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PhospholipidsMitochondriaMembrane LipidsMitochondrial MembranesMembrane Potential, MitochondrialMitochondria, LiverIntracellular MembranesCell MembraneMembranesMitochondria, HeartMembrane PotentialsPhosphatidylethanolaminesPhosphatidylcholinesPhosphatidylserinesCardiolipinsErythrocyte MembraneMitochondrial ProteinsPhospholipid Transfer ProteinsMembranes, ArtificialFatty AcidsMitochondrial Membrane Transport ProteinsMembrane FluidityPhospholipases A2ApoptosisPhospholipases ALiposomesLipid BilayersCytochromes cMitochondria, MuscleMitochondrial SwellingKineticsCalciumCell Membrane PermeabilityPhospholipasesAdenosine TriphosphateArachidonic AcidMicroscopy, ElectronReactive Oxygen SpeciesOxidative PhosphorylationPhosphatidylglycerolsProtein TransportCarrier ProteinsCytosolMolecular Sequence DataPermeabilityOxygen ConsumptionMembrane ProteinsCell LineCells, CulturedSubmitochondrial ParticlesPhosphatidylinositolsFatty Acids, UnsaturatedAmino Acid SequenceModels, BiologicalElectron Transport Complex IVMutationOxidation-ReductionCytochrome c GroupProtein BindingCell Respiration1-Acylglycerophosphocholine O-AcyltransferaseOligomycinsbcl-2-Associated X ProteinCaspasesUncoupling AgentsCholineProto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2Carbonyl Cyanide p-TrifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazoneCholesterolHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationMembrane Transport ProteinsMitochondrial ADP, ATP TranslocasesGlycerol-3-Phosphate O-AcyltransferaseCattleFluorescent DyesTemperatureOxidative StressEnzyme ActivationBiological TransportTime FactorsEndoplasmic ReticulumVoltage-Dependent Anion ChannelsEscherichia coliCell FractionationLipidsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeMicroscopy, FluorescenceLysophosphatidylcholinesChromatography, Thin LayerRotenonePhosphatidic AcidsAcyltransferasesPhospholipid EthersLiverAtractylosideSphingomyelinsLipid MetabolismSubcellular FractionsDNA, MitochondrialCDPdiacylglycerol-Serine O-Phosphatidyltransferase
CardiolipinIntermembrane spaceCristaeOuter and inner membranesBiogenesisMorphologyProteinsOxidative stressDysfunction of mitochondriaHealthy mitochondrial membraneMetabolismEndoplasmic reticulum-mitochondriaLeading to mitochondrial dysfunctionOrganellesElectron transPhosphatidylcholineMatrix of phospholipidsMechanismsEnzymesFission and fusionCoQ10Role of mitochondrialStructures called mitochondriaRespirationProduction of reactive oxygenPhysiologicalThousands of mitochondriaEmbedded in the inner membraneCytosolControl of mitochondrialSynthesisRespiratory chainOxidationLiver mitochondriaAdenosine triphosphateCell'sHeart mitochondriaComplexesMechanismPlasma membraneEukaryotic cellsDiseasesLipid TransportComplexGenomeNutrientsSemi-autonomousFunctionKrebs CycleDouble membraneFusion and fissionAntioxidantMoleculesPathwaysRolesAberrantGradient of protonsRibosomesFatty acidsERMES
Cardiolipin12
  • A phospholipid or kind of blood fat called cardiolipin is crucial for blood clotting. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • A phospholipid, or type of fat found in the blood, is called cardiolipin. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • The phospholipid cardiolipin is only found in mitochondrial membranes, making them special within the cell. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • In another research line, the work of Prof. Langer´s team identified a crucial role of mitochondrial proteases for the synthesis of cardiolipin, a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, which is essential for the function of mitochondria. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Oxidation of cardiolipin is associated with the decline of mitochondrial activities during aging. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The group of Prof. Langer could demonstrate that disease mutations leading to cardiomyopathies are caused by disturbances in the cardiolipin metabolism in mitochondria. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Additionally, the inner membrane is rich in a an unusual phospholipid, cardiolipin , which is usually characteristic of bacterial plasma membranes . (fact-archive.com)
  • Recently, two additional essential functions of cyt c in apoptosis have been discovered that are carried out via its interactions with anionic phospholipids: a mitochondria specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), and plasma membrane phosphatidylserine (PS). (cdc.gov)
  • The mitochondrial signature phospholipid cardiolipin shows a stabilizing function on Mic10 oligomers. (rug.nl)
  • The tafazzin protein is involved in altering a fat (lipid) called cardiolipin, which plays critical roles in the mitochondrial inner membrane. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Once altered by tafazzin, cardiolipin is key in maintaining mitochondrial shape, energy production, and protein transport within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A lack of functional cardiolipin and an excess of MLCL are thought to impair normal mitochondrial shape and functions. (medlineplus.gov)
Intermembrane space7
  • The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space. (wikipedia.org)
  • The region between the inner and outer membrane, called the intermembrane space, is largely continuous with the cytosol, while the more sequestered space inside the inner membrane is called the matrix. (wikipedia.org)
  • These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space , inner membrane , cristae , and matrix . (wikipedia.org)
  • The double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts: the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. (nir1000.com)
  • The intermembrane space is the narrow space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane, while the mitochondrial matrix is the area that is completely enclosed by the innermost membrane. (nir1000.com)
  • The membranes of the mitochondrion divide the organelle into two distinct compartments: one within the interior of the mitochondrion, called the matrix , and a second between the inner and outer membranes, called the intermembrane space . (fact-archive.com)
  • The mitochondrial outer membrane separates the intermembrane space from the cytosol. (github.io)
Cristae13
  • The numerous invaginations of the membrane are called cristae, separated by crista junctions from the inner boundary membrane juxtaposed to the outer membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cristae significantly increase the total membrane surface area compared to a smooth inner membrane and thereby the available working space for oxidative phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
  • For typical liver mitochondria, the area of the inner membrane is about 5 times as large as the outer membrane due to cristae. (wikipedia.org)
  • This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cristae membranes are studded on the matrix side with small round protein complexes known as F1 particles, the site of proton-gradient driven ATP synthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cristae affect overall chemiosmotic function of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cristae and the inner boundary membranes are separated by junctions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The end of cristae are partially closed by transmembrane protein complexes that bind head to head and link opposing crista membranes in a bottleneck-like fashion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inner membrane is folded creating structures known as cristae. (nir1000.com)
  • Notice the inner and outer membranes, the cristae, and the mitochondrial matrix. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The inner mitochondrial membrane is thrown into folds, or cristae , that project inward. (fact-archive.com)
  • The cristae surface houses the machinery needed for aerobic respiration and ATP formation, and their folded form increases that capacity by increasing the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (fact-archive.com)
  • The multi-subunit mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) is a conserved protein complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane that is essential for maintenance of cristae architecture. (rug.nl)
Outer and inner membranes4
Biogenesis8
  • Dual role of mitofilin in mitochondrial membrane organization and protein biogenesis" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
  • [10] Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mdm10 promotes the biogenesis of α-helical and β-barrel proteins at SAM and functions as integral membrane anchor of ERMES, demonstrating that SAM-mediated protein assembly is distinct from ER-mitochondria contact sites. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes in Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation: changes in oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • These changes can promote mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics that in turn support mitochondrial respiration. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 2: Transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis through PGC1α. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, they maintain the functional integrity of mitochondria by degrading or processing key regulatory proteins that control diverse steps during mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. (uni-koeln.de)
  • We have originally recognized Ups1 as a factor important for biogenesis of Mgm1 a mitochondrial fusion protein (56). (biongenex.com)
Morphology12
  • Multiple functions have been linked to ERMES, including maintenance of mitochondrial morphology, protein assembly and phospholipid homeostasis. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • Since the mitochondrial distribution and morphology protein Mdm10 is present in both ERMES and the mitochondrial sorting and assembly machinery (SAM), it is unknown how the ERMES functions are connected on a molecular level. (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • We generated point mutants to separate protein assembly (SAM) from morphology and phospholipid homeostasis (ERMES). (uni-frankfurt.de)
  • The abnormal morphology and dysfunction of mitochondria have been proven as the principal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and hypertension ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The balance between the levels of l-Mgm1 and s-Mgm1 is usually important for the maintenance of the normal mitochondrial morphology (56-59). (biongenex.com)
  • For example lack of Ups1 prospects to the loss of s-Mgm1 as well as aberrant mitochondrial morphology (56). (biongenex.com)
  • Mitochondria are highly dynamic and control their morphology by a balance of fusion and fission. (jhmi.edu)
  • In the present study, we examine the specific impacts of MSCs on mitochondrial morphology and function in host tissues. (frontiersin.org)
  • MSC co-culture with skin fibroblasts from mitochondrial disease patients rescued aberrant mitochondrial morphology from a fission state to a more fused appearance indicating an effect of MSC co-culture on host cell mitochondrial network formation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Collectively, our data indicate that MSC therapy rescues impaired mitochondrial morphology, enhances host metabolic capacity, and induces widespread host gene shifting. (frontiersin.org)
  • At present, little is known about the impact of MSC therapy on mitochondrial function and morphology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Besides OXPHOS, mitochondrial dysfunction is also present in the examination of mitochondrial morphology, the balance of mitochondrial network formation, and fission and fusion. (frontiersin.org)
Proteins13
Oxidative stress3
  • However, harmful stimuli (such as ischemia-reperfusion, oxidative stress, and toxic chemicals) can change the direction and efficiency of intercellular mitochondrial transfer. (frontiersin.org)
  • In our earlier reports, it was demonstrated that experimentally hypothyroidism modulates several oxidative stress and antioxidant defence parameters in mitochondria and postmitochondrial fractions in adult rat testis [ 18 , 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Unlike standard DNA, in which histones and introns protect it from damage to free radicals, mitochondrial DNA does not have such a protective mechanism, so it is much more exposed to oxidation (ROS or reactive oxidative stress). (lymeguide.info)
Dysfunction of mitochondria2
  • This will enable the group to define the cellular mechanisms underlying the decline of mitochondrial activities during aging and the pathogenesis of aging-associated diseases that are linked to a dysfunction of mitochondria. (uni-koeln.de)
  • They are by definition dysfunction of mitochondria, which normally provide cell energy. (medlink.com)
Healthy mitochondrial membrane2
  • ATP 360 ® is formulated to provide complete mitochondrial support, by promoting normal mitochondrial growth and mitosis, supporting healthy mitochondrial membrane, and supplying the necessary cofactors for optimal cellular energy production. (fullspectrumenergymedicine.com)
  • Our formulators carefully selected the matrix of phospholipids required to promote healthy mitochondrial membrane function, employing a proprietary method to stabilize the lipids to maintain efficacy. (turnpaughhwc.com)
Metabolism9
  • The heart's energy metabolism depends heavily on mitochondria. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • For example, mitochondria in liver cells contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify ammonia , a waste product of protein metabolism. (fact-archive.com)
  • The disrupted processes include calcium homeostasis, cholesterol metabolism, phospholipid synthesis, and mitochondrial dynamics, and are all regulated by a subcompartment of the ER that is in physical contact with mitochondria. (columbia.edu)
  • The precise mechanism by which they regulate the ER-mitochondria interface, whether directly as part of a tethering complex, or indirectly though the metabolism of APP-derived substrates, is unclear. (columbia.edu)
  • Mitochondrial porins, or voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC) allow the passage of small molecules across the mitochondrial outer membrane, and are involved in complex interactions regulating organellar and cellular metabolism. (github.io)
  • It also an important membrane structure in the heart and liver where it plays a role in cholesterol metabolism (VLDL formation). (ivforlife.com)
  • The other complexes within the the NT Factor Energy™(Mitochondrial Pro Regulator™, Krebs Cycle Glucose Absorb™, and RN Fatty Acid Metabolism) are essential for increased absorption and optimization. (turnpaughhwc.com)
  • Other complexes contained in ATP Fuel® (Mitochondrial Pro Regulator ™, Krebs Cyclo Glucose Absorb ™ and RN Metabolism Acid Fatty) increase absorption and are necessary for the effective activity of the preparation. (lymeguide.info)
  • Mitochondria, according to the widely accepted "endosymbiotic hypothesis," are the relics of protobacteria that populated anaerobic nucleated cells and endowed them with oxidative metabolism. (medlink.com)
Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria1
  • The endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES) connects the mitochondrial outer membrane with the ER. (uni-frankfurt.de)
Leading to mitochondrial dysfunction1
  • Without an intact membrane, the process of energy production becomes ineffective leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, which is believed to be at the root of many chronic illnesses. (ivforlife.com)
Organelles9
  • [5] The eukaryote Monocercomonoides is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, [6] and the multicellular organism Henneguya salminicola is known to have retained mitochondrion-related organelles in association with a complete loss of their mitochondrial genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that perform essential cell functions. (nir1000.com)
  • The absence of mitochondria and other organelles in red blood cells leaves room for the millions of hemoglobin molecules needed in order to transport oxygen throughout the body. (nir1000.com)
  • Mitochondria are cellular organelles that are well known as the powerhouses of the cell. (uni-koeln.de)
  • Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double-membrane organelles ( Figure 1 ) that have their own ribosomes and DNA. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria contact site (ERMCS) is crucial for exchanging biological molecules such as phospholipids and Ca2+ ions between these organelles. (unist.ac.kr)
  • Observations of fluorescently labelled mitochondria in living cells have shown them to be dynamic organelles capable of dramatic changes in shape. (fact-archive.com)
  • In eukaryotic cells complex membrane structures called organelles are highly designed to exert specialized functions. (biongenex.com)
  • Such protein-mediated transfer is especially important for maintaining organelles disconnected from secretory pathways, like mitochondria. (rupress.org)
Electron trans3
  • Within the inner mitochondrial membrane are a series of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules, which form the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC represents the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration and the stage where the vast majority of ATP molecules are generated. (nir1000.com)
  • When supplementing to increase energy, you must start at the source- by revitalizing the mitochondrial membrane and its electron transport chain. (kimsperryconsulting.com)
  • Reducing equivalents produced in the Krebs cycle and in the beta-oxidation spirals are passed along a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (the electron transport chain). (medlink.com)
Phosphatidylcholine5
Matrix of phospholipids1
  • ATP Fuel is used both by athletes for whom it is necessary to achieve the peak of mitochondrial functionality, as well as people experiencing mitochondrial dysfunction.ATP Fuel® contains a carefully selected matrix of phospholipids necessary to stimulate the proper function of mitochondrial membranes, using a registered method of stabilizing lipids in order to maintain highest efficiency. (lymeguide.info)
Mechanisms7
  • Mitochondrial DNA differs from DNA found in the cell nucleus in that it does not possess the DNA repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations in nuclear DNA. (nir1000.com)
  • Fig. 4: Post-translational mechanisms governing respiratory control and the role of mitochondrial membrane dynamics. (nature.com)
  • The group of Prof. Dr. Langer studies cellular mechanisms which conduct the functional surveillance of mitochondria during aging. (uni-koeln.de)
  • In this review we summarize the latest findings of phospholipid transport via mitochondria and discuss the implicated molecular mechanisms. (biongenex.com)
  • Our laboratory is interested in the molecular mechanisms and physiological roles of mitochondrial fusion. (jhmi.edu)
  • This review is focused on newly discovered redox mechanisms of complexes of cyt c with anionic phospholipids and their role in apoptotic pathways in health and disease. (cdc.gov)
  • One of the underlying mechanisms of long COVID may be mitochondrial dysfunction. (mdpi.com)
Enzymes6
  • The mitochondrial matrix contains mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ribosomes, and enzymes. (nir1000.com)
  • The outer mitochondrial membrane, which encloses the entire organelle, is composed of about 50% phospholipids by weight and contains a variety of enzymes involved in such diverse activities such as the oxidation of epinephrine (adrenaline), the degradation of tryptophan , and the elongation of fatty acids . (fact-archive.com)
  • In addition to various enzymes, the mitochondrial matrix also contains ribosomes and several molecules of DNA . (fact-archive.com)
  • A novel PA transfer protein Ups1 Once PS and PA are supplied from your ER to the OM in mitochondria they need to be further transported to the IM where phospholipid synthetic enzymes for PE and CL are located. (biongenex.com)
  • In times of high metabolic demand and adequate availability of oxygen, elevated calcium in mitochondria can increase ATP production by stimulation of three enzymes in the Krebs citric acid cycle: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate and isocitrate dehydrogenase. (benbest.com)
  • A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. (bvsalud.org)
Fission and fusion1
  • The role of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein SLC25A46 in mitochondrial fission and fusion. (nih.gov)
CoQ107
  • If the mitochondrial membranes are damaged, no amount of CoQ10 will produce ATP. (kimsperryconsulting.com)
  • Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a natural substance produced by the organism and an essential component of the mitochondrion. (lymeguide.info)
  • In addition to its well-established function as a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, CoQ10 also functions in the reduced form (ubiquinol) as an antioxidant. (tjamorado.com)
  • Some studies suggest that as people age, decreases in CoQ10 content may occur in mitochondria and that decreases of CoQ10 below the physiological levels can potentially affect mitochondrial respiratory function. (tjamorado.com)
  • CoQ10 and its reduced, active form, Ubiquinol, are rare lipid-soluble antioxidants that can help protect against cellular damage from free radical byproducts in the lipid portions of the body, including cell membranes. (purelykids.com)
  • Dr. Mercola's exclusive Liposomal CoQ10 contains phospholipids from sunflower lecithin to help aid absorption. (purelykids.com)
  • These liposomes can help CoQ10 gain entry across the gut membrane to its target organs and cells. (purelykids.com)
Role of mitochondrial1
  • Prof. Langer's team studies the role of mitochondrial proteases for the maintenance of mitochondrial activities. (uni-koeln.de)
Structures called mitochondria2
Respiration5
Production of reactive oxygen2
  • Maranzana, Evelina Susana Beatriz (2014) Mitochondrial respiratory supercomplex association limits production of reactive oxygen species from Complex I, [Dissertation thesis], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna. (depositolegale.it)
  • Execution of apoptotic program in cells is accompanied by substantial and early mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (cdc.gov)
Physiological5
  • Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
  • can act as donors or recipients during mitochondrial transfer under physiological conditions ( 8 - 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, mitochondrial adaptive cellular processes are important for physiological responses, including to nutrient availability, temperature and physical activity, and their failure leads to diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as metabolic and age-associated diseases and cancer. (nature.com)
  • The mitochondrial network is highly susceptible to physiological and environmental insults, cytokine overload from microbial burden, free radicals, and heavy metals. (kimsperryconsulting.com)
  • The goals of our research are to understand the molecular basis of mitochondria fusion using biochemical approaches and to determine the physiological roles of mitochondrial fusion using cell culture and animal models. (jhmi.edu)
Thousands of mitochondria2
  • Muscle cells, on the other hand, may contain thousands of mitochondria needed to provide the energy required for muscle activity. (nir1000.com)
  • A few cells, such as the trypanosome protozoan , have a single large mitochondrion, but usually a cell has hundreds or thousands of mitochondria. (fact-archive.com)
Embedded in the inner membrane1
  • There are several antiport systems embedded in the inner membrane, allowing exchange of anions between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. (wikipedia.org)
Cytosol3
  • Mitochondria can occupy up to 25% of the cell's cytosol . (fact-archive.com)
  • The oxidized CL is required for the release of pro-apoptotic factors from mitochondria into the cytosol. (cdc.gov)
  • In the cytosol, released cyt c interacts with another anionic phospholipid, PS, and catalyzes its oxidation in a similar oxygenase reaction. (cdc.gov)
Control of mitochondrial2
  • Fig. 3: Translational control of mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly. (nature.com)
  • The group uses a broad spectrum of cell biological, biochemical, and genetic approaches to define the proteolytic control of mitochondrial function at a molecular level. (uni-koeln.de)
Synthesis2
  • In these Psen1/2 double knockout (DKO) cells, the typical measures of MAM function, i.e. increased cholesteryl ester and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, calcium transport from ER to mitochondria, and co-localization of ER and mitochondria by confocal and electron microscopy, mimicked the same phenotype found in fibroblasts obtained from familial AD patients, which suggests that the presenilins are negative regulators of ER-mitochondrial apposition. (columbia.edu)
  • Several measures of phospholipid and cholesteryl ester synthesis were performed to analyzed MAM function. (columbia.edu)
Respiratory chain2
Oxidation3
  • Redox catalysis of plasma membrane PS oxidation constitutes an important redox-dependent function of cyt c in apoptosis and phagocytosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Amiodarone inhibits the mitochondrial b-oxidation of fatty acids and produces microvesicular steatosis of the liver in mice. (toxbank.net)
  • Inhibition of mitochondrial beta-oxidation as a mechanism of hepatotoxicity. (toxbank.net)
Liver mitochondria1
Adenosine triphosphate3
Cell's4
  • Although most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own genome ("mitogenome") that is substantially similar to bacterial genomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • What does it mean to say that mitochondria are the cell's power producers? (nir1000.com)
  • The exact number of mitochondria depends on the cell's level of metabolic activity: more activity means more mitochondria. (fact-archive.com)
  • This nonchromosomal DNA encodes a small number of mitochondrial peptides (13 in humans) that are integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane, along with polypeptides encoded by genes that reside in the host cell's nucleus . (fact-archive.com)
Heart mitochondria1
  • In pig heart mitochondria, phosphatidylethanolamine makes up the majority of the inner mitochondrial membrane at 37.0% of the phospholipid composition. (wikipedia.org)
Complexes1
Mechanism4
  • In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mitophagy is a mitochondrial quality control mechanism whereby cells eliminate damaged mitochondria from the mitochondrial network in order to maintain healthy mitochondrial activity. (uni-koeln.de)
  • While the effect of familial AD mutations on MAM has been characterized, the mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction seen in the more common sporadic form of the disease remains obscure. (columbia.edu)
  • NT Factor Energy™ is a proprietary blend of phospholipids and glycolipids whose mechanism of action is to repair cellular membranes by increasing cell membrane fluidity. (turnpaughhwc.com)
Plasma membrane2
  • Oxygen free radicals are naturally produced by mitochondrial and sperm plasma membrane and have beneficial and detrimental effects that cannot be overlooked. (scialert.net)
  • MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
Eukaryotic cells3
  • [20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
  • Mitochondria are considered the "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells. (nir1000.com)
  • In cell biology , a mitochondrion (from Greek mitos thread + khondrion granule) is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells , including those of plants , animals , fungi , and protists . (fact-archive.com)
Diseases7
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proven to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • We hope this review will provide perspectives on mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • So mitochondria-targeted therapy is suggested to be a potential treatment strategy for cardiovascular diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, patients with cardiovascular diseases would fail to achieve the desired outcomes by using these mitochondrial-targeted drugs ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A mutation in the genes regulating any of these functions can result in a variety of mitochondrial diseases . (fact-archive.com)
  • Mitochondrial function or the ability to generate energy through OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation) is vital for cell homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis of nearly all chronic diseases ( Pieczenik and Neustadt, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review of what is probably the most heterogeneous group of human diseases (the mitochondrial diseases including encephalomyopathies), the author tries to offer the clinician a rational diagnostic framework. (medlink.com)
Lipid Transport1
  • However little was known about how phospholipids are transported within mitochondria until Ups1 a conserved IMS protein was found to mediate lipid transport from your OM to IM (55). (biongenex.com)
Complex6
  • These mitochondrial responses are governed by general principles of regulatory biology exemplified by changes in gene expression, protein translation, protein complex formation, transmembrane transport, enzymatic activities and metabolite levels. (nature.com)
  • Liposomal PC Complex Does not contain dairy, egg, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and may play a role in cell and mitochondrial membrane structure and may improve liver cell function and detoxification. (ivforlife.com)
  • Liposomal PC Complex contains 5200 milligrams of Phospholipid Complex per serving. (ivforlife.com)
  • Because of this, once Liposomal PC Complex is ingested orally, the liposomes pass through the stomach intact and then easily attach to the cell membrane of the small intestine cells where absorption of nutrients in food occurs. (ivforlife.com)
  • ATP Fuel is a product with complex composition necessary for stimulating proper function of mitochondrial membranes and the correct production of cellular energy. (lymeguide.info)
  • The protein complex provides energy in the form of an electrochemical gradient, which may be used by either MITOCHONDRIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES or BACTERIAL PROTON-TRANSLOCATING ATPASES. (bvsalud.org)
Genome1
Nutrients2
  • The problem with the approach of using phospholipids and the mitochondrial/energy nutrients is that they are unlikely to work if you have major gut dysbiosis and hence substantial liver toxicity. (ei-resource.org)
  • ATP 360 goes beyond by delivering a phospholipid matrix to support the membrane, includes Krebs Cycle nutrients, addresses cytokine & oxidative function within the mitochondria & supports healthy mitochondrial genesis. (kimsperryconsulting.com)
Semi-autonomous1
  • Mitochondria are semi-autonomous in that they are only partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow. (nir1000.com)
Function12
  • Given the complexity of the biological function of mitochondria, researchers have begun to consider rescuing the injured cells through mitochondrial transfer, that is, replacing damaged mitochondria with healthy mitochondria from donor cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • The number of mitochondria within a cell varies depending on the type and function of the cell. (nir1000.com)
  • In keeping with our theme of form following function, it is important to point out that muscle cells have a very high concentration of mitochondria because muscle cells need a lot of energy to contract. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Mitochondria are sometimes described as " cellular power plants ", because their primary function is to convert organic materials into energy in the form of ATP . (fact-archive.com)
  • This human study demonstrated a number of statistically significant results showing ATP 360 's ability to support mitochondria, energy, mental functioning, sleep, as well as cardiovascular and cytokine function. (fullspectrumenergymedicine.com)
  • Hamilton, D., Jensen, G., Nutraceutical support of mitochondrial function associated with reduction of long-term fatigue and inflammation. (fullspectrumenergymedicine.com)
  • Therefore the primary function of the ERMES as the phospholipid transport machinery is still under argument although its membrane tethering function is now widely recognized. (biongenex.com)
  • However loss of Ups1 was also found to be associated with a decrease in the CL level in mitochondria (61 62 which may raise the possibility that the primary function of Ups1 can be related to the lipid composition. (biongenex.com)
  • In addition to shape and number, mitochondrial fusion is critical for normal organelle function. (jhmi.edu)
  • Murata D, Yamada T, Tokuyama T, Arai K, Quirós PM, López-Otín C, Iijima M, Sesaki H. Mitochondrial Safeguard: a stress response that offsets extreme fusion and protects respiratory function via flickering-induced Oma1 activation. (jhmi.edu)
  • Employing in vitro cell culture of inherited mitochondrial disease and an in vivo animal experimental model of low-grade inflammation (high fat feeding), we show human-derived MSCs to alter mitochondrial function. (frontiersin.org)
  • Guarding against cell and mitochondrial damage helps ensure the body receives the energy it needs for the healthy function of heart, brain, muscles, kidneys and other fuel-hungry tissues. (purelykids.com)
Krebs Cycle2
  • ATP Fuel® supports the Krebs cycle taking place in the mitochondria, as a result of which cellular energy is produced. (lymeguide.info)
  • NT Factor Energy ™ is a factor that has been developed as a phospholipid delivery system for repairing mitochondrial membranes that have been compromised due to acute and / or long-term health disorders.The correct structure of mitochondrial membrane is essential for proper mitochondrial fusion and thus for proper functioning of the Krebs cycle. (lymeguide.info)
Double membrane2
  • Mitochondria have a distinctive oblong or oval shape and are bounded by a double membrane. (nir1000.com)
  • Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. (nir1000.com)
Fusion and fission2
  • Mitochondria form dynamic networks that are maintained by balanced fusion and fission events. (uni-koeln.de)
  • The regulation of membrane fusion and fission generates a striking diversity of mitochondrial shapes, ranging from numerous small spheres in hepatocytes to long branched tubules in myotubes. (jhmi.edu)
Antioxidant2
  • However, the over production of oxygen free radicals in sperm membrane decreases the antioxidant defense activity thereby leading to low sperm motility and viability, DNA fragmentation and protein denaturation. (scialert.net)
  • Because antioxidant enhancements protect cells against apoptosis, ROS production was viewed not as a meaningless side effect of mitochondrial disintegration but rather playing some - as yet unidentified - role in apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
Molecules6
  • It is much less permeable to ions and small molecules than the outer membrane, creating compartments by separating the matrix from the cytosolic environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Large molecules, however, cannot traverse the outer membrane. (fact-archive.com)
  • almost all ions and molecules require special membrane transporters to enter or exit the matrix. (fact-archive.com)
  • How do the small molecules pass through the outer membrane of mitochondria? (github.io)
  • In contrast to the inner membrane, the outer mitochondrial membrane is freely permeable to small molecules. (github.io)
  • Most of the energy (ATP) generated in the mitochondria requires oxygen, but in the absence of oxygen some energy can be generated in the cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria by glycolysis , wherein a glucose molecule produces two molecules of ATP and lactate. (benbest.com)
Pathways3
  • The main obstacle is because many protein components of mitochondria are the network hubs of multiple biological pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • If a chemical compound targeting one of these hubs is used, it can not only modify the anticipated biological pathways but also change other unexpected mitochondrial processes ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Selected metabolic pathways in mitochondria. (medlink.com)
Roles1
  • Prof. Langer's team succeeded recently in identifying key roles of mitochondrial proteases for the regulation of the dynamic behaviour of mitochondria under stress and for the control of the phospholipid composition of mitochondrial membranes. (uni-koeln.de)
Aberrant1
  • For example, deletion of the junction protein IMMT leads to a reduced inner membrane potential and impaired growth and to dramatically aberrant inner membrane structures which form concentric stacks instead of the typical invaginations. (wikipedia.org)
Gradient of protons1
  • This process is called "oxidative phosphorylation" and relies upon developing an effective gradient of protons across a double mitochondrial membrane in the process of manufacturing ATP. (ivforlife.com)
Ribosomes3
Fatty acids2
ERMES1
  • and do not differ between in the absence and presence of ERMES components (53 54 It is thus plausible that there is an ERMES-independent lipid exchange route between the ER and mitochondria. (biongenex.com)