• Can also activate NF-κB to initiate mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling under stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • MUL1 is localized to the mitochondria where it interacts with mitochondrial antiviral signaling and catalyzes RIG-I post-translational modifications that inhibit RIG-I-dependent cell signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fresh mitochondria isolated from homeoplasmic 143B osteosarcoma cybrids containing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) derived from health individuals (Mito) or mtDNA with the A8344G mutation (Mito 8344 ) were conjugated with cell-penetrating peptide Pep-1 (P-Mito) or not conjugated prior to cell co-culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, although there were no differences in energy metabolism after transplantation of normal mitochondria, metabolism was switched to the energetic and glycolytic phenotypes when the mitochondria were replaced with dysfunctional mitochondria, namely, Mito 8344 and P-Mito 8344 , due to dramatically induced glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial respiration, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There was also no translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus in apoptotic keratinocytes, indicating Tan IIA-induced apoptosis occurs mainly through the caspase pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • Available literature documents that ischemic stroke can disrupt the morphology and function of mitochondria and that the latter in other disease models can be preserved by neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) via oxidative stress suppression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitochondria are the central relay station for apoptotic signal transduction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In response to apoptotic stimulus, permeabilized mitochondria release cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, where cytochrome c forms an apoptosome with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 and triggers the caspase cascade. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. (geneontology.org)
  • We also show that the recruitment of the pro-apoptotic protein BCL2-associated X (BAX) to mitochondria is significantly increased in patient fibroblasts compared with control cells. (en-journal.org)
  • Multiple research groups have developed artificial mitochondrial transfer/transplantation (AMT/T) methods that transfer healthy mitochondria into damaged cells and recover cellular function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is much evidence that mitochondria are semiautonomous, semiself-replicating, highly dynamic organelles, endowed with their own circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that spans 16.6 kb and intramitochondrial replication and translational machinery [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Collectively, although scientists are increasingly aware of mitochondria's dynamic and transferable capabilities of mitochondria, the unclear mechanism and effectiveness of mitochondrial transfer/transplantation therapy limit its widespread application in diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This enzyme localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane, where it regulates mitochondrial morphology and apoptosis through multiple pathways, including the Akt, JNK, and NF-κB. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though it lacks a conserved N-terminal signal peptide or mitochondrial targeting sequence, its transmembrane domains have been observed to influence its trafficking and insertion into the mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Is anchored in the outer mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • As aforementioned, MUL1 encodes for an enzyme which is located on outer mitochondrial membrane, where it regulates mitochondrial morphology and apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • An apoptotic cell undergoes structural changes including cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation of the DNA and nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • In later stages of apoptosis the entire cell becomes fragmented, forming a number of plasma membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies which contain nuclear and or cytoplasmic elements. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ultrastructural appearance of necrosis is quite different, the main features being mitochondrial swelling, plasma membrane breakdown and cellular disintegration. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased sub-G1 population and annexin-V binding, activation of caspases 9 and 3, cleavage of poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP), and a decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) indicated involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in terpinen-4-ol-treated A549 and CL1-0 cells. (hindawi.com)
  • It does not have the morphological characteristics of typical necrosis, such as swelling of the cytoplasm and organelles and rupture of the cell membrane, nor does it have the characteristics of traditional cell apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies and disintegration of the cytoskeleton. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, Tan IIA-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential changes were also further demonstrated by DNA fragmentation, single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE), and flow cytometry methods. (hindawi.com)
  • Mitochondrial regulation of apoptosis further downstream was investigated, showing changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, and enhanced activation of cleaved caspase-3 and Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). (hindawi.com)
  • Apoptosis consists of an orderly sequence of events characterized by cell shrinkage, increased cell permeability, changes in membrane asymmetry, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and cell blebbing. (bitesizebio.com)
  • A distinctive feature of the early stages of apoptosis is the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. (bitesizebio.com)
  • The ratio change depends only on the membrane potential and not on other factors like mitochondrial number or size. (bitesizebio.com)
  • Shift of fluorescence emission from red to green of the JC-1 Fluorescent Probe indicating loss of mitochondrial membrane potential associated with apoptosis in treated cells compared to untreated cells. (bitesizebio.com)
  • Three monomeric cyanine dyes, PO-PRO™-1 , YO-PRO®-1 , and TO-PRO®-3 , enter apoptotic cells because of increased cell membrane permeability. (bitesizebio.com)
  • B[a]P caused enhanced metabolism of each dye assessed despite reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential and was reversed by 6-aminonicotinamide (6AN)-a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor. (cdc.gov)
  • Pretreatment with R1-MVs inhibited H 2 O 2 -mediated apoptosis in HaCaT cells by suppressing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage, and caspase 3 activity were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the expression profiles of different anti- and pro-apoptotic as well as epigenetic signals were studied by immunoblotting. (molcells.org)
  • Protein and gene expression of apoptotic signaling pathway-related proteins such as caspase-3, cytochrome c, and PARP were determined to provide evidence for the mechanisms of action of Tan IIA in the treatment of psoriasis. (hindawi.com)
  • Radiation induces caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The central element in the mitochondrial pathway is a specialised protein complex, the apoptosome, which enables and facilitates the activation of procaspase 9. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Radiation and other agents induce caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway, which includes mitochondrial integration of apoptotic signals and the subsequent release of cytochrome c into the cytosol ( 5 , 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • NRP-1 can produce neuroprotective effects against I/R injury to the brain by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and promoting mitochondrial structural repair and functional recovery, which may serve as a promising candidate target in treating ischemic stroke. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our work may provide novel therapeutic clues for treating cancers via a non-canonical apoptotic pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This article gives a comprehensive review of apoptosis, its mechanisms, how defects along the apoptotic pathway contribute to carcinogenesis and how apoptosis can be used as a vehicle of targeted treatment in cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BCL2 proteins are described as 'crucial regulators of apoptosis' (PMID:15868100)and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which results in the activation of caspases (15102863) - help in generating a defintion for intrinsic apoptosis? (geneontology.org)
  • The intrinsic apoptotic pathway has been chosen for a Reference Genome project as the curation work will complement and inform a planned apoptosis content meeting scheduled for June the 1st, assisted by domain experts from the Apo-Sys Consortium. (geneontology.org)
  • In addition, as the intrinsic apoptotic pathway seems to have evolved at the same time as multicellular organisms, whereas the extrinsic pathway is a more recent evolutionary development in veterbrates, it is felt the intrinsic mechanism was more suited to a multi-organism curation project. (geneontology.org)
  • There is a longstanding belief that a given nucleus controls a defined volume of cytoplasm, so when a muscle grows (hypertrophy) or shrinks (atrophy), the number of myonuclei change accordingly. (frontiersin.org)
  • This theory has its origins in the concept of "Wirkungssphäre" or "sphere of influence" proposed by Strassburger (1893) , in which he argued that a nucleus can only support a discrete volume of cytoplasm, thus defining the upper limits to cell size. (frontiersin.org)
  • This led to the assumption that a given nucleus controls a defined volume of cytoplasm - so that when a muscle shrinks or 'atrophies' due to disuse or disease, the number of myonuclei decreases. (robert-gorter.info)
  • Morphological alterations of apoptotic cell death that concern both the nucleus and the cytoplasm are remarkably similar across cell types and species [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was investigated by Western blotting. (researchsquare.com)
  • Western blot analysis revealed that VALD-3 upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bad and Bax), downregulated anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, survivin and XIAP) and increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, Cyto-c and cleaved PARP. (researchsquare.com)
  • PMID:14996496, table 1 provides links to papers that describe subcellular location of many pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. (geneontology.org)
  • Recently, targeting mitochondrial dynamics has been considered a potential anticancer strategy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After 3 days of treatment, cell viability, proliferation, oxidative stress, drug sensitivity to Doxorubicin/Paclitaxel and mitochondrial function were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The role of mitochondrial dynamics in cancer development and progression is still complex and elusive because cancer cells are distinct from normal cells in terms of their ability to survive and proliferate despite their exposure to microenvironmental apoptotic stimuli, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation and inflammation [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chrysin loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (Chr- mSiO2@PAA/FA) have been noted to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through oxidative insult and mitochondrial dysfunction with subsequent G1 arrest. (bvsalud.org)
  • The expression of LV-NRP-1 alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress and bioenergetic deficits. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The genome of D. radiodurans is densely packaged and forms nucleoid with toroidal architecture, which may shield DNA from radiation and oxidative stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mitochondrial transplantation also consistently decreased Drp-1, which resulted in an enhancement of the tubular mitochondrial network, but a distinct machinery through the increase of parkin and mitochondrial fusion proteins was observed in the Mito and P-Mito groups, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Once activated by their respective upstream signals, caspase-8 and -9 may cleave and activate downstream executioner caspases -3 and -7, which, in turn, cleave a plethora of target proteins, resulting in apoptotic death ( 6 - 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy that NQ effectively caused conformational changes in DNA and modulated different proteins related to epigenetic modifications and c ell cycle control. (molcells.org)
  • The multiparametric nature of flow cytometry allows the measurement of several apoptotic traits in a single sample, making it a powerful tool to study the complexity of cell death. (bitesizebio.com)
  • Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (MUL1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MUL1 gene on chromosome 1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The human protein Mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 is ~40 kDa in size and composed of 352 amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to these Ring domains, MUL1 is predicted to have two mitochondrial transmembrane helices, with the first domain serving as the primary anchor for the rest of the exposed protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, this protein can rescue the phenotypes of PINK1 or parkin knockout mice display, which elucidates why only subtle dopaminergic neuronal degeneration or mitochondrial morphology changes have been observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • EESR-induced apoptosis was associated with the upregulation of p53, a death receptor Fas, and a pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the activation of caspase 3, 8, and 9, resulting in the degradation of PARP. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Healthy male Sprague‑Dawley rats were used in the present study to examine the radioprotective effect of a type of pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, following radiation, to investigate the effects of caspase blockade in a model of the nucleus of the abducens nerve. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition to increased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) phosphorylation through JNK signaling in response to docetaxel, si-Vav3 enhanced docetaxel-induced apoptosis, as characterized by the accumulation of sub-G1 phase cells and DNA fragmentation, through Bcl-xL/Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad) dephosphorylation, resulting in increased caspase-9, caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AA005 induces a unique type of cell death in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, characterized by lack of caspase-3 activation or apoptotic body formation, sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor Olaparib (AZD2281) but not pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk, and dependence on apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most important caspase in this cascade is caspase-3, which is cleaved and activated to transduce the apoptotic signal [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although the presence of active caspases and DNA fragmentation is helpful in identifying possible apoptosis, they should not be employed as an exclusive means to demonstrate this process as apototic cell death can occur without DNA fragmentation or caspase activity. (geneontology.org)
  • The activated type I receptors in turn phosphor ylate intracellular Smad molecules which translocate while in the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. (sirnalibrary.com)
  • AA005 treatment also reduced expression of mitochondrial Complex I components, and leads to accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the early stage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Time-lapse videography of living cells captures spectacular intracellular mitochondrial movement, and this movement promotes mitochondrial connections to form a dynamic mitochondrial network [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intracellular mitochondrial movement is of great importance for cellular functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to intracellular mitochondrial movement, intercellular mitochondrial transfer between mammalian cells has recently been discovered. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intercellular mitochondrial transfer can be regarded as an extension of intracellular mitochondrial movement or intercellular communication, which undoubtedly increases the mtDNA content of the recipient cells and restores the respiration and survival of the recipient cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Promotes mitochondrial fragmentation and influences mitochondrial localization. (wikipedia.org)
  • AGS ATP5G1 promotes metabolic stress resilience by modulating mitochondrial morphological change and metabolic functions. (elifesciences.org)
  • Annonaceous acetogenin mimic AA005 reportedly inhibits mammalian mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone reductase (Complex I) and induces gastric cancer cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic (mitochondrial mediated) or extrinsic (death receptor mediated) apoptotic pathways. (geneontology.org)
  • Cancer cells are generally subjected to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to normal cells because ROS generation is augmented by mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial dysfunction [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2012, Dixon 1 first proposed the concept of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic mode of cell death characterized by the accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS). (nature.com)
  • Mitochondrial dynamics are diverse in different cell types, and their function is determined by a delicate shift in the balance of morphological fusion and fission in cells to adapt to physiological stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, the apoptotic cells are removed through phagocytosis with minimal tissue disruption. (bitesizebio.com)
  • There is a general agreement that hypertrophy is accompanied by the addition of new nuclei from stem cells to help the muscles meet the enhanced synthetic demands of a larger cell. (frontiersin.org)
  • Skeletal muscle is fairly unique in that the mature cells are syncytial and can contain hundreds of nuclei. (frontiersin.org)
  • But according to a review published in Frontiers in Physiology, modern lab techniques now allow us to see that nuclei gained during training persist even when muscle cells shrink due to disuse or start to break down. (robert-gorter.info)
  • Muscle growth is accompanied by the addition of new nuclei from stem cells to help meet the enhanced synthetic demands of larger muscle cells," explains Schwartz. (robert-gorter.info)
  • But modern cell-type-specific dyes and genetic markers have shown that the dying nuclei other researchers had detected were in fact inflammatory and other cells recruited to atrophic muscle. (robert-gorter.info)
  • The morphology in the cells and the composition with the matrix in central chondrosarcoma propose par allels in between differentiation phases of tumor cells and of ordinary chondrocytes. (sirnalibrary.com)
  • Further confirmation of an enhanced survival phenotype in FET DN cells was obtained by DNA frag mentation examination following 48 hrs GFDS. (sirnalibrary.com)
  • Figure 3B indi cates that FET cells had a time dependent raise in DNA fragmentation throughout GFDS as when compared with FET DN cells. (sirnalibrary.com)
  • Taken together, these outcomes indicate that endogenous TGFB signaling is respon sible for a substantial degree of apoptotic signaling in FET cells as abrogation of TGFB inhibitory signaling within the FET DN cells rendered the cells much more resistant to apoptosis. (sirnalibrary.com)
  • In rat tenocytes, DHEA decreased the expression of NOX1 and IL-6, ROS accumulation, and apoptotic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of VALD-3, a Schiff base ligand synthesized from o-vanillin derivatives, on human breast cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. (researchsquare.com)
  • Whereas damage signals of cells activate p53 via CHK2 to repair damaged DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest. (jcpjournal.org)
  • Usually phagocytic cells engulf apoptotic cells before apoptotic bodies occur. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. (lookformedical.com)
  • In the field of stem cells, cumulative evidence has shown that mitochondrial transfer contributes to stem cell-triggered repair of damaged cells [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, mitochondrial dynamics have been shown to be involved in the mitigation of tumour cell escape from immune-mediated cellular destruction conducted by the tumour microenvironment [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These results demonstrate differential sensitivity of standard cytotoxicity assessments on the PPP, thus (1) decoupling 'mitochondrial activity' as an interpretation of cellular formazan and Alamar Blue metabolism, and (2) demonstrating the implicit requirement for investigators to sufficiently verify interaction of these methods in routine cytotoxicity and proliferation characterization. (cdc.gov)
  • Usually several hours are required from the initiation of cell death to the final cellular fragmentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These organelles are highly dynamic, constantly changing their morphology, cellular location, and distribution in response to cellular stress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Currently, mitochondrial transplantation is an available approach for restoring mitochondrial function in mitochondrial diseases but remains unclear in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Herein, effects of mitochondrial transplantation via different approaches in breast cancer were investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study reveals the antitumour potential of mitochondrial transplantation in breast cancer via distinct regulation of mitochondrial function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we also discuss the existing methods of artificial mitochondrial transfer/transplantation (AMT/T) and their therapeutic effects on diseases to explore the potential applications of mitochondrial transfer and transplantation in the treatment of mitochondrial-related diseases, mitochondrial diseases, and cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is consistent with reports indicating the large and agranular hemocyte population as the most represented among the professional phagocytes of P. canaliculata and with the hypothesis that different hemocyte morphologies could exert diverse biological functions, as it has been observed in other invertebrates. (unimore.it)
  • This is followed by fragmentation into apoptotic bodies that are quickly removed by phagocytes, thereby preventing an inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to research on intercellular mitochondrial transfer in physiological and pathological environments, mitochondrial transfer hold great potential for maintaining body homeostasis and regulating pathological processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the nascent literature on mitochondrial transfer, we address the modes of mitochondrial transfer, their mechanisms, and their roles in physiological and pathological conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These and other data argue against the current interpretation of the myonuclear domain hypothesis and suggest that once a nucleus has been acquired by a muscle fiber it persists. (frontiersin.org)
  • Intercellular mitochondrial transfer occurs in different ways, including tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and gap junction channels (GJCs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. (wikidoc.org)
  • Patient fibroblasts display reduced microtubule stability and defective microtubule network morphology. (en-journal.org)
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is frequently linked to microtubule abnormalities and mitochondrial trafficking defects. (en-journal.org)
  • In addition, calcitriol has rapid effects that are independent of gene transcription regulation, which are defined as non-genomic effects and not mediated directly through steroid receptor-ligand-DNA interaction. (jcancer.org)
  • Extracellular vesicle DNA from human melanoma tissues contains cancer-specific mutations. (gu.se)
  • Recently, two independent models, one from rodents and the other from insects, have demonstrated that nuclei are not lost from skeletal muscle fibers when they undergo either atrophy or programmed cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Until recently, scientists thought this meant that nuclei - the cell control centers that build and maintain muscle fibers - are also lost to sloth. (robert-gorter.info)
  • Two independent studies - one in rodents and the other in insects - have demonstrated that nuclei are not lost from atrophying muscle fibers, and even remain after muscle death has been initiated. (robert-gorter.info)
  • This assumption long seemed valid, with many researchers reporting the presence of disintegrating nuclei in muscle tissue during atrophy induced by inactivity, injury or paralysis. (robert-gorter.info)
  • The expression of AAV-NRP-1 markedly ameliorated the cerebral I/R-induced damage to the motor function and restored the mitochondrial morphology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Suppressing cell cycle and proliferation rates depends on different parameters, such as DNA structural changes and inhibiting the activities of histone deacetylases (HDACs). (molcells.org)
  • Melatonin receptors have been localized in the Supra Chaismatic Nucleus (SCN), pars tuberalis (PT), and the gonads suggesting the regulation of reproduction by melatonin not only at a higher level but also on the gonads through complex interrelated mechanisms. (jrhm.org)
  • However, there is a considerable controversy regarding the fate of pre-existing nuclei during atrophy. (frontiersin.org)