Mitochondria are nuclear mitochondrial. Medical search. Frequent questions

Mitochondria-related genes are regions on DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which encode proteins that are important for mitochondrial structure and function. (fda.gov)
One of the unique features of mitochondria is that they contain their own small, circular DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and independent machinery of ribosomal and transfer RNAs (ribonucleic acid) and ribosomes for synthesis of 13 proteins encoded by the mitochondrial DNA essential for oxidative phosphorylation. (fda.gov)
The rest of approximately 1,900 proteins (in humans) required for the performance of various mitochondrial functions are encoded by the nuclear DNA. (fda.gov)
In order to collect information on nuclear coded mitochondrial proteins we developed MitoNuc and MitoAln, two related databases containing, respectively, detailed information on sequenced nuclear genes coding for mitochondrial proteins in Metazoa and yeast, and the multiple alignments of the relevant homologous protein coding regions. (nih.gov)
Sorting of proteins to specific compartments within mitochondria. (manchester.ac.uk)
Several hundred different proteins are imported from the cytosol into the mitochondria. (nih.gov)
Recent studies have identified the mitochondrial outer membrane proteins MOM19, MOM72, MOM38 (approximately ISP42) and p32 which have a role in initial steps of protein import. (nih.gov)
RIPA buffer is useful for whole cell extracts and membrane-bound proteins, and may be preferable to NP-40 or Triton X-100-only buffers for extracting nuclear proteins. (abcam.com)
Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. (nih.gov)
Mitochondria harbor multiple copies of a maternally inherited, non-nuclear genome (mtDNA) that encodes for 13 subunit proteins of the respiratory chain. (ca.gov)
Dancing out of step Here's the problem: both sets of genes help to create proteins that sit in the mitochondria and carry out one of the most important of chemical reactions: respiration. (discovermagazine.com)
In this review, we summarize some of the latest knowledge on mitochondrial dysregulation in major depression (depicted in Figure 1 ) and also discuss how mitochondrial dysfunction could instigate downstream changes in extracellular matrix proteins such as reelin, neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS), oxidative stress, and inflammation, and finally adult hippocampal neurogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
This proposal tests the paradigm-shifting hypothesis that mitochondrial-derived proteins (MPDs) play a previously unappreciated role in the regulation of cellular and organismal function, and that disregulation of MDPs is important in disease development. (nih.gov)
Both proteins can localize at the mitochondrion , but the way they control apoptosis still remains unclear. (sdbonline.org)
These results provide a mechanism by which Drosophila Bcl-2 family proteins can control apoptosis and shed light on a link between Rbf1 and mitochondrial dynamics, in vivo. (sdbonline.org)
Describes genes in the nuclear DNA and in the mitochondrial DNA and proteins found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. (biologycorner.com)
Mitochondria contain DNA in a single circular chromosome containing 37 genes that code for 13 proteins, various RNAs, and several regulating enzymes. (msdmanuals.com)
90% of mitochondrial proteins are coded by nuclear genes. (msdmanuals.com)

Under the leadership of Dr. Varsha Desai, NCTR scientists have developed MitoChips for different species, which contain all the mitochondria-related genes on a chip (glass slide). (fda.gov)
Under this theory, symbiotic organelles gradually transferred their genes to the eukaryotic genome, implying that mtDNA was gradually integrated into the nuclear genome. (wikipedia.org)
Containing 37 genes, mitochondrial DNA has an essential role in the production of necessary compounds, such as required enzymes for the proper function of mitochondria. (wikipedia.org)
I also constructed a phylogeny using nuclear genes, whereas Miya constructed a phylogeny from the mitochondrial genes. (vanderbilt.edu)
The human mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes: mapping of 54 genes to the chromosomes and implications for human disorders. (nih.gov)
For example, steroid and thyroid hormones directly bind to nuclear receptors, which induce expression of specific genes. (intechopen.com)
While most researchers tend to overlook it because of its small size, the mitochondrial genome contains genes that are essential for cellular energetics and survival (Fig. 1). (northwestern.edu)
We find frequent somatic nuclear transfers of mitochondrial DNA, some of which disrupt therapeutic target genes. (lu.se)
Co-expression analysis highlights the function of mitochondrial genes in oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair and the cell cycle, and shows their connections with clinically actionable genes. (lu.se)
Mitochondrial genes are only passed down from mother to child, whereas the nuclear genome is a fusion of both mum's and dad's genes. (discovermagazine.com)
This means that mitochondria genes evolve much faster than nuclear ones---around 10 to 30 times faster in animals and up to a hundred thousand times faster in some fungi. (discovermagazine.com)
Some are built using instructions from nuclear genes, while others are built using mitochondrial genes. (discovermagazine.com)
So, cells with mismatched nuclear and mitochondrial genes face a double whammy of less energy and leaking free radicals. (discovermagazine.com)
The toolkit isolates five primary aspects of mitochondrial function: toxic byproducts, energy levels, speed with which substances pass through these organelles, membrane voltage, and expression of key mitochondrial and nuclear genes. (genengnews.com)
A 2003 paper that Mootha coauthored demonstrated how type 2 diabetes was linked to a decrease in the expression of mitochondrial genes. (genengnews.com)
Those genes had to have been horizontally transferred into the mealybug nuclear genome from bacteria. (quantamagazine.org)
Lessons from oncology research teach us that mutations in nuclear genes arise for many reasons but do not always cause cancer. (drugdiscoveryonline.com)
4,5 Nonetheless, nuclear genes with mutations remain the primary focus for selecting biological drug targets. (drugdiscoveryonline.com)

The cat NUMTs sequences did not appear to be functional due to the finding of multiple mutations, the differences in mitochondrial and nuclear genetic codes, and the apparent insertion within typically inert centromere regions. (wikipedia.org)
This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the non-nuclear DNA of mitochondria. (medicinenet.com)
Mitochondrial disease is a group of conditions caused by mutations in either mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA. (nhmrc.gov.au)
Mitochondrial donation may allow women with mitochondrial disease, caused by mutations or errors in their mitochondrial DNA, to have biological children without transmitting the disease to their children. (nhmrc.gov.au)
As each mitochondrion contains 2-10 copies of mtDNA and each cell contains hundreds to thousands copies, the presence of heterogeneous mtDNA sequences, due to different mutations in different copies, results in a condition called heteroplasmy. (northwestern.edu)
Mitochondrial myopathies are associated with mitochondrial diseases which are caused by certain nuclear DNA deletions and mutations. (sbwire.com)
Earlier that week, he'd read about them in his pathology class, for which the definitive textbook included just a single, brief reference suggesting that mutations in mitochondria might lead to a human muscle disease. (harvardmagazine.com)
Researchers, publishing in the journal Nature, have reported on a study which used mitochondrial donation therapy to replace pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human ooctyes with mitochondrial DNA from healthy donor eggs. (sciencemediacentre.org)
Indeed, we lack convincing evidence that nuclear mutations are even the oncogenic drivers that spark the initial transformation of healthy cells into cancerous ones. (drugdiscoveryonline.com)
Similarly, neurology research has hunted for transformative targets among nuclear genetic mutations without success. (drugdiscoveryonline.com)

In fact, NUMTs have often been unintentionally discovered by researchers who were looking for mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA). (wikipedia.org)
After the release of the mtDNA to the cytoplasm, due to the mitochondrial alteration and morphological changes, mtDNA is transferred into the nucleus by one of the various predicted methods and are eventually inserted by double-stranded break repair processes into the nuclear DNA (nDNA). (wikipedia.org)
Although, the extended translocation of mtDNA fragments and their co-amplification with free mitochondrial DNA has been problematic in the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders, in the study of population genetics, and phylogenetic analyses, scientists have used NUMTs as the genetic markers to figure out the relative rate of nuclear and mitochondrial mutation and recreating the evolutionary tree. (wikipedia.org)
The integration and recombination of cytoplasmic mtDNA into the nuclear DNA is called nuclear mitochondrial DNA, which is abbreviated as NUMT. (wikipedia.org)
Researchers believe that this excess of thymidine damages a particular kind of DNA known as mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitochondria use nucleosides, including thymidine, to build new molecules of mtDNA. (medlineplus.gov)
In people with MNGIE disease, mitochondria may also have less mtDNA than usual (mtDNA depletion). (medlineplus.gov)
Although mtDNA abnormalities underlie the digestive and neurological problems characteristic of MNGIE disease, it is unclear how defective mitochondria cause the specific features of the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
They produce energy for the organism, possess their own genetic material - mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - and are transmitted exclusively by the mother. (labmanager.com)
Burgstaller and his colleagues suggest the following solution to the problem: the mtDNA of both mothers, i.e. the donor of the nucleus and the donor of the mitochondria, should be analyzed in advance and aligned to each other. (labmanager.com)
Because of the increased awareness on the importance of metabolism and bioenergetics in a wide variety of human diseases, more and more mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies are performed to study the link between mtDNA sequence variation and disease development. (northwestern.edu)
Mitochondrial genome-wide association studies have established the connection between mtDNA and a wide variety of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. (northwestern.edu)
This, coupled with the very limited DNA damage repair capability in the organelle, leads to sequence alterations in mtDNA at a much higher frequency than that in the nuclear DNA. (northwestern.edu)
The process starts from extracted genomic DNA, which contains both mtDNA and nuclear DNA, without the need to purify mitochondria. (northwestern.edu)
Enrichment of mtDNA is achieved through selective amplification of the mitochondrial genome with long-range PCR. (northwestern.edu)
There is no need to isolate mitochondria for mtDNA extraction. (northwestern.edu)
Virtually all DNA extractions contain both nuclear DNA and mtDNA. (northwestern.edu)
Single-end 50 or 75bp reads are enough for mapping mtDNA reads to the mitochondrial reference genome. (northwestern.edu)
Standard mtDNA-seq bioinformatics service includes sequencing data QC, alignment to the reference mitochondrial genome, and variant analysis. (northwestern.edu)
Does the long-range PCR performed to enrich mtDNA from total gDNA amplify NUMTs (nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences)? (northwestern.edu)
NUMTs are a result of insertion of mtDNA sequence into the nuclear genome. (northwestern.edu)
While there are numerous NUMTs existing in the nuclear DNA, the primers we use for mtDNA enrichment is highly specific to avoid any potential amplification of NUMTs from nuclear DNA. (northwestern.edu)
A significant barrier to new insights in mitochondrial biology and clinical applications for mtDNA disorders is our general inability to manipulate the mtDNA sequence. (ca.gov)
Here, we discuss the current state of manipulating mammalian mtDNA and provide an outlook for mitochondrial reverse genetics, which could further enable mitochondrial research and therapies for mtDNA diseases. (ca.gov)
Not only did curcumin treatment increase mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in hepatocytes, but it also increased levels of transcriptional factors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam). (spandidos-publications.com)
Hepatocellular lipid accumulation is thought to simultaneously stimulate mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and the production of ROS, thereby promoting lipid peroxidation and damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

All functions of mitochondria depend on the interaction of nuclear and organellar genomes. (nih.gov)
Mitochondrial genomes have been extensively sequenced and analysed and the data collected in several specialised databases. (nih.gov)
The study focused on the mitochondrial genomes of 20 different Aspergillus species, a type of fungi, to examine the relationships within section Flavi , a group of closely related species within the genus Aspergillus . (vanderbilt.edu)
The team found that while the genomic content of Flavi nuclei is approximately 1000 times larger than that of the mitochondria, phylogenies (the relationships between organisms and their common ancestor) produced by mitochondrial genomes are consistent with those produces by nuclear genomes. (vanderbilt.edu)
This is significant because it shows that mitochondrial genomes may be underutilized in constructing phylogenies, as most previous studies have focused only on nuclear genomes. (vanderbilt.edu)
Hatmaker explained that mitochondria have separate genomes from the nucleus of the same cell. (vanderbilt.edu)
Mitochondrial genomes] offer a unique phylogenetic perspective when compared to their nuclear counterparts," described Hugaboom. (vanderbilt.edu)
Fungal mitochondria have been linked to diverse processes including energy metabolism, cell differentiation, drug resistance, biofilm and hyphal growth regulation, and virulence, among others, so an understanding of these organellar genomes is important to grasping the complete genomic profile of section Flavi ," explained Hugaboom. (vanderbilt.edu)
There is a dearth of genomic analyses of section Flavi that are mitochondrial in focus, with most focusing exclusively on nuclear genomes. (vanderbilt.edu)
Hatmaker explained that she helped Hugaboom with assembling and annotating mitochondrial genomes and constructing phylogenetic trees. (vanderbilt.edu)
VU alumni Miya Hugaboom studied the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of 20 different Aspergillus species within section Flavi . (vanderbilt.edu)
Here, as part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium/The Cancer Genome Atlas Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes Consortium, which aggregated whole-genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumor types, we performed a multidimensional, integrated characterization of mitochondrial genomes and related RNA sequencing data. (lu.se)
Our analysis presents the most definitive mutational landscape of mitochondrial genomes and identifies several hypermutated cases. (lu.se)
This is a big and underappreciated problem because the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes cannot afford to clash. (discovermagazine.com)
Within a species, the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes have adapted alongside one another so that their protein components seamlessly fit together. (discovermagazine.com)
In the 2nd funding period, they will characterize differences in peptide mode-of-action on nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and consider organelle-specific therapeutic applications. (uni-ulm.de)
Variability may be due in part to variable mixtures of inherited mutant and normal mitochondrial genomes within cells and tissues. (msdmanuals.com)

NUMT, pronounced "new might", is an acronym for "nuclear mitochondrial DNA" segment or genetic locus coined by evolutionary geneticist, Jose V. Lopez, which describes a transposition of any type of cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA into the nuclear genome of eukaryotic organisms. (wikipedia.org)
NUMTs have been reported in all studied eukaryotes, and nearly all mitochondrial genome regions can be integrated into the nuclear genome. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, De novo integration of NUMT pseudogenes into the nuclear genome has an adverse effect in some cases, promoting various disorders and aging. (wikipedia.org)
The first application of the NUMT term in the domestic cat (Felis catus) example was striking, since mitochondrial gene number and content were amplified 38-76X in the cat nuclear genome, besides being transposed from the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
These parts of the mitochondrial genome have been reported to be the most frequently employed. (wikipedia.org)
the evidence of such translocation has been seen through the comparison of mitochondrial DNA sequence with the genome sequence of the counterparts. (wikipedia.org)
The possible presence of organelle DNA inside the nuclear genome was suggested after the finding of homologous structure to the mitochondrial DNA, which was shortly after the discovery of the presence of an independent DNA within the organelles in 1967. (wikipedia.org)
Initial evidence that DNA could move among cell compartments came when fragments of chloroplast DNA were found in the maize mitochondrial genome with the help of cross-hybridization, between chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, and physical mapping of homologous regions. (wikipedia.org)
The module will provide detailed information on aspects of basic mitochondrial biology including the origins and essential functions of mitochondria, the maintenance and expression of the mitochondrial genome, and the metabolic processes in which mitochondria play a role. (ncl.ac.uk)
The mitochondrial genome is an independent genetic system in each eukaryotic cell outside the nuclear genome. (northwestern.edu)
Modifying the Mitochondrial Genome. (ca.gov)
Mismatches can be easily weeded out by natural selection because every individual has the same mitochondrial genome in all of its cells. (discovermagazine.com)
Initial investigation found communication pathway between organelle and cell's nuclear genome, insights on statin side effects, and connection between cytoskeleton and mitochondrial gene expression. (genengnews.com)
First, the team found a pathway by which the mitochondria and the cell's nuclear genome communicate with each other. (genengnews.com)
The genomic evidence therefore suggested, but did not prove, that the Moranella endosymbiont might rely on gene products from the mealybug's nuclear genome to make its cell walls. (quantamagazine.org)
Mitochondrial quality control prevents accumulation of intramitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS), thereby protecting cells against DNA damage, genome instability, and programmed cell death. (lu.se)

In 2022, scientists reported the discovery of ongoing transfer of mitochondrial DNA into DNA in the cell nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Although most DNA is packaged in chromosomes within the nucleus, mitochondria also have a small amount of their own DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
One technique, maternal spindle transfer (MST), involves transferring the mother's nuclear DNA to an unfertilised donor egg where the nucleus has been removed and then fertilising the egg. (nhmrc.gov.au)
Another technique, pronuclear transfer (PNT), involves the fertilisation of a mother's and a donor egg with the father's sperm and transfer of the parents' nuclear DNA from a fertilised egg to a fertilised donor egg that has the nucleus removed. (nhmrc.gov.au)
To get rid of defective mitochondria the nucleus of one egg cell has to be transferred to another egg cell bearing intact mitochondria. (labmanager.com)
Experts take the cell nucleus of one human egg cell whose mitochondria have a defect and place it in an egg cell with "healthy" mitochondria. (labmanager.com)
The baby resulting from this procedure has three parents, namely the mother whose cell nucleus is used, the mother whose mitochondria are involved, and the father whose sperm inseminated the egg cell. (labmanager.com)
Research published in Science shows that mitochondria interact with cell nucleus' in ways previously unseen in humans. (sciencemediacentre.org)

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the toxicities of certain diseases and many drugs. (fda.gov)
The module will also provide information on disease that results from mitochondrial dysfunction. (ncl.ac.uk)
Insulin resistance occurs in almost all patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and mitochondrial dysfunction likely plays a pivotal role in the progression of fatty liver into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (spandidos-publications.com)
Together, these data suggest that curcumin protects hepatocytes from HFFA-induced lipoapoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, which partially occurs through the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
There is also growing evidence that FFA-mediated oxidative stress contributes significantly to mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver. (spandidos-publications.com)
Therefore, designing therapies that prevent mitochondrial dysfunction stands to be one of the most important strategies in for treating of NAFLD and its complications. (spandidos-publications.com)
In this paper, we make the case that mitochondrial dysfunction could play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression. (frontiersin.org)
However, the data in relation to antidepressant drug effects are contradictory: some studies reveal they have no effect on mitochondrial function or even potentiate dysfunction, whereas other studies show more beneficial effects. (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondria could be targeted in the development of novel antidepressant drugs, and specific forms of mitochondrial dysfunction could be identified as biomarkers to personalize treatment and aid in early diagnosis by differentiating between disorders with overlapping symptoms. (frontiersin.org)
The focus of this review is the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and major depression. (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with many diseases, including neurogegeneration, diabetes and cancer, although its exact role in the development of these diseases remains controversial. (nih.gov)

This key function of mitochondria is executed via oxidative phosphorylation, which is composed of four complexes (I through IV) of the electron transport chain that couple with complex V to produce energy as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). (fda.gov)
Mitochondria are the cellular powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, and they also regulate brain function through oxidative stress and apoptosis. (frontiersin.org)
Alterations in mitochondrial functions such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and membrane polarity, which increase oxidative stress and apoptosis, may precede the development of depressive symptoms. (frontiersin.org)
Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Disorders Impairment of oxidative phosphorylation often, but not always, causes lactic acidosis, particularly affecting the central nervous system, retina, and muscle. (msdmanuals.com)

Jörg Burgstaller, a scientist and member of Gottfried Brem's research group at the Vetmeduni Vienna, has been working for several years on the genetics of mitochondria. (labmanager.com)
If the mitochondria of both mothers are genetically very different, it may have the same effects seen in the mouse model," says Burgstaller who developed the theory together with co-author Joanna Poulton, Professor of Mitochondrial Genetics at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. (labmanager.com)

It was known before that different types of mitochondria within a cell can proliferate at different rates. (labmanager.com)
This weeding process breaks down if individuals have many different types of mitochondria. (discovermagazine.com)

It cannot, however, cure people with existing mitochondrial disease or prevent mitochondrial disease caused by a mutation in nuclear DNA. (nhmrc.gov.au)

Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. (nih.gov)
Sequence analysis of the thymidylate synthase (TS) and superoxide dismutase (SODA) gene loci, the EPSP synthase domain of the multifunctional arom gene, and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA (mt SSU rRNA) locus have been used to distinguish Pneumocystis species from diverse mammalian hosts ( 6 , 20 , 21 ). (cdc.gov)

Together, these functions highlight the critical role of mitochondria in the life and death of cells. (fda.gov)

Inherited mitochondrial disorders or so-called mitochondropathies occur in about one of 10,000 humans throughout the world. (labmanager.com)
Inherited mitochondrial disorders have been incurable so far. (labmanager.com)
Mitochondrial disorders are equally common among males and females. (msdmanuals.com)
which may involve large mitochondrial deletions in the cells of the basal ganglia) and many types of muscle disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
Mitochondrial disorders have maternal inheritance patterns. (msdmanuals.com)
This group includes lysosomal storage disorders, various mitochondrial diseases, other neurometabolic disorders, and several other miscellaneous disorders. (medscape.com)

Mitochondrial donation may assist women with some forms of mitochondrial disease to have a healthy child by preventing the transfer of severe mitochondrial disease to their biological children. (nhmrc.gov.au)

The brain is particularly dependent on mitochondrial activity due to both its high levels of energy use and its inability to store large amounts of energy reserves in the form of glycogen. (frontiersin.org)

In addition, curcumin contributed to cell survival, as indicated by the restoration of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the inhibition of the mitochondrial biogenesis induced by HFFA. (spandidos-publications.com)

Scientists at the Vetmeduni Vienna show for the first time that even a few defective mitochondria dragged along in the transfer could cause diseases. (labmanager.com)
However, this method raises the following problem: in every nuclear transfer, a small number of defective mitochondria are transferred into the healthy egg cell. (labmanager.com)

Mitochondria are small round or rod-like organelles that are involved in cellular respiration and found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells. (medicinenet.com)
[ 2 ] Oncocytic cells in the thyroid are often called Hürthle cells, and oncocytic change is defined as cellular enlargement characterized by an abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm as a result of accumulation of altered mitochondria. (medscape.com)
Each cell has 1000 to 2500 mitochondria in its cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)

After introducing nearly 2,500 compounds to this platform many of which are FDA-approved the researchers say that they were able to discern new insights into basic mitochondrial function, which in turn revealed why some commonly used drugs have particular adverse effects. (genengnews.com)

They also plan on using the toolkit to develop strategies for restoring normal mitochondrial function in certain metabolic and neurodegenerative conditions where it has broken down. (genengnews.com)

the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code. (yeastgenome.org)

Damage to mitochondria can lead to diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and obesity. (fda.gov)
Mitochondria, besides their central role in energy metabolism, have recently been found to be involved in a number of basic processes of cell life and to contribute to the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases. (nih.gov)
Human and animal studies suggest an intriguing link between mitochondrial diseases and depression. (frontiersin.org)
Cardiac mitochondrial function is altered in a variety of inherited and acquired cardiovascular diseases. (jci.org)

Abnormal morphological changes in liver mitochondria have been observed in patients and animal models with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

This information will be informed by current research and the current state of knowledge in the field of mitochondrial biology. (ncl.ac.uk)
Our study lays a foundation for translating mitochondrial biology into clinical applications. (lu.se)

While mitochondrial energy is vital for the survival of cells, these organelles also play an important role in the execution of apoptosis (programmed cell death), a process that serves as a major defense mechanism to remove unwanted and potentially dangerous cells. (fda.gov)
Despite the metabolic alterations and functional adaptations in the host eukaryotes, circular mitochondrial DNA is contained within the organelles. (wikipedia.org)
Mitochondria are cell organelles located within animal and human cells. (labmanager.com)
Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that play critical roles in cancer. (lu.se)
The subject was mitochondria, the tiny energy-producing organelles inside cells. (harvardmagazine.com)
Those results may illuminate how mitochondria and other organelles arose from ancient endosymbionts in the earliest eukaryotic cells. (quantamagazine.org)

Impairment in mitochondrial function, therefore, can be injurious to these organs. (fda.gov)
The aim of this study was to analyze the ability of curcumin to protect against the mitochondrial impairment induced by high free fatty acids (HFFAs) and to determine the underlying mechanism for this cytoprotection. (spandidos-publications.com)

Furthermore, mitochondria are major sites of production of reactive oxygen species. (fda.gov)
As a result of the their roles in energy production, mitochondria also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may have a toxic effects in cells. (frontiersin.org)
These include changes affecting mitochondrial DNA, membrane permeability, and increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy analysis of postnatal TG liver revealed extensive mitochondrial membrane damage, which is likely due to reactive oxygen species generated from lipid beta-oxidation. (duke.edu)

The Drosophila retinoblastoma protein, Rbf1, induces a debcl and drp1 -dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. (sdbonline.org)
This study demonstrates that debcl and the pro-fission gene drp1 are necessary downstream of buffy to trigger a mitochondrial fragmentation during rbf1 -induced apoptosis. (sdbonline.org)
Notably, Debcl modulates Drp1 mitochondrial localization during apoptosis. (sdbonline.org)

Human mitochondria produce ATP and metabolites to support development and maintain cellular homeostasis. (ca.gov)
Researchers have developed a chemical toolkit to manipulate mitochondria in its normal cellular environment. (genengnews.com)
Mitochondrial porin , also known as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), is a multi-functional channel protein that shuttles metabolites between the mitochondria and the cytosol and implicated in cellular life and death decisions. (sdbonline.org)

Probing mitochondria and oxygen, Vamsi Mootha finds new ways to understand disease. (harvardmagazine.com)
Vamsi Mootha with an image from his lab showing thread-like mitochondria (green) moving within a cell. (harvardmagazine.com)
Historically, most studies on mitochondria were done by isolating them from their normal environment," says Harvard Medical School assistant professor and Broad Institute associate member Vamsi Mootha. (genengnews.com)

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) disease is a condition that affects several parts of the body, particularly the digestive system and nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
In Australia, between one in 5000 and one in 10,000 people develop severe mitochondrial disease during their lifetime. (nhmrc.gov.au)
As egg cells contribute mitochondria to the next generation, this approach minimises the risk of a prospective mother transmitting mitochondrial disease to her child. (nhmrc.gov.au)
Eligible Australian women with a diagnosis of mitochondrial disease may have access to mitochondrial donation under amendments to the Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 and the Prohibition of Human Cloning for Reproduction Act 2002 which took effect in October 2022. (nhmrc.gov.au)
Therefore, efforts are now being made to enable women with this disease to bear healthy children by means of nuclear transfer. (labmanager.com)
Mitochondrial myopathies affect mitochondria which is responsible for energy production within a cell associated with mitochondrial disease. (sbwire.com)
The HFEA has granted doctors at Newcastle Fertility Centre permission to perform mitochondrial replacement therapy on two women who are at risk of passing on mitochondrial disease to their offspring. (sciencemediacentre.org)
Published in Reproductive Biomedicine Online, scientists have described the technique they used to create the first live birth after oocyte spindle transfer to prevent transmission of the mitochondrial disease, Leigh syndrome. (sciencemediacentre.org)

Mitochondria have enclosing outer membranes, and inner membranes with deep folds, called cristae, which extend far into the mitochondrial matrix. (harvardmagazine.com)

Mitochondria produce metabolic energy by oxidizing carbohydrates, protein, and fatty acids. (harvardmagazine.com)

Molecular mechanisms of the initiation of transcription from TATA box have been well known as the most essential nuclear events in mammalian cells. (intechopen.com)

Cells can also produce a quick and easy form of sugar-based energy without the help of mitochondria, through an anaerobic process called glycolysis, but a mitochondrion oxidizing the same sugar yields 15 times as much energy for the cell to use. (harvardmagazine.com)

TMRE (Tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester, perchlorate) is used to quantify changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in live cells. (biotium.com)

By the endosymbiosis theory, which gained acceptance around the 1970s, the mitochondrion, as a major energy factory of the cell, was previously a free-living prokaryote that invaded a eukaryotic cell. (wikipedia.org)
Depending on their activity and tasks, different numbers of mitochondria are present in a cell - usually a few hundred to a thousand per body cell. (labmanager.com)
The outcome was: the more distantly two types of mitochondria within an egg cell were related, the more frequently a growth advantage was noted in favor of one of the two types of mitochondria. (labmanager.com)
There's also a smaller one in tiny bean-shaped structures called mitochondria, little batteries that provide the cell with energy. (discovermagazine.com)
Mitochondria came from a free-living bacterium that was engulfed by a larger cell a few billion years ago. (discovermagazine.com)
A mitochondrion within a pancreas cell. (harvardmagazine.com)
Our data shows that when we disrupt the cytoskeleton of the cell, that sends a message to boost the mitochondria, it turns on gene expression and drops the toxic byproducts," explains Mootha. (genengnews.com)

Mitochondria are the main energy factories of eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)

Activation of NF-kappaB signaling involves rapid degradation of IkapaBalpha, nuclear accumulation of NF-kappaBp65, binding of NF-kappaB to specific DNA-binding sequences, and transactivation of target gene promoters. (cdc.gov)

The Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC) is conducting a limited review of the Ethical guidelines on the use of assisted reproductive technology in clinical practice and research (ART Guidelines) in response to the introduction of legislation to permit mitochondrial donation in Australia. (nhmrc.gov.au)
Mitochondrial copy number varies greatly within and across cancers and correlates with clinical variables. (lu.se)

A few of these black and white images have been artificially tinted, revealing the varied shapes that mitochondria assume in different tissues. (harvardmagazine.com)
Recent studies have identified the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) as a regulator of mitochondrial function in tissues specialized for thermogenesis, such as brown adipose. (jci.org)
High-energy tissues (eg, muscle, heart, brain) are particularly at risk of malfunction due to mitochondrial abnormalities. (msdmanuals.com)

CnHsf3 acts in nuclei and mitochondria, and nuclear- and mitochondrial-targeting signals are required for its organelle-specific functions. (lu.se)

for instance, it is shown that sequences of mitochondrial origin promote nuclear DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (wikipedia.org)

Mitochondrion is an organelle that plays a critical role in the survival and function of cells. (fda.gov)
Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form that cells can use. (medlineplus.gov)
Since egg cells, but not sperm cells, keep their mitochondria during fertilization , mitochondrial DNA is always inherited from the female parent. (medicinenet.com)
The defect lies in so-called mitochondria, the "power houses" of cells. (labmanager.com)
But the alliance between mitochondria and their host cells is a delicate one. (discovermagazine.com)
Respiration is difficult for them, their mitochondria can't produce any energy, they're bombarded by leaking free radicals, and many of their cells top themselves. (discovermagazine.com)
Even in an era of specialization, such singular focus might seem extreme, but mitochondria are one of the most complex biological machines within cells-and arguably the most interesting. (harvardmagazine.com)
We wanted to analyze mitochondria in the context of intact cells, which would then give us a picture of how mitochondria relate to their natural surroundings. (genengnews.com)
The applicants identified peptides antagonizing such rearrangements and found that they differentially affect MLL binding of EndoG, which operates in mitochondria in unstressed cells. (uni-ulm.de)

Maternal inheritance patterns characterize abnormalities of mitochondrial DNA. (msdmanuals.com)

mitochondrial encephalopathy , lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), a rare form of dementia . (medicinenet.com)

No longer free-living, that bacterium evolved to become what is now the mitochondrion, an intracellular organelle. (harvardmagazine.com)

MitoChip is a tool to evaluate the change in mitochondrial gene expression in response to various agents including drugs. (fda.gov)
Finally, they found a connection between the cell's cytoskeleton and mitochondrial gene expression. (genengnews.com)
Mootha's group decided to query their toolkit and see if there were any drugs that could boost gene expression while reducing mitochondrial waste. (genengnews.com)
The Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factor Foxa2 (HNF-3beta) and related family members Foxa1 (HNF-3alpha) and Foxa3 (HNF-3gamma) act in concert with other hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) to coordinately regulate liver-specific gene expression. (duke.edu)

Different mitochondrial donation techniques involve transferring the nuclear DNA at different stages. (nhmrc.gov.au)

mitochondria in an egg donated by another woman (the mitochondrial donor). (nhmrc.gov.au)

Overall, the data suggest an intriguing link between mitochondrial function and depression that warrants further investigation. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy35

Organisms16

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs124

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes60

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Proteins18

Genes18

Mutations10

MtDNA26

Genomes17

Genome16

Nucleus8

Dysfunction11

Oxidative4

Genetics2

Different types of mitochondria2

Existing mitochondrial disease1

Subunit2

Role of mitochondria1

Disorders6

Forms of mitochondrial1

Dependent on mitochondrial1

Biogenesis1

Defective mitochondria2

Cytoplasm3

Basic mitochondrial1

Normal mitochondrial1

Ribosomes1

Diseases4

Morphological changes1

Biology2

Organelles6

Impairment2

Reactive4

Apoptosis3

Cellular3

Vamsi Mootha3

Disease8

Inner membranes1

Metabolic1

Mammalian1

Glycolysis1

Membrane potential1

Cell7

Eukaryotic cells1

Accumulation1

Clinical2

Tissues3

Nuclei1

Saccharomyces1

Cells9

Abnormalities1

Encephalopathy1

Organelle1

Gene expression4

Donation techniques1

Donor1

Investigation1