interacted with TFP, thereby creating a multifunctional energy protein complex. (oroboros.at)
Ketone body production (ketogenesis) occurs primarily in liver, due to hepatocyte-specific expression of the fate committing ketogenic enzyme, mitochondrial 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGCS2). (wustl.edu)
In contrast, the fate committing enzyme of ketone body oxidation, mitochondrial Succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA Transferase (SCOT), is expressed ubiquitously, except in liver. (wustl.edu)
It is widely believed that ACTH stimulates cortisol secretion through adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), which provides substrate cholesterol by activating cholesterol ester hydrolase and facilitating transport of cholesterol to the side-chain cleavage enzyme. (cellml.org)

In certain cases the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. (hmdb.ca)
b) They transfer hydrogen from one substrate to another by oxidation-reduction reac-tion not involving a respiratory chain (shown in Fig. 12.4. (biologydiscussion.com)
Living on the edge: substrate competition explains loss of robustness in mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation disorders. (medscape.com)
Mitochondria supply energy for contractile function via the oxidation of fuel substrates, and complete control of this system is indispensable to maintain cardiac efficiency. (wvu.edu)
The effect of trans fat on the activities of liver mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation enzymes was examined in various strains of rats. (elsevierpure.com)
When Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 30 days diets containing either olive oil or partially hydrogenated corn oil as a source of cis-or trans-octadecenoate, respectively, the activities of various enzymes of mitochondrial and peroxisomal β-oxidation measured with cis- and trans-9-octadecenoic acid as substratese showed little dietary fatdependent change. (elsevierpure.com)
Three mitochondrial metabolic pathways are required for efficient energy production in eukaryotic cells: the electron transfer chain (ETC), fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO), and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (oroboros.at)
VLCAD is a homodimer containing a FAD cofactor that is the first step in the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation of the acyl-CoA substrate. (oroboros.at)
title=Guadalupe-Grau A, Plenge U, Helbo S, Kristensen M, Andersen PR, Fago A, Belhage B, Dela F, Helge JW (2015) Effects of an 8-weeks erythropoietin treatment on mitochondrial and whole body fat oxidation capacity during exercise in healthy males. (bioblast.at)
Eight weeks of recombinant erythropoietin treatment increases mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation capacity and myoglobin concentration without any effect on whole body maximal fat oxidation. (bioblast.at)
Fatty acid oxidation rates increased in direct proportion to the increased heart weight and rate pressure product in the hyperthyroid heart, mediated by synchronized changes in mitochondrial enzymes and respiration. (ox.ac.uk)

Such mitochondrial stress and dysfunction has been linked to various age-associated diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, and type-2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
mitochondrial dysfunction may impair urea production and result in hyperammonemia . (medscape.com)
Rescue of myocardial energetic dysfunction in diabetes through the correction of mitochondrial hyperacetylation by honokiol. (wvu.edu)
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important contributing factor in many age-related diseases and is of particular importance in energy-demanding tissues like the heart. (wvu.edu)
Cross-sectional human studies have associated mitochondrial dysfunction to type 2 diabetes. (bioblast.at)
Thus, in ZDF rats insulin resistance develops progressively in the absence of mitochondrial dysfunction. (bioblast.at)
Importantly, it has been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction might precede the metabolic change. (intechopen.com)

As the mitochondrial matrix is where the TCA cycle takes place, different metabolites are commonly confined to the mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
Upon escaping the mitochondria and entering the nucleus, it can act as a substrate for histone acetylation. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is produced in the mitochondria and upon escaping to the nucleus, can act as a substrate for sirtuins. (wikipedia.org)
[5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
Activity of purified NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase at modulator and substrate concentrations approximating conditions in mitochondria. (wikipathways.org)

These bacteria maintained their own DNA, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which codes for components of the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane and functions to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondrial stress occurs when the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is dissipated, mtDNA is mutated, and/or ROS accumulates, which can lead to misfolding and reduced function of mitochondrial proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The ETC is organized into inner mitochondrial membrane supercomplexes that promote substrate channeling and catalytic efficiency. (oroboros.at)

It is important to provide information on the composition of the respiration medium, particularly distinguishing media with exogenous substrates and high Ca 2+ concentration (culture media) and mt-respiration media with Ca 2+ chelators (e.g. (mitoglobal.org)
MiR05) excluding respiratory substrates, when respiration is strictly based on endogenous ET-pathway substrates. (mitoglobal.org)
We found that ablating mitochondrial ROS did not alter palmitoyl-CoA (P-CoA) respiratory kinetics or influence the exercise-mediated reductions in malonyl-CoA sensitivity, suggesting mitochondrial ROS does not regulate CPT-I. In contrast, while mitochondrial protein content, maximal coupled respiration, and ADP sensitivity in resting muscle were unchanged in the absence of mitochondrial ROS, exercise increased the apparent ADP Km (decreased ADP sensitivity) ~30% only in WT mice. (mitophysiology.org)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-driven state 3 and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)-stimulated state uncoupled (state u) respiration on palmitoyl-CoA were lower compared to controls (62.3 +/- 9.5 vs. 119.1 +/- 13.8 and 87.8 +/- 13.3 vs. 141.9 +/- 14.3 nmol O(2)/mg/min. (bioblast.at)

Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in children with non- ketotic hypoglycemia and low carnitine levels. (medscape.com)
Population spectrum of ACADM genotypes correlated to biochemical phenotypes in newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. (medscape.com)
Newborn screening for medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in England: prevalence, predictive value and test validity based on 1.5 million screened babies. (medscape.com)
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in Saudi Arabia: incidence, genotype, and preventive implications. (medscape.com)
Newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: a global perspective. (medscape.com)
Medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency: evaluation of genotype-phenotype correlation in patients detected by newborn screening. (medscape.com)
Abnormal screening in a healthy infant of a mother with undiagnosed medium-chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency. (medscape.com)
Newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: regional experience and high incidence of carnitine deficiency. (medscape.com)
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: genotype-biochemical phenotype correlations. (medscape.com)

Also, muscle biopsy specimens were not obtained in the STOMP trial to investigate whether changes in mitochondrial content and/or function occur during statin treatment andwhether they relate to muscle complaints and exercise performance. (medscape.com)

The crystal structure of rat liver mitochondrial enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) hydratase complexed with the potent inhibitor acetoacetyl-CoA has been refined at 2.5 angstroms resolution. (rcsb.org)

Mitochondrial nucleotide transporters, defined by structural similarlities, include the adenine nucleotide translocator family (SLC25A4, SLC25A5, SLC25A6 and SLC25A31), which under conditions of aerobic metabolism, allow coupling between mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cytosolic energy consumption by exchanging cytosolic ADP for mitochondrial ATP . (guidetopharmacology.org)
These regulators include canonical genes that control lipid metabolism as well as genes involved in ubiquitination, transcription, and mitochondrial function. (stanford.edu)
Impact of short- and medium-chain organic acids, acylcarnitines, and acyl-CoAs on mitochondrial energy metabolism. (medscape.com)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
Here I demonstrate novel roles for ketone body metabolism during a classically ketogenic period, the transition to birth, and in a classically `non-ketogenic' state, overnutrition, using novel genetic mouse models, high-resolution measures of dynamic metabolism using 13C-labeled substrates, and systems physiology approaches. (wustl.edu)
The chemical signature that we discovered is evidence that CFS is an objective metabolic disorder that affects mitochondrial energy metabolism, immune function, GI function, the microbiome, the autonomic nervous system, neuroendocrine, and other brain functions. (omf.ngo)
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation, substrate transporter translocation, and metabolism in the contracting hyperthyroid rat heart. (ox.ac.uk)
Thyroid hormones can modify cardiac metabolism via multiple molecular mechanisms, yet their integrated effect on overall substrate metabolism is poorly understood. (ox.ac.uk)
Here we determined the effect of hyperthyroidism on substrate metabolism in the isolated, perfused, contracting rat heart. (ox.ac.uk)
This effect of Acly deficiency was accompanied by altered mitochondrial metabolism with decreased mitochondrial polarization but increased mitochondrial content and production of reactive oxygen species. (nih.gov)

Six-week-old normoglycemic-hyperinsulinemic fa/fa rats had reduced mitochondrial fat oxidative capacity. (bioblast.at)
Remarkably, reduced fat oxidative capacity in 6-week-old fa/fa rats was compensated for by an adaptive increase in intrinsic mitochondrial function at week 12, which could not be maintained toward week 19 (140.9 +/- 11.2 and 57.7 +/- 9.8 nmol O(2)/mg/min, weeks 12 and 19, respectively), whereas hyperglycemia had developed (13.5 +/- 0.6 and 16.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/l, weeks 12 and 19, respectively). (bioblast.at)
To determine whether differences exist in exercise performance, muscle function, and muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and content between symptomatic and asymptomatic statin users, and control subjects. (medscape.com)
Statin use attenuated substrate use during maximal exercise performance, induced muscle fatigue during repeated muscle contractions, and decreased muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity. (medscape.com)
This suggests disturbances in mitochondrial oxidative capacity occur with statin use even in patients without statin-induced muscle complaints. (medscape.com)
[ 4-6 ] Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, statins have been shown to reduce muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and content in humans [ 7-10 ] and impair exercise-mediated mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscle. (medscape.com)
The aim of the current study was to examine whether differences exist in aerobic exercise performance, muscle contractile function, and muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and content between long-term symptomatic and asymptomatic statin users, and control subjects who did not use a statin drug. (medscape.com)

The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is turned on in response to mitochondrial stress. (wikipedia.org)
Thapa D , Manning JR, Stoner MW, Zhang M, Xie B, Scott I. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of GCN5L1 in mice restricts mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation in response to a high fat diet. (wvu.edu)
ER stress cross-talks to the mitochondrial or intrinsic death pathway via p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma) and JNK-dependent upregulation of the Death protein (DP5) [27]. (cgp60474.com)
Protein succinylation, an acylation modification that requires succinyl-CoA, was reduced in the KO mice. (bvsalud.org)
Analyzing 5′-upstream non-protein-encoding regions of the human mitochondrial function-associated genes, we speculate that mitochondrial functions could be recovered or improved at a transcriptional level. (intechopen.com)
In this model, steady-state nonlinearities arise from cooperative binding of cAMP to its receptor protein and saturation of mitochondrial pregnenolone transport. (cellml.org)
A mitochondrial protein consisting of four alpha-subunits and four beta-subunits. (bvsalud.org)

Metabolic changes precede overt phenotypic changes, because cellular regulation ultimately affects the use of small-molecule substrates for cell division, growth or environmental changes such as hypoxia. (biomedcentral.com)

The generation of ATP is a universal process in all cells that occurs through the enzymatic machinery of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). In short, the ETC utilizes free hydrogen to create an electrochemical gradient between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane that generates a covalent bond between ADP and inorganic phosphate to make ATP as the storage form of energy. (veteriankey.com)

a) Enzymes that catalyse the removal of hy-drogen from a substrate but use only oxy-gen as a hydrogen acceptor to form water as a reaction product (with the exception of uricase and monoamine oxidase which form H 2 O 2 ). (biologydiscussion.com)
Despite recent progresses in uncovering the biology underlying age-related diseases, and improvements in research focused on the molecular mechanisms of age-related diseases, our knowledge of the cellular mechanisms that regulate key mitochondrial energy substrate enzymes in the aging heart is greatly underdeveloped. (wvu.edu)

Thapa D , Zhang M, Manning JR, Guimarães DA, Stoner MW, Lai YC, Shiva S, Scott I. Loss of GCN5L1 in cardiac cells limits mitochondrial respiratory capacity under hyperglycemic conditions. (wvu.edu)

Cardiac mitochondrial function is altered in a variety of inherited and acquired cardiovascular diseases. (jci.org)

Sporting dogs have a multitude of different activities that likely require dietary modifications for optimal performance that revolve around substrate utilization. (veteriankey.com)

The mechanisms regulating oxidative phosphorylation during exercise remain poorly defined, however key mitochondrial proteins, including carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) and adenine-nucleotide translocase have redox sensitive sites. (mitophysiology.org)
These data implicate mitochondrial redox signalling as a regulator of oxidative phosphorylation. (mitophysiology.org)

One theory suggests that lipid over supply leads to defect in Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS) through serine/threonine phosphorylation. (heraldopenaccess.us)
The defective production of KGDHC derived succinyl-CoA resulted in decreased mitochondrial substrate level phosphorylation (SLP), further aggravating the existing oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) ATP deficit. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, cholesterol modulates its own synthesis by inhibiting beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase in the adrenocortical cell. (cellml.org)
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, effectively reduce blood cholesterol levels and produce a remarkable reduction in cardiovascular events. (medscape.com)

[10] Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)

Deficiency of SBCAD leads to accumulation of its substrate, 2-methylbutyryl-CoA within the mitochondrion. (hmdb.ca)

As a mitochondrial reaction, each of the substrates is normally omnipresent. (medscape.com)
Catalyzes the initial reaction in intramitochondrial fatty acid synthesis, by activating malonate and methylmalonate, but not acetate, into their respective CoA thioester. (joplink.net)

Traditionally, MIRI can be due to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generation, a reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO), Ca 2+ overload, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. (hindawi.com)
Barbeau PA, Miotto PM, Holloway GP (2018) Mitochondrial derived reactive oxygen species influence ADP sensitivity, but not CPT-I substrate sensitivity. (mitophysiology.org)
Interestingly muscle contraction has recently been shown to increase mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, therefore we aimed to determine if mitochondrial derived ROS influences bioenergetic responses to exercise. (mitophysiology.org)

Glucose and glutamine are the 2 major substrates used by cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
These data claim that JNK1 protects against palmitate and high glucose-induced -cell apoptosis connected with decreased ER and mitochondrial tension. (cgp60474.com)

We chose Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats as a model of progressive insulin resistance to examine whether intrinsic mitochondrial defects are required for development of type 2 diabetes. (bioblast.at)

A researcher studying the evolutionary relationship among five primate species obtained data from a sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a representative individual of each species. (onlinemathlearning.com)

17883863 ). 2-methylbutyrylglycine has also been found in the urine of patients with propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency after consuming isoleucine. (hmdb.ca)

Further members of the mitochondrial nucleotide transporter subfamily convey diverse substrates including CoA, although not all members have had substrates identified. (guidetopharmacology.org)

Upon ageing, mitochondrial function declines, allowing escape of these metabolites, which can induce epigenetic changes, associated with ageing. (wikipedia.org)
These processes are linked, as metabolites provide essential substrates for epigenetic marks. (nih.gov)

In fact, improved mitochondrial capacity in hyperinsulinemic hyperglycemic rats does not rescue the progression toward advanced stages of insulin resistance. (bioblast.at)

Damaging of mitochondrial DNA causes mutations, leading to production of ETC complexes, which don't function properly, increasing ROS production, increasing oxidative damage to macromolecules. (wikipedia.org)

a) They catalyse the removal of hydrogen from a substrate and use either oxygen or artificial substances such a methylene blue as hydrogen acceptor. (biologydiscussion.com)
No matter where substrates enter the citric acid cycle, they are eventually turned into carbon dioxide, with oxygen as the reactant in the process for generating ATP (Shulman & Petersen, 2009). (veteriankey.com)

The mitochondrial free radical theory of ageing (MFRTA) proposes that free radicals produced by mitochondrial activity damage cellular components, leading to ageing. (wikipedia.org)

Mitochondrial DNA is especially susceptible to oxidative damage, due to its proximity to the site of production of these species. (wikipedia.org)

In addition, mitochondrial stress is caused by accumulation of incompletely metabolized lipids, which leads to insulin resistance. (heraldopenaccess.us)

C6-C10-dicarboxylic aciduria: investigations of a patient with riboflavin responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation defects. (medscape.com)

Recent studies have identified the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) as a regulator of mitochondrial function in tissues specialized for thermogenesis, such as brown adipose. (jci.org)

It is believed that theproduction of ceramide can reduce insulin efficiency via long chain acyl-CoA. (heraldopenaccess.us)

In addition, small increases in the ability to use lipids, as an energetic substrate resulting from training capable of an effecting use of carbohydrates. (lupinepublishers.com)

Mitochondrial DNA has been known to encode 13 proteins. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy12

Organisms10

Chemicals and Drugs144

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Health Care3

Acetyl-CoA16

Pyruvate5

Enzyme11

Oxidation11

Dysfunction7

Mitochondria5

Inner mitochon3

Respiration4

Dehydrogenase9

Changes in mitochondrial1

Inhibitor1

Metabolism10

Oxidative capacity7

Protein7

Metabolic1

Outer mitochon1

Enzymes2

Respiratory1

Cardiac1

Utilization1

Redox2

Phosphorylation2

Reductase2

Biogenesis1

Mitochondrion1

Reaction2

Reactive3

Glucose2

Intrinsic1

MtDNA1

Deficiency1

Transporter1

Metabolites2

Hyperglycemic1

Complexes1

Oxygen2

Cellular1

Species1

Accumulation1

Defects1

Regulator1

Efficiency1

Lipids1

Proteins1