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MitochondriaMitochondria, LiverMitochondria, HeartMitochondria, MuscleMitochondrial ProteinsMitochondrial SwellingOxidative PhosphorylationMitochondrial MembranesIntracellular MembranesOxygen ConsumptionCell RespirationDNA, MitochondrialMembrane Potential, MitochondrialCytochromes cMitochondrial Membrane Transport ProteinsUncoupling AgentsElectron Transport Complex IVOligomycinsMalatesAdenosine TriphosphateReactive Oxygen SpeciesCytochrome c GroupRotenoneAtractylosideApoptosisCarbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneAntimycin AOxidation-ReductionMicroscopy, ElectronElectron TransportMitochondrial ADP, ATP TranslocasesSubmitochondrial ParticlesCytosolCalciumCarbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl HydrazoneSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSuccinatesBiological TransportKineticsProtein TransportNADbcl-2-Associated X ProteinPermeabilityElectron Transport Complex IMolecular Sequence DataOxidative StressSuccinic AcidMembrane PotentialsMitochondrial Proton-Translocating ATPasesSubcellular FractionsProto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2CaspasesAdenosine DiphosphateMersalylCell FractionationRuthenium RedAmino Acid SequenceVoltage-Dependent Anion ChannelsEnergy MetabolismMitochondrial DiseasesCardiolipinsMembrane ProteinsElectron Transport Complex IIIUbiquinoneCarrier ProteinsNADH DehydrogenaseBongkrekic AcidKetoglutaric AcidsSuccinate DehydrogenaseMalonatesEndoplasmic ReticulumModels, BiologicalHydrogen PeroxideCarnitineMitochondrial DynamicsMitochondrial DegradationRats, WistarProton-Translocating ATPasesRats, Inbred StrainsBH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist ProteinLiverPyruvatesNeurospora crassaSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsMutationPolarographyOrganellesCitrate (si)-SynthaseBase SequenceVoltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1Cells, CulturedValinomycinCell NucleusApoptosis Inducing FactorCattleMembranesCytochromesDigitoninCytoplasmMicroscopy, Electron, Transmission

MetabolismEndothelialRespirationOxidative StressMitophagySynthesisCellularCationsSelectiveElectron transportMorphologyProteinOxidationAccumulationMitochondrial networkLiverEnhancesUCP1ProteinsDysfunctionRespiratoryBiochemicalPharmacological agentsMembranesMetabolicDrugsFewerRegulationTransitionInhibitorsCellsCrucialVascularStimulatesCellIncreasesInhibitionRoleHealthyDoseDiseasesGenerationDamageHeatWhiteComplexChainDrug

Metabolism3

• The methionine provided by vitamin B12 converts into SAMe and into cysteine when needed, but beyond those two significant liver advantages, methionine also helps prevent excessive fatty buildup in the liver and beyond by acting as a lipotropic agent and breaking down fat during metabolism. (aminoco.com)
• Capsicum annum extract: Known to act as a thermogenic agent that raises the body's core temperature and metabolism as a result. (customerhealthguide.info)
• Moreover, a large number of studies have shown a close association between mitochondrial metabolism and tumorigenesis and progression, making mitochondria a promising new target for cancer therapy. (biomed.news)

Endothelial3

• Hence, endothelial dysfunction, a predictor of several cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is caused by imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting agents, including NO, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, prostacyclin, or vasoconstrictive factors such as thromboxane (TXA 2 ) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
• Oxidized low density lipoprotein and hyperglycemia may induce the production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria of macrophages and endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
• Common cardiovascular risk factors could be involved in this process by adversely affecting the function of endothelial mitochondria, and growing evidence supports the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction may be the most important unifying mechanism explaining the atherogenic action of major cardiovascular risk factors [ 17 - 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Respiration2

• However, a mitochondrion is always in a steady state of respiration, in which the energy lost by processes that dissipate the gradient is constantly replaced by electron transport. (rice.edu)
• 1977 ). It also inhibits succinate and NAD-linked respiration in rat mitochondria and causes swelling of the mitochondria (Kitagawa et al. (springeropen.com)

Oxidative Stress2

• In mitochondria, where ROS (e.g., superoxide) are produced through a process that is very sensitive to the proton motive force, oxidative stress is prevented by scavenging enzymes (e.g. (nih.gov)
• Taken together, our results suggest that C3G isolated from mulberry fruit has potential for use as a phytotherapeutic agent for the prevention of diabetes by preventing oxidative stress-induced β-cell apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)

Mitophagy2

• Selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy) is thought to play an important role in mitochondrial quality control, but our understanding of which conditions induce mitophagy in plants is limited. (biomed.news)
• Although short-term treatments did not induce high mitophagy rates, longer term exposures to uncoupling agent and inhibitors of mitochondrial protein import/translation could clearly increase mitophagic flux. (biomed.news)

Synthesis2

• 1975 ). These effects are presumably due to inhibition of ATP synthesis caused by uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (Henderson et al. (springeropen.com)
• Thus, citric acid cycle intermedi- ates are not used for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and are shuttled out of the mitochondria, providing precursors for nucleotide, amino acid, and lipid synthesis path- ways for the dividing cell [13]. (who.int)

Cellular2

• Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses responsible for energy production. (well-choices.com)
• Mitochondria is the central site of cellular energy production and plays an important role in cell survival and death. (biomed.news)

Cations1

• It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. (bvsalud.org)

Selective1

• In addition, hyperpolarized tumor cell membranes and mitochondrial membrane potentially allow selective accumulation of mitochondria-targeted drugs. (biomed.news)

Electron transport2

• Mitochondria are said to exercise respiratory control as long as they can restrict electron transport by means of the gradient. (rice.edu)
• Amiodarone shows typical toxicity associated with redox cycling agents: inhibition of electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation plus inhibition of fatty acid β-oxidation, which causes steatosis. (toxbank.net)

Morphology1

• When extracting single or a defined number of mitochondria, their morphology transforms into a pearls-on-a-string phenotype due to locally applied fluidic forces. (biomed.news)

Protein2

• We also identified let-7 -dependent downregulation of the MYC mRNA chaperone, CRD-BP (coding region determinant-binding protein) as an additional control following mitochondria damage. (oncotarget.com)
• Brown fat is packed with mitochondria loaded with UCP-1, the protein that uncouples fat burning with ATP (energy) production instead of converting the energy into heat via thermogenesis, making the mitochondria effectively the furnace of the cell. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)

Oxidation2

• Fatty acids released during lipolysis are transported from the bloodstream into the mitochondria of cells, where they undergo oxidation. (well-choices.com)
• The acetyl-CoA molecules produced from fatty acid oxidation enter the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle) within the mitochondria. (well-choices.com)

Accumulation1

• In C. elegans, UA prevented the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria with age and extended lifespan. (lsd1receptor.com)

Mitochondrial network1

• Upon cell-to-cell transplantation, the transferred mitochondria fuse to the host cells mitochondrial network. (biomed.news)

Liver1

• Toxicity of amiodarone and amiodarone analogues on isolated rat liver mitochondria. (toxbank.net)

Enhances1

• Increases energy by stimulating mitochondria, enhances pulmonary function, regulates insulin and helps reduce diabetes complications, aids in detoxification , supports kidney disease, and more. (functionalhealth4u.com)

UCP11

• BAT mitochondria express a specific type of UCP, called UCP1, which uncouples the process of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP production, resulting in the dissipation of energy as heat instead. (well-choices.com)

Proteins2

• MnSOD) and uncoupling proteins (e.g. (nih.gov)
• It involves the activation of specialized fat cells called brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the involvement of uncoupling proteins (UCPs). (well-choices.com)

Dysfunction2

• Mitochondria are both sources and targets of reactive oxygen species, and there is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction may be a relevant intermediate mechanism by which cardiovascular risk factors lead to the formation of vascular lesions. (biomedcentral.com)
• The mitochondrial dysfunction theory postulates that excess release of ROS and RNS from mitochondria can contribute to the inflammatory vascular reaction leading to the development of atherosclerotic lesions [ 17 , 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Respiratory1

• Initial protonophoric uncoupling effect followed by inhibition of the respiratory chain at the levels of complex I and complex II. (toxbank.net)

Biochemical1

• Through a series of biochemical reactions, acetyl-CoA is further oxidized, leading to the production of reducing agents, such as NADH and FADH2, which are crucial for energy generation through oxidative phosphorylation. (well-choices.com)

Pharmacological agents2

• Anti-obesity medication or weight loss medications are pharmacological agents that reduce or control excess body fat. (wikipedia.org)
• The reality is that many products sold as supplements are pharmacological agents, such as herbal drugs. (theness.com)

Membranes1

• However, the excessive generation of ROS, such as super oxide anions (O 2 − ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) due to environmental stress results in significant oxidative damage to cell structures, such as DNA, the mitochondria and cell membranes ( 3 , 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Metabolic3

• Nutrient-stimulated insulin secretion is dependent upon the generation of metabolic coupling factors in the mitochondria of the pancreatic B cell. (123dok.net)
• Therefore, in order to make enough ATP the mitochondria need to dramatically increase their metabolic rate. (theness.com)
• Mitochondria is an important drug target for ailments ranging from neoplastic to neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic diseases. (biomed.news)

Drugs3

• Clinical trials of various neuroprotective agents are described and failures of trials are analyzed with suggestions for improving the selection of drugs and design of trials. (researchandmarkets.com)
• Therefore, organelle-targeted antitumor drugs are being explored, such as mitochondria-targeted antitumor drugs. (biomed.news)
• In this review, we discuss the common pro-mitochondrial agents, the advantages of triphenylphosphine (TPP) in mitochondrial-targeted cancer therapy and systematically summarize various TPP-based mitochondria-targeting anticancer drugs. (biomed.news)

Fewer1

• Additionally, mESCs have significantly fewer mitochondria with immature cristae [17]. (antiviralbiologic.com)

Regulation1

• Details of this regulation in mitochondria are still being established. (nih.gov)

Transition1

• We show that the induced transition is calcium independent and results in isolated, intact mitochondria. (biomed.news)

Inhibitors1

• Over 500 products have been investigated for neuroprotective effects including those from the categories of free radical scavengers, anti-excitotoxic agents, apoptosis (programmed cell death) inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, neurotrophic factors, metal ion chelators, ion channel modulators, and gene therapy. (researchandmarkets.com)

Cells6

• Mitochondria and the complex endomembrane system are hallmarks of eukaryotic cells. (biomed.news)
• After transfer of mitochondria and cell propagation over generations, donor mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was replicated in recipient cells without the need for selection pressure. (biomed.news)
• Among various mechanisms, the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in vascular cells has also widely been reported to be involved in ROS generation. (hindawi.com)
• Upon mitochondrial uncoupling, wild-type PINK1-YFP (green) is localized in mitochondria (red) in HeLa cells. (cellimagelibrary.org)
• The mitochondria can bind a certain amount of calcium during stress, but accumulating calcium can reach a point at which it inactivates the mitochondria, forcing cells to increase their inefficient glycolytic energy production, producing an excess of lactic acid. (raypeat.com)
• I am particularly interested in developing new tools and approaches to observe, manipulate, and measure mitochondria in living cells. (brocku.ca)

Crucial1

• Lipoic acid is a crucial component of mitochondria. (avocadoninja.co.uk)

Vascular1

• Diamond et al found that resting wall motion abnormalities in patients with coronary artery diseases (CADs) improve after administration of an inotropic agent (dobutamine or epinephrine) or after coronary revascularization in some vascular territories with depressed contractile function, and that such territories eventually improve after revascularization. (medscape.com)

Stimulates1

• We show that osteogenic induction stimulates mitochondrial fragmentation, donut formation, and secretion of mitochondria through CD38/cADPR signaling. (biomed.news)

Cell3

• 4. FCCP and DNP also depolarized type I cell mitochondria. (ox.ac.uk)
• More exciting is that brown fat burns calories at a much higher rate than white fat because it is packed with mitochondria- the "furnaces" of the cell. (advancedmolecularlabs.com)
• Even more exciting, brown fat has a mechanism that actually "wastes" calories, so the mitochondria do not slow down burning calories (both fat and glucose) when the cell is full of ATP . (advancedmolecularlabs.com)

Increases1

• ALCAR also is an excitatory agent for neurons, increases neuronal transmission, and increases the production of neurotransmitters and neurohormones such as dopamine and serotonin. (priceplow.com)

Inhibition1

• The inhibition of background K+ current may be related to the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. (ox.ac.uk)

Role3

• Mitochondria play a critical role in generating most of the cell's energy as ATP. (nih.gov)
• Recent studies have focused on the role that mitochondria could play in atherogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
• We are particularly interested in investigating the role played by insulin-sensitizing agents such as thiazoledinediones in altering the development of adipocytes. (nih.gov)

Healthy1

• Transplantation of healthy and drug-impaired mitochondria into primary keratinocytes allowed monitoring of mitochondrial subpopulation rescue. (biomed.news)

Dose1

• Low dose lithium supplementation promotes adipose tissue browning and SERCA uncoupling in muscle. (brocku.ca)

Diseases1

• The extract obtained from berries contains high amounts of anthocyanins, and this extract is used as a phytotherapeutic agent for different types of diseases. (spandidos-publications.com)

Generation1

• DNP uncouples oxidative phosphorylation from the generation of ATP. (theness.com)

Damage1

• Knockdown of let-7 family or miR-34a-5p could partially restore MYC levels following mitochondria damage. (oncotarget.com)

Heat1

• this worked by uncoupling the biological process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, causing them to produce heat instead of ATP. (wikipedia.org)

White1

• Brown adipose tissue contains a higher number of mitochondria compared to white adipose tissue. (well-choices.com)

Complex1

• The Mitotropin Uncoupling Complex: A blend of ingredients made to boost the mitochondria into overdrive so the user will have more energy during physical exercise. (customerhealthguide.info)

Chain1

• Lipoic acid can be made by mitochondria using a medium chain fat called caprylic acid (also known as octanoic acid), which is found in some foods (e.g., milk, coconut) and can also be synthesized in the body. (avocadoninja.co.uk)

Drug3

• The discontinued drug 2,4-dinitrophenol works by increasing energy expenditure by decreasing the efficiency of mitochondria (uncoupling agent). (wikipedia.org)
• The cationic amphiphilic drug and its major metabolite desethylamiodarone accumulate in hepatocyte lysosomes and mitochondria and in bile duct epithelium. (toxbank.net)
• Combining mitochondrial targeting agents with drug molecules is an effective way of mitochondrial targeting. (biomed.news)