• These subcellular organelles contain a genome that differs from the nuclear genome and is referred to as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • These essential subcellular organelles contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is an extrachromosomal genetic element. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study evaluated the roles of PINK1 mitochondrial kinase, and Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase in targeting depolarized mitochondria for degradation in vivo, using quantitative measurements of mitochondria in Drosophila nervous system. (sdbonline.org)
  • The hypotheses was tested that impairment of mitochondrial quality control via suppression of PINK1 function should produce failures of turnover, accumulation of senescent mitochondria in the axon, defects in mitochondrial traffic, and a significant shift in the mitochondrial fission-fusion steady state. (sdbonline.org)
  • Loss of PINK1 also produced specific, directionally balanced defects in mitochondrial transport, without altering the balance between stationary and moving mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)
  • The Parkinson's disease genes pink1 and parkin , which encode a mitochondrially targeted protein kinase, and an E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, participate in a key mitochondrial quality-control pathway that eliminates damaged mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)
  • Studies of the gau ORF will shed light on the origin of novel genes and their functions in organelles and could also have medical implications for human diseases that are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mitochondrial matrix, the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion, is a specialized, membrane-bound organelle that is responsible for producing energy in eukaryotic cells. (passemall.com)
  • The endosymbiotic acquisition of mitochondria and plastids more than one billion years ago was central for the evolution of eukaryotic life. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cercozoan amoeba Paulinella chromatophora contains photosynthetic organelles-termed chromatophores-that evolved from a cyanobacterium ∼100 million years ago, independently from plastids in plants and algae. (frontiersin.org)
  • These findings imply that similar to the situation in mitochondria and plastids, also in P. chromatophora nuclear factors evolved that control metabolite exchange and gene expression in the chromatophore. (frontiersin.org)
  • Thus, the mechanism generating metabolic connectivity of the chromatophore fundamentally differs from the one for mitochondria and plastids, but likely rather resembles the poorly understood mechanism in various bacterial endosymbionts in plants and insects. (frontiersin.org)
  • Attributed to the failure of neurons to clear dysfunctional mitochondria , loss of gene expression leads to loss of nigrostriatal neurons. (sdbonline.org)
  • Expression of nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondria-associated adenylate kinase, and several mitochondria-associated creatine kinase isozymes was highest in the outer retina, whereas expression of cytosolic adenylate kinase and brain creatine kinase was higher in the cones, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells indicating the diversity of ATP-buffering strategies among retinal neurons. (molvis.org)
  • Muscle biopsy often identifies signs of diseased mitochondria by morphological studies, while biochemical analysis may identify respiratory chain deficiencies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation, which is essential for the production of ATP and for a variety of other biochemical functions, occurs in mitochondria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Though iron is vital for all species - as it is required to transport and deliver oxygen to organs, to ferry electrons in mitochondria or as a cofactor for instance - too much of it can be toxic as it can hinder a cell's antioxidant capacity. (proteinspotlight.org)
  • Just as your body is made up of organs - your liver, your stomach, your heart and so on - each individual cell has organs of its own, called organelles, which work in harmony to keep the cell healthy. (columbia.edu)
  • The cargos of autophagy are not limited to proteins and include dysfunctional or superfluous organelles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Autophagy is a lysosome-based degradation program activated by various cellular stresses including nutrient/energy starvation, hypoxia, ER stress, hypoxia, and organelle damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are ubiquitous in nature. (differencess.com)
  • Mitochondria mediate most of the energy production that occurs in the majority of eukaryotic organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most of what we know about ER-mitochondria tethering has come from studies in baker's yeast, a single-celled organism that shares many features with cells of more complex multi-celled organisms, including humans. (columbia.edu)
  • The inscrutable process of glycolysis, the ubiquitous metabolic pathway that takes place in all living organisms, is an intricate and perplexing feat of nature. (passemall.com)
  • Mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles placed at the nexus of several metabolic and signaling pathways essential for cell survival. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Two critical factors during this dauntingly complex process appear to be the establishment of metabolic connectivity between the symbiotic partners, and the evolution of nuclear control over protein expression levels within the organelle. (frontiersin.org)
  • Intriguingly, the structural variances of the organelles involved in glycolysis hold the key to unraveling the secrets of this arcane metabolic process. (passemall.com)
  • 1995]. When expressed in mammalian cells, this variant provides green fluorescent labeling of mitochondria. (evrogen.com)
  • In: Organelle Genetics 2012, Part 2: evolution of organelle genomes and gene expression (C. Bullerwell, ed), Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Germany, p. 41-77. (umontreal.ca)
  • These proteins show similar domain architectures as known organelle-targeted expression regulators of the octotrico peptide repeat type in algae and plants. (frontiersin.org)
  • Adrenomedullin (AM), an ubiquitous regulatory peptide with different actions, is known to be elevated in different clinical situations, including diabetes mellitus (DM), but its potential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications is not clear. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • Mitotic segregation of mitochondria may result in asymmetric proportions of heteroplasmic allelic variants in descendant cellular lineages [ 5 ]. (biorxiv.org)
  • this involves the possible import of the cytosolic AGR tRNA into the mitochondria and/or the expression of mt antisense tRNAs with anticodons recognizing AGR codons according to an alternative genetic code that is induced by the presence of suppressor tRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It's gone on to become such a ubiquitous way to describe the organelle that it even has an entry on knowyourmeme.com, which says, quote, "the phrase is typically mocked as an example of impractical information taught in public schools. (nerdfighteria.info)
  • It would prevent the cells from becoming a large number of organelle aggregation at the later stage and serve as ATP buffer for possible endurance systems. (revolutionarygamesstudio.com)
  • By purifying and analysing mitochondria from different cell types, we show that PINK-1 and PDR-1 are required to set heteroplasmy differences between major somatic tissue groups in C. elegans and that removal of these genes equalises ΔmtDNA heteroplasmy across the organism. (biorxiv.org)
  • A positionally conserved ORF has been found on the complementary strand of the cox1 genes of both eukaryotic mitochondria (protist, plant, fungal and animal) and alpha-proteobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In: Plant Mitochondria: From Gene to Function. (umontreal.ca)
  • Organelles from endosperm of etiolated seedlings were isolated and subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Computer-assisted deconvolution algorithms were applied to reliably assign the identified proteins to their correct subcellular localization and to determine the abundance of the different organelles in the heterogeneous protein samples. (bvsalud.org)
  • Eight years ago, Dr. Peter Walter and his lab at the University of California at San Francisco identified in yeast a cluster of four proteins, called the ERMES complex, which appeared to physically tether ER to mitochondria. (columbia.edu)
  • and clade V, cytosolic proteins and proteins with N terminal transit peptides for targeting either to the mitochondria or to both the mitochondria and chloroplasts (Margis et al. (springeropen.com)
  • The Pink1/parkin pathway plays a role in the quality control mechanism aimed at eliminating defective mitochondria, and the failure of this mechanism results in a reduced lifespan and impaired locomotor ability, among other phenotypes. (sdbonline.org)
  • In 2003, the European Union announced it would no longer be allowed because of " ubiquitous and unpreventable water contamination. (theepochtimes.com)